Essential Nