Essentials of human anatomy & physiology

398 Pages·2018·45.024 MB·English

by  Suzanne M. Keller, Elaine Nicpon Marieb

Anatomy & Physiology
Laboratory Safety Guidelines*
1. Upon entering the laboratory, locate exits, fire extinguisher, fire blanket, chemical
shower, eyewash station, first aid kit, broken glass containers, and materials for
cleaning up spills.
2. Do not eat, drink, smoke, handle contact lenses, store food, or apply cosmetics or lip
balm in the laboratory. Restrain long hair, loose clothing, and dangling jewelry.
3. Students who are pregnant, taking immunosuppressive drugs, or who have any other
medical conditions (e.g., diabetes, immunological problem) that might necessitate
special precautions in the laboratory must inform the instructor immediately.
4. Wearing contact lenses in the laboratory is inadvisable because they do not provide
eye protection and may trap material on the surface of the eye. Soft contact lenses
may absorb volatile chemicals. If possible, wear regular eyeglasses instead.
5. Use safety glasses in all experiments involving liquids, aerosols, vapors, and gases.
6. Decontaminate work surfaces at the beginning and end of every lab period, using
a commercially prepared disinfectant or 10% bleach solution. After labs involving
dissection of preserved material, use hot soapy water or disinfectant.
7. Keep all liquids away from the edge of the lab bench to avoid spills. Clean up spills of
viable materials using disinfectant or 10% bleach solution.
8. Properly label glassware and slides.
9. Use mechanical pipetting devices; mouth pipetting is prohibited.
10. Wear disposable gloves when handling blood and other body fluids, mucous
membranes, and nonintact skin, and/or when touching items or surfaces soiled
with blood or other body fluids. Change gloves between procedures. Wash hands
immediately after removing gloves. (Note: Cover open cuts or scrapes with a sterile
bandage before donning gloves.)
11. Place glassware and plastic ware contaminated by blood and other body fluids in a
disposable autoclave bag for decontamination by autoclaving, or place them directly
into a 10% bleach solution before reuse or disposal. Place disposable materials such
as gloves, mouthpieces, swabs, and toothpicks that have come into contact with body
fluids into a disposable autoclave bag and decontaminate before disposal.
12. To help prevent contamination by needlestick injuries, use only disposable needles
and lancets. Do not bend the needles and lancets. Needles and lancets should
be placed promptly in a labeled puncture-resistant leak-proof container and
decontaminated, preferably by autoclaving.
13. Do not leave heat sources unattended.
14. Report all spills or accidents, no matter how minor, to the instructor.
15. Never work alone in the laboratory.
16. Remove protective clothing before leaving the laboratory.
* Adapted from:
Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL), 5th edition, 2009. U.S. Government Printing
Office, Washington, D.C. www.cdc.gov/od/OHS/biosfty/bmbl5/bmbl5toc.htm
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2007 Guideline for Isolation Precautions: Preventing Transmission of
Infectious Agents in Healthcare Settings. www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/bp_universal_precautions.html.
Johnson, Ted, and Christine Case. 2012. Laboratory Experiments in Microbiology, 10th edition. San Francisco:
Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2007 School Chemistry Laboratory Safety Guide. www.cdc.gov/niosh/
docs/2007-107/.
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Essentials of Human
Anatomy & Physiology
Laboratory Manual
S e v e n t h e d i t i o n
Elaine N. Marieb, R.N., Ph.D.
Holyoke Community College
Pamela B. Jackson, Ph.D.
