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Europe Contested: From the Kaiser to Brexit PDF

535 Pages·2019·8.031 MB·English
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Europe Contested Europe Contested analyses the failures and achievements of an astonishing era of economic advance and political chaos, from the First World War up to the present day. Beginning with the Great War, the book goes on to examine connections between the self-destruction of liberal democracy, market economics, and the international political and security framework in the interwar period. It then considers the mass politics that surrounded the glorification of new-style leaders Lenin, Stalin, Mussolini, and Hitler before moving on to explore the ways in which the interwar legacy was superseded post-1945. James examines the deceptive appearance of stability brought by a new convergence in European politics that focused around the market and the principle of liberal democracy, and demonstrates how the impact of globali- zation and openness to migration and to destabilizing financial capital flows has eroded traditional politics and ended the stable left–right polarization at the core of the postwar order. This new edition has been thoroughly updated throughout, demonstrating also how an era of crisis is challenging Europe and its values. Supported by boxed case studies, illustrations, chronologies, and an annotated bibliography, and focusing on Europe as a whole, it is the perfect introduction for students of Modern European History. Harold James is the Claude and Lore Kelly Professor in European Studies at Princeton University, USA. His books include The German Slump (1986), The End of Globalization (2001), and Making the European Monetary Union (2012). Longman History of Modern Europe In this series: Europe 1850–1914 Progress, Participation and Apprehension Jonathan Sperber Revolutionary Europe 1780–1850 Jonathan Sperber Europe Contested From the Kaiser to Brexit Harold James For more information about this series, please visit: www.routledge.com/ Longman-History-of-Modern-Europe/book-series/PEAMODE. Europe Contested From the Kaiser to Brexit 2nd edition Harold James Second edition published 2020 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN and by Routledge 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business  2020 Harold James The right of Harold James to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. First edition published by Pearson Education Limited 2003 Second edition published by Routledge 2020 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: James, Harold, 1956- author. Title: Europe contested : from the kaiser to Brexit / Harold James. Other titles: Europe reborn Description: Second edition. | London ; New York, NY : Routledge/ Taylor & Francis Group, 2020. | Revised edition of: Europe reborn : a history, 1914-2000. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2019022922 (print) | LCCN 2019022923 (ebook) | ISBN 9781138303065 (hardback) | ISBN 9781138303072 (paperback) | ISBN 9780429340680 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Europe—History—20th century. | Europe— History—21st century. Classification: LCC D424 .J27 2020 (print) | LCC D424 (ebook) | DDC 940.5—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019022922 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019022923 ISBN: 978-1-138-30306-5 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-138-30307-2 (pbk) ISBN: 978-0-429-34068-0 (ebk) Typeset in Sabon by Swales & Willis Ltd, Exeter, Devon, UK Contents Acknowledgments ix List of illustrations xi List of boxes xiii Map xiv Introduction 1 Chronology 7 1 The twentieth century in an iron cage: modernization and rationalization 35 Modernization 35 Greater wealth 36 Transformed demographics 38 After and before work 40 Greater equality 41 Mobility 42 Leisure 43 Women, work, and families 43 Individualism 46 Belief 46 The decline of rural life 47 Designing urban life 48 2 War and peace: Lenin and Wilson 54 War and mobilization 54 War and empire 61 Revolution 62 Oil 74 Peace-making 75 The quest for security 86 vi Contents 3 The 1920s: precarious democracy 89 Weimar democracy 90 The United Kingdom 96 France 100 Italy 101 Democracy, community, and hatred 107 4 Europe and the world of the Depression 112 Society and depression 113 Germany’s slide into dictatorship 119 British crisis management 125 French crises 130 Successful corporatism 132 Turkey: the strong man of Europe? 133 Failed solidarity 135 Dictatorship 140 Spain as the European hotspot 143 5 Peace and war: the failure of the international order in the 1930s 151 The new Germany 155 Soviet civilization? 