Ethical and Social Marketing in Asia ELSEVIER ASIANSTUDIESSERIES SeriesEditor:ProfessorChrisRowley, CentreforResearchonAsianManagement, CassBusinessSchool, CityUniversity,UK;HEADFoundation,Singapore (email:[email protected]) Elsevier is pleased to publish this major series of books entitled Asian Studies: Contemporary Issues and Trends. The Series Editor is Professor Chris Rowley, Director, Centre for Research on Asian Management, City University, UK and Director,ResearchandPublications,HEADFoundation,Singapore. Asia has clearly undergone some major transformations in recent years and books in the series examine this transformation from a number of perspectives: economic, management, social, political and cultural. We seek authors from a broad range of areas and disciplinary interests covering, for example, business/management, political science, social science, history, sociology, gender studies, ethnography, economicsandinternationalrelations,etc. Importantly, the series examines both current developments and possible future trends. The series is aimed at an international market of academics and profes- sionals working in the area. The books have been specially commissioned from leading authors. The objective is to provide the reader with an authoritative view of currentthinking. New authors: we would be delighted to hear from you if you have an idea for a book. We are interested in both shorter, practically orientated publications (45,0001 words)andlonger,theoreticalmonographs(75,000(cid:1)100,000words).Our books can be single, joint or multi-author volumes. If you have an idea for a book, pleasecontactthepublishersorProfessorChrisRowley,theSeriesEditor. DrGlynJones ProfessorChrisRowley ElsevierPublishing CassBusinessSchool,CityUniversity Email:[email protected] Email:[email protected] www.cass.city.ac.uk/faculty/c.rowley Elsevier Asian Studies Series Ethical and Social Marketing in Asia Incorporating Fairness Management Edited By Bang Nguyen Chris Rowley AMSTERDAM(cid:129)BOSTON(cid:129)HEIDELBERG(cid:129)LONDON(cid:129)NEWYORK(cid:129)OXFORD PARIS(cid:129)SANDIEGO(cid:129)SANFRANCISCO(cid:129)SINGAPORE(cid:129)SYDNEY(cid:129)TOKYO Elsevier Radarweg29,POBox211,1000AEAmsterdam,Netherlands TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UK 225WymanStreet,Waltham,MA02451,USA Copyright©BNguyenandCRowley,2015.Allrightsreserved. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicor mechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,without permissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Detailsonhowtoseekpermission,furtherinformationabout thePublisher’spermissionspoliciesandourarrangementswithorganizationssuchastheCopyright ClearanceCenterandtheCopyrightLicensingAgency,canbefoundatourwebsite:www.elsevier.com/ permissions. ThisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyrightbythePublisher (otherthanasmaybenotedherein). Notices Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchandexperience broadenourunderstanding,changesinresearchmethods,professionalpractices,ormedicaltreatment maybecomenecessary. Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgeinevaluatingand usinganyinformation,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribedherein.Inusingsuchinformation ormethodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafetyandthesafetyofothers,includingpartiesfor whomtheyhaveaprofessionalresponsibility. Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors,assumeany liabilityforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproductsliability,negligence orotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofanymethods,products,instructions,orideascontainedin thematerialherein. ISBN:978-0-08-100097-7 TheLibraryofCongressControlNumber:2014952990. BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress ForinformationonallElsevierpublications visitourwebsiteathttp://store.elsevier.com/ TypesetbyMPSLimited,Chennai,India www.adi-mps.com PrintedandboundintheUSandUK. Dedication To Mr S. Huang in recognition of our friendship and his support for human capital development in Asia. To Harry List of figures Fig.2.1 Themarketingethicsinthemarketingliterature 37 Fig.3.1 Aconceptualmodelofcountrybrandingwithanethicalperspective 56 Fig.4.1 FrameworkforunderstandingethicalmarketinginIndia,Pakistanand 84 Bangladesh Fig.4.2 