Piedmont Technical College
330 Hudson Street, NY NY 10030
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ISBN 10: 0-13-442483-2 (student edition)
ISBN 13: 978-0-13-442483-5 (student edition)
5 4 3 2 1 16 17 18 19 20
www.pearsonhighered.com
Contents
The human Body and orienTaTion 3 Examining Muscle Tissue Under the
Microscope 46
1 4 Examining Nervous Tissue Under the
The Language of Anatomy 1
Microscope 46
1 Demonstrating the Anatomical Position 1 Review Sheet 49
2 Locating Body Landmarks 2
3 Practicing Using Correct Anatomical 6 The Skin (Integumentary System) 55
Terminology 4
1 Locating Structures on a Skin Model 56
4 Observing Sectioned Specimens 5
2 Visualizing Changes in Skin Color Due to
5 Locating Abdominal Surface Regions 6
Continuous External Pressure 56
Review Sheet 7
3 Viewing Two Types of Pressure Receptors
Microscopically 58
2
Organ Systems Overview 9 4 Determining the Two-Point Threshold 58
1 Studying the Organ Systems of the Body 5 Testing Tactile Localization 58
and Their Functions 9 6 Demonstrating Adaptation of Touch
Dissection Rat Dissection and/or Observation 9 Receptors 59
2 Observing External Structures 11 7 Plotting the Distribution of Sweat Glands 60
3 Examining the Mouth (Oral Cavity) 11 8 Examining Hair Structures on a Skin Slide 61
4 Opening the Ventral Body Cavity 11 9 Identifying Nail Structures 62
5 Examining the Ventral Body Cavity 12 Review Sheet 63
6 Examining the Human Torso Model 15
Review Sheet 17 The skeleTal sysTem
The Cell 7
Overview of the Skeleton 67
1 Examining and Classifying Bones 69
3
The Cell—Anatomy and Division 19
2 Examining a Long Bone 70
1 Identifying Parts of a Cell 20 3 Comparing the Relative Contributions of Bone
2 Identifying Components of a Plasma Salts and Collagen Fibers in Bone Matrix 71
Membrane 21 4 Examining the Effects of Heat and Hydrochloric
3 Locating Organelles 22 Acid on Bones 71
4 Observing Differences and Similarities 5 Examining the Microscopic Structure of Compact
in Cell Structure 22 Bone 71
5 Identifying the Mitotic Stages 24 Review Sheet 73
6 Creating Mitotic Figures 24
Review Sheet 25 8 The Axial Skeleton 77
1 Identifying the Bones of the Adult Skull 77
4
Cell Membrane Transport 2 Palpating Skull Markings 82
Mechanisms 29 3 Examining a Fetal Skull 82
1 Observing Diffusion of Dye Through 4 Examining Spinal Curvatures 83
Agar Gel 30 5 Palpating the Spinous Processes 84
2 Observing Diffusion Through Nonliving 6 Examining Vertebral Structure 85
Membranes 31
7 Examining the Relationship Between Ribs
3 Investigating Diffusion Through Living
and Vertebrae 86
Membranes 33
Review Sheet 87
Review Sheet 35
9
The Appendicular Skeleton 95
BasiC Tissues and The skin
1 Examining and Identifying Bones of the
Appendicular Skeleton 95
5
Classification of Tissues 37 2 Palpating the Surface Anatomy of the Pectoral
1 Examining Epithelial Tissue Under the Girdle and the Upper Limb 98
Microscope 42 3 Palpating the Surface Anatomy of the Pelvic
2 Examining Connective Tissue Under the Girdle 99
Microscope 46 4 Comparing Male and Female Pelves 99
iii
iv Contents
5 Palpating the Surface Anatomy of the Lower 3 Tracing the Pathway of Cerebrospinal Fluid
Limb 103 in the Brain 170
6 Identifying Bone Unknowns 103 4 Identifying and Testing the Cranial Nerves 171
7 Constructing a Skeleton 103 Dissection The Sheep Brain 172
Review Sheet 105 Review Sheet 177
10 Joints and Body Movements 111 15 Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves 183
1 Identifying Fibrous Joints 113 1 Identifying Structures of the Spinal Cord 183
2 Identifying Cartilaginous Joints 113 Dissection Spinal Cord 184
3 Examining Synovial Joint Structure 113 2 Identifying the Major Nerve Plexuses and
4 Demonstrating the Importance of Friction- Peripheral Nerves 188
Reducing Structures 113 Review Sheet 191
5 Identifying Types of Synovial Joints 114
6 Demonstrating Movements of Synovial 16
Human Reflex Physiology 193
Joints 114
1 Initiating Stretch Reflexes 195
7 Demonstrating Uniaxial, Biaxial, and Multiaxial
Movements 116 2 Initiating the Plantar Reflex 196
Review Sheet 117 3 Initiating the Corneal Reflex 196
4 Initiating Pupillary Reflexes 197
Review Sheet 199
The musCular sysTem
17
11 The Special Senses 201
Microscopic Anatomy and Organization
1 Identifying Accessory Eye Structures 201
of Skeletal Muscle 121
2 Identifying Internal Structures of the Eye 204
1 Examining Skeletal Muscle Cell Anatomy 123
Dissection The Cow (Sheep) Eye 206
2 Observing the Structure of a Skeletal
Muscle 123 3 Demonstrating the Blind Spot 207
3 Studying the Structure of a Neuromuscular 4 Determining Near Point of
Junction 125 Accommodation 207
Review Sheet 127 5 Testing Visual Acuity 208
6 Testing for Astigmatism 208
12 7 Testing for Color Blindness 208
Gross Anatomy of the Muscular
8 Demonstrating Reflex Activity of Intrinsic and
System 131
Extrinsic Eye Muscles 209
1 Identifying Head and Neck Muscles 131
9 Identifying Structures of the Ear 209
2 Identifying Muscles of the Trunk 135
10 Examining the Ear with an Otoscope
3 Demonstrating Operation of Trunk Muscles 138 (Optional) 209
4 Identifying Muscles of the Upper Limb 139 11 Examining the Microscopic Structure of the
5 Identifying Muscles of the Hip and Lower Limb 143 Cochlea 211
6 Palpating Muscles of the Hip and Lower Limb 143 12 Conducting Laboratory Tests of Hearing 211
7 Making a Muscle Painting 143 13 Conducting Laboratory Tests on Equilibrium 213
Review Sheet 145 14 Identifying Papillae on the Tongue 216
15 Stimulating Taste Buds 216
regulaTory sysTems: neural 16 Examining the Combined Effects of Smell,
Texture, and Temperature on Taste 216
and endoCrine
Review Sheet 219
13
Neuron Anatomy and Physiology 151
18
Functional Anatomy of the
1 Identifying Parts of a Neuron 153
Endocrine Glands 229
2 Examining the Microscopic Structure of a
1 Examining the Microscopic Structure of the
Nerve 156
Thyroid Gland 230
Review Sheet 159
2 Palpating the Thyroid Gland 231
3 Examining the Microscopic Structure of the
14
Gross Anatomy of the Brain Pancreas to Identify Alpha and Beta Cells 231
and Cranial Nerves 163 4 Observing the Effects of Hyperinsulinism 231
1 Identifying External Brain Structures 163 5 Identifying the Endocrine Organs 232
2 Identifying Internal Brain Structures 167 Review Sheet 233
Contents v
The CirCulaTory sysTem 4 Examining Prepared Slides of Trachea and
Lung Tissue 298
19 Review Sheet 299
Blood 235
1 Determining the Physical Characteristics of
24
Plasma 236 Respiratory System Physiology 303
2 Examining the Formed Elements of Blood 1 Operating the Model Lung 304
Microscopically 236
2 Measuring Respiratory Volumes 305
3 Determining the Hematocrit 239
3 Demonstrating Respiratory Variations 307
4 Determining Hemoglobin Concentration 240
Review Sheet 309
5 Determining Coagulation Time 240
6 Typing for ABO and Rh Blood Groups 241
Review Sheet 243 oTher major sysTems
20
Anatomy of the Heart 247 25
Functional Anatomy of the Digestive
1 Using the Heart Model to Study Heart System 313
Anatomy 250
1 Observing the Histologic Structure of the
2 Tracing the Path of Blood Through the Heart 250
Alimentary Canal Wall 314
3 Examining Cardiac Muscle Cells 251 2 Identifying Alimentary Canal Organs 316
Dissection The Sheep Heart 251 3 Examining the Villus Model 318
Review Sheet 255 4 Identifying Types of Teeth 320
5 Studying Internal Tooth Anatomy 321
21
Anatomy of Blood Vessels 259
6 Locating the Salivary Glands 321
1 Examining the Microscopic Structure
7 Locating the Liver, Pancreas, and Associated
of Arteries and Veins 261
Structures 322
2 Locating Arteries on an Anatomical Chart
8 Examining the Histology of the Liver 322
or Model 264
9 Assessing Protein Digestion by Trypsin 324
3 Identifying the Systemic Veins 267
10 Demonstrating the Action of Bile on Fats 325
4 Identifying Vessels of the Pulmonary
Circulation 267 11 Observing Movements and Auscultating the
Sounds of Digestion 325
5 Tracing the Pathway of Fetal Blood Flow 269
Review Sheet 327
6 Tracing the Hepatic Portal Circulation 269
7 Tracing the Arterial Supply of the Brain 272
Review Sheet 273 26 Functional Anatomy of the Urinary
System 333
22
Human Cardiovascular Physiology—
1 Identifying Urinary System Organs 333
Blood Pressure and Pulse
Dissection Gross Internal Anatomy of the Pig or
Determinations 281
Sheep Kidney 335
1 Auscultating Heart Sounds 283 2 Studying Nephron Structure 336
2 Taking an Apical Pulse 283 3 Analyzing Urine Samples 338
3 Palpating Superficial Pulse Points 284 Review Sheet 341
4 Using a Sphygmomanometer to Measure Arterial
Blood Pressure Indirectly 285
27
5 Observing the Effect of Various Factors on Blood Anatomy of the Reproductive System 345
Pressure and Heart Rate 286 1 Identifying Male Reproductive Organs 345
6 Examining the Effect of Local Chemical and 2 Viewing Sperm Microscopically 347
Physical Factors on Skin Color 287
3 Identifying Female Reproductive Organs 348
Review Sheet 289
4 Conducting a Microscopic Study of the
Ovary 351
The respiraTory sysTem
Review Sheet 353
23
Anatomy of the Respiratory System 293
Histology Atlas 357
1 Identifying the Upper Respiratory System
Appendix A The Microscope 367
Organs 295
2 Identifying the Lower Respiratory System Credits 375
Organs 297
Index 376
3 Demonstrating Lung Inflation in a Sheep
Pluck 298
Preface
Students in particular health-related programs, such as guidelines for handling body fluids. A safety icon alerts students
LPN, medical records, and dental technician programs, to observe special precautions.
typically encounter a fast-paced anatomy and physiology
9. An Instructor’s Guide can be downloaded from the
course that leaves little time for laboratory study, and yet hands-
“Instructor Resources” area of MasteringA&P for Marieb and
on laboratory experiences are highly desirable to clarify the lec-
Keller, Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, Twelfth
ture. This challenge provided the impetus for writing this brief
Edition. Prepared by co-author Pamela Jackson, the Guide pro-
laboratory manual, meant to be used in short A&P lab courses.
vides answers to activity and review sheet questions along with
helpful teaching suggestions for the lab.
Basic Pedagogical Approach
New to the Seventh Edition
The Seventh Edition offers a variety of lab activities that
give the instructor flexibility to choose which ones will best • All of the black and white figures in previous editions
supplement the topics that are taught in lecture. While it is
are now in full-color, making it easier than ever for students
based on the concepts and terminology in Elaine Marieb
and instructors to quickly and easily identify structures.
and Suzanne Keller’s Essentials of Human Anatomy &
Physiology, Twelfth Edition, text, this manual is a stand- • Improved tear-out review sheets and in-exercise
alone resource that can complement any textbook. Each questions are more closely aligned with the content in the
activity is preceded by pertinent background information so lab exercises.
that students will not need to carry their textbooks to lab. • Updated terminology and streamlined content makes
Although length and content have been rigorously con- selected content more accessible for today’s students.
trolled, the 27 exercises in this manual still provide fairly
• New, full-color design is more intuitive, making it easier
complete coverage of the most common topics of human
for learners to differentiate “big picture” concepts and learn-
anatomy and physiology. The manual also includes a com-
ing objectives from supporting details.
plete exercise on microscope care and use (see Appendix A).
For information on creating a custom version of this
manual, visit www.pearsoncollections.com or contact your
Pedagogy and Special Features
Pearson representative for details.
1. Each exercise is preceded by a list of materials needed for
conducting the lab activities, followed by brief directives to Also Available
help students prepare for the lab experience.