171 Terrors compared 180 6 The Second World War 183 Blitzkrieg 184 Racial war 187 World war 194 The Nazi New Order in Europe 200 The neutrals 209 The Pope and the war 212 The Anglo-American vision 216 7 The reconstruction of Europe, Western style: making the 1950s 221 Ideals and realpolitik 221 Human rights 224 Economic prosperity 227 Security risks 230 Germany: a new kind of state 232 The princess in the fairy stories: France 235 Contents vii The price of the UK’s goodbye to empire 245 Italy and one-party politics 251 Small (social) democracies 254 Dictatorships 256 The modernization of Turkey 258 The modernization of the Church 259 The dynamics of growth 259 European integration 262 Europe and the United States 265 8 Yalta and communism: the reconstruction of Europe, Eastern style, from the 1940s to the 1970s 269 Yalta 269 Ideals and violence 271 Coalition rule 272 Stalinism and the Zhdanov line 275 After Stalin 278 Disillusionment 283 Technology 287 Solidarność 288 9 A golden age: the 1960s 295 Chemicals and the youth culture 297 The youth revolt 299 The legacy of 1968 307 Women’s rights 308 Homosexual clashes 311 10 The limits to growthmanship: the 1970s 315 Mediterranean instability 315 The Keynesian boom and its discontents 321 Morality and politics 325 External constraints 327 Can events be controlled after all? 331 11 Right step: the 1980s 337 The Thatcher model 337 France’s two-year experiment with socialist policies 346 German conservatism 348 The European framework 352 viii Contents 12 Malta and communism: 1989 and the restoration of Europe 355 Gorbachev 355 Jaruzelski 357 1989 358 The Soviet collapse 365 13 The return to Europe: the new politics and the end of the Cold War 370 Normalized demographics 371 Normalized politics 375 Non-national business 378 The politics of TINA 380 The new politics 1: property 383 The new politics 2: morality and foreign policy 393 The new politics 3: corruption 401 The new politics 4: the threatened environment 408 The new politics 5: localist nationalisms 410 14 Europe in a new world order 427 Financial crisis and the end of testosterone-driven American capitalism? 428 The financial crisis and American power 431 The refugee crisis 437 Security 440 Energy 444 Populism 445 An aging, graying Europe 454 The twentieth century is over: long and short centuries 460 Appendix 1: populations of major European countries 464 Appendix 2: short biographies 465 Appendix 3: further reading 478 Index 496 Acknowledgments I should like to thank the following for helping me with individual points of information, for reading parts of the manuscript, and for helpful suggestions: Michael Bordo, Cynthia Hooper, Molly Greene, Stephen Kotkin, and Arno Mayer. David Childs, Marzenna James, Philip Nord, Hamish Scott, and Richard Vinen gave insightful comments on the whole manuscript. Heather McCallum at Longmans was an inspiring and helpful editor. Judy Hanson of the Princeton History Department helped me enormously by organizing time and assistance, and Alicia Pittard did a wonderful job in researching individual questions and organizing biographical and chronological information. The usual caveat applies: none of my friends is responsible for remaining errors of fact or for problematical arguments. The process of thinking about history is accompanied by numerous, indeed endless, discussions. I should like to record my gratitude to an exceptional and inspirational group of teachers in the Cambridge of the 1970s, who helped to shape my view of Europe: John Tanfield of the Perse School, and Christopher Andrew, the Rev. Owen Chadwick, the Rev. Dermot Fenlon, Neil McKendrick, Edward Shils, Jonathan Steinberg, and Norman Stone of Cambridge University. When I came to Princeton in the 1980s, Cyril Black and Arno Mayer were giving lucid and innovative accounts of Europe’s twentieth century. I would also like to thank friends and colleagues with whom I have discussed European affairs in a number of institutions at which I have stayed as a guest or worked over the past fifteen years: Claudio Borio, Piet Clement, and Hyun Song Shin, at the Bank for International Settlements; Hans Werner Sinn and Clemens Fuest at CES-ifo Munich and at the European Economic Advisory Group; Melanie Aspey, Hugo Bänziger, Catherine Schenk, Niels Viggo Haueter, at the European Association of Banking and Financial History; Sebastian Conrad, Giancarlo Corsetti, Giovanni Federico, Tony Molho, Emanuel Mourlon-Druol, Kiran Klaus Patel, and Bartolomé Yun Casalilla, at the European University Institute, Fiesole; Tam Bayoumi, Rex Ghosh, Martin Muhleisen, and Siddharth Tiwari, at the International Monetary Fund; Knut Sogner at the Oslo Business School (BI); Bridget Kendall and Brendan Simms at Peterhouse,

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