Aframeworkfornewdirectionsinmarketingethics(cid:1)aholisticapproach 91 Fig.5.1 Overviewofthechapter 96 Fig.6.1 ComparisonofthecountryscoresofChina,Taiwan,SouthKorea 119 andJapanwiththeUSA,theUKandAustralia Fig.6.2 Frameworkforcross-culturalsocialmarketing 121 Fig.7.1 Socialmarketingprocesses 136 Fig.8.1 Populationgrowthrate 147 Fig.9.1 Principlesofmarketing 162 Fig.9.2 TheBehaviouralEcologicalModel 163 Fig.9.3 Thetripartitemodelofbehaviouralcomplianceforeffectivesocial 183 marketingcampaigns(Snitow&Brennan,2011) Fig.13.1 CRMandfairnessmanagement 256 Fig.13.2 Determinantsofunfairnessperceptions 257 List of tables Table1.1 Outline:structure,contentandtitles 4 Table1.2 Contenthighlightsanddefinitions 5 Table2.1 Categorizationforethicalmarketingliterature 39 Table3.1 Comparisonbetweencountrybrandingandcommercialbranding 59 Table4.1 Corruptionperceptionsindex,20131 85 Table4.2 SomefactsaboutBIP(Bangladesh,India,Pakistan)20121 86 Table4.3 PovertylevelsandincomeandconsumptiondisparitiesinIndia, 86 PakistanandBangladesh Table7.1 Socialmarketingasdefinedbyleadingauthorsovertime 133 Table7.2 Summaryofsocialmarketingactivitiesdeemedtobeimportant 134 oressential Table9.1 Levelsofsocialmarketingactivityselectedexamplesbycountry 165 Table9.2 Levelsofsocialmarketingandtypicalmarketingactivities 170 Table9.3 Socialmarketingactivitiesateachlevelandselectedliterature 172 Table9.4 Socialmarketinglandscape 174 Table9.5 Statisticsinfourcountries(cid:1)whytriangulationisimportant 176 Table9.6 Summaryofissues,opportunitiesandsocialmarketingsolutions 179 Table9.7 Examplesofbestpractice 182 Table14.1 Managerialimplications 287 About the editors Bang Nguyen, PhD, is Associate Professor of Marketing at East China University of ScienceandTechnology(ECUST),SchoolofBusinessinShanghai,China.Previously, he held faculty positions at Oxford Brookes University and RMIT International UniversityVietnamandwasaVisitingScholaratCEIBS.Hisresearchinterestsinclude customer relationship management, services marketing, consumer behavior, branding, social marketing and fairness management. Bang has extensive knowledge in service organizations (consumer products/services) and has published widely in journals such as the Journal of Marketing Management, Journal of Services Marketing, Journal of Strategic Marketing, Journal of Consumer Marketing, The Service IndustriesJournal, HarvardBusinessReview(Chinese),Int.JournalofTechnologyManagement,Journal ofGeneralManagement,InformationTechnology&Management,SystemsResearch& BehavioralScience,etc.Hehaspublishedinmorethan70peerreviewedscientificarti- cles, books, conference papers, and book chapters, and presented at both national and topinternationalconferencesincludingEMACandAcademyofMarketing.Bangisan experiencedconsultantandadvisesonmarketingandbranddevelopmentforSMEsand start-ups. He has lived and worked professionally in Denmark, the USA, the UK, Vietnam,ChinaandTaiwan. Professor Chris Rowley is Director of Research and Publications, HEAD Foundation, Singapore and Professor of Human Resource Management at Cass Business School, City University, London, UK. He is Editor of the leading jour- nal Asia Pacific Business Review, and Series Editor of the Working in Asia and Asian Studies book series. He has given a range of talks and lectures to universi- ties and companies internationally with research and consultancy experience with unions, business and government. Professor Rowley has published widely in the area of HRM and Asian business, with over 500 articles, books and chapters and practitioner pieces. About the contributors Chapter 2 Ruizhi Yuan is a doctoral student in the Marketing Department at the Nottingham University Business School China. She received an MSc Distinction degree in Marketing at University of Nottingham. Her research interest centres around the determinants of green consumption, particularly with regard to perceived green value and utilities of consumption. Ruizhi has presented several papers at the International Conference of the Association for Consumer Research (ACR) and European Marketing Academy (EMAC). Her dissertation research has been placed asthefinalistintheEMAC2014BestPaperAward. Martin J. Liu, PhD is an assistant professor in Marketing and Innovation at the Nottingham University Business School China and associate fellow at the University of Warwick. Martin’s primary research interests lie in the areas of branding, marketing innovation and e-marketing. He publishes in leading refereed journals including Journal of BusinessResearch, Journal of MarketingManagement andExpertSystemwithApplications.Healsohasextensiveconsultancyexperience intheUK,USAandChina. Jianchang Liu is the Associate Dean and Associate Professor at Business School of Zhejiang Fashion Institute of Technology, P.R. China. He received his MBA from Zhejiang University in 2004. He worked as a Visiting Scholar supported by China Scholarship Council at MBA Centre of Springfield College, Massachusetts, USA from July 2012 to January 2013. He attended a small business conference in New York City and his paper was well received and published in the Eastern Small Business Institute’s Conference Proceedings for 2012. He was awarded a 2012 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Case Competition Certificate for the case study entitled ‘Feixiang to Fotile: growth of a family business’. The case study and teaching notes written by him and Dr Kathryn Carlson Heler were published in Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies in 2012. He does research in the areas of strategic management, marketing and strategy for the fashion industry. He had a series of books and papers published in China. He is one of the expert consultants of the Ningbo Private Entrepreneurs’ Association. Since April 2014, he has been one of the expert reviewers of Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies. xx Aboutthecontributors Chapter 3 Steve Chen is aseniorlecturer inmarketingat OxfordBrookes University,UK.He is also MSc Marketing Subject Coordinator there. His research interests include consumer behaviour, trust and information technology-related studies. Steve has extensiveknowledgeinconsumer behaviourinluxuryconsumption,in-game adver- tising and trust establishment in online marketplace. His work appears in Service Industries Journal, Journal of Targeting, Measuring and Analysis for Marketing, Journal of Internet Commerce and Review of Business Research. Steve has pre- sented at national/international conferences, including the Academy of Marketing andEuropeanMarketingAcademy. Sharon Wu is a Teaching Fellow in Fashion Management and Fashion Marketing Branding at Winchester School of Art, University of Southampton. She is also a PhD candidate at Royal Holloway, University of London. She earned her MBA (Marketing and International Business) and BA (Economics) from Willamette University and the University of Oregon, USA. She came from an international businesses background and obtained a Certificate of Educator qualification in Taiwan before pursuing her PhD. Her PhD research focuses on luxury consumer behaviour, e-luxury consumption in the digital era, self-concept and conspicuous consumption. She has been involved in several research projects in the past three years. Previously, she has been lecturing various subjects in marketing manage- ment, consumer behaviour, advertising and promotion at Royal Holloway, University of London and Fooying University (Taiwan). Her works have appeared in Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, The Academy of Marketing,andCollougueLuxeetContrefacon,MonacoSymposiumonLuxury. Dr T.C. Melewar (BSc, MBA, PhD) is Professor of Marketing and Strategy at Middlesex University Business School, London, UK. He has previous experience at Brunel, ZHAW School of Management and Law, Switzerland, Warwick Business School, MARA Institute of Technology in Malaysia, Loughborough University and De Montfort University. Dr Melewar teaches Brand and Marketing Management, andInternational Marketingonarangeofundergraduate,MSc,MBAandexecutive courses with companies such as Nestle´, Safeway, Tata and Sony. He is a Visiting Professor at the University of Lincoln. His research interests include branding, corporate identity and international marketing strategy. He has published in the Journal of Marketing Management, Management Decision, Journal of Brand ManagementandInternationalJournalofManagementReviews,amongothers. Chapter 4 Professor Mithileshwar Jha received his engineering degree from the G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India (1977) and master’s(1979)and doctoral(1985)degrees inmanagementfromthe IndianInstitute