2. Key terms appear in boldface print, and each term is • The Anatomy & Physiology Coloring Workbook, Twelfth
defined when introduced. Edition (by Elaine N. Marieb and Simone Brito) (0-134-
45936-9)
3. Learning objectives precede key passages in each exercise
to focus the student’s attention on the important lessons to • The Physiology Coloring Book, Second Edition (by Wynn
“take home” from the exercise. Kapit, Robert Macey, and Esmail Meisami) (0-321-03663-8)
4. Large illustrations, now in full color, highlight and dif- • The Anatomy Coloring Book, Fourth Edition (by Wynn
ferentiate important structures and help students recognize Kapit and Lawrence Elson) (0-321-83201-9)
important structure/function relationships.
5. Histology and isolated organ specimen photos supple- Acknowledgments
ment the diagrams, where useful.
6. The Histology Atlas features 55 histology photomicro- Many thanks to the Pearson editorial team of Lauren Harp,
graphs, and students are referred to relevant photos in the Sr. Acquisitions Editor, and Managing Producer, Nancy Tabor.
Atlas throughout the manual. Kudos as usual to Mangelli Productions and to David Novak, Art
and Production Coordinator for this project. Thanks also to Con-
7. Body structures are presented from simple to com-
tent Developers Kari Hopperstead and Alice Fugate, to Accuracy
plex and allow ample opportunity for student observation,
Reviewer Carla Perry, and to Copyeditor Sally Peryrefitte.
manipulation, and experimentation. Histology lessons will be
As always, we invite users of this edition to send us their
facilitated by instructor-set-up-slides at demonstration areas
comments and suggestions for subsequent editions.
for student viewing so students don’t have to spend time
finding the “right” section. These, along with physiology
Elaine N. Marieb
experiments, can be conducted in limited time periods and
Pamela B. Jackson
with inexpensive, widely available equipment and supplies.
Pearson Education, A & P
8. All exercises involving body fluids (blood, saliva, etc.) 1301 Sansome Street
incorporate current Centers for Disease Control and Prevention San Francisco, CA 94111
vi
E X E R C I S E
1
The Language of Anatomy
Materials Pre-Lab Quiz
□ Human torso model (dissectible) 1. Circle True or False. In the anatomical position, the body is recumbent
□ Human skeleton (lying down).
□ Demonstration area:
2. The term superficial refers to a structure that is:
Station 1: Sectioned and labeled kidneys
a. attached near the trunk of the body
(three separate kidneys uncut or cut
b. toward or at the body surface
so that (a) entire, (b) transverse, and
(c) longitudinal sectional views are visible) c. toward the head
Station 2: Gelatin-spaghetti molds, scalpel d. toward the midline
3. The _________ plane runs longitudinally and divides the body into right
and left parts.
a. frontal c. transverse
b. sagittal d. ventral
Most of us are naturally curious about our bodies. This curiosity is apparent
even in infants when they gaze in fascination at their own waving hands
or their mother’s nose. Unlike the infant, however, an anatomy student
must learn to identify body structures formally.
This exercise presents some of the most important anatomical terms you will
be using to describe the body and introduces you to gross anatomy, the study of
body structures you can see with your naked eye. As you become familiar with
this anatomical terminology, you will have a chance to examine the three-
dimensional relationships of body structures using illustrations and models.
Anatomical Position
OBJECTIVE 1 Describe the anatomical position verbally or by
demonstrating it.
When doctors refer to specific areas of the human body, they do so relative to a
standard position called the anatomical position. In the anatomical position, the
human body is erect, with head and toes pointed forward and arms hanging at
the sides with palms facing forward (see Figure 1.3 on page 4).
Activity 1
Demonstrating the Anatomical Position
Stand and assume the anatomical position. Notice that it is not particularly
comfortable, because you must hold your hands unnaturally forward i nstead
of allowing them to hang partially cupped toward your thighs.
Surface Anatomy
OBJECTIVE 2 Demonstrate ability to use anatomical terms describ-
ing body landmarks, directions, planes, and surfaces.
Body surfaces provide a number of visible landmarks that can be used to study
the body. Several of these are described on the following pages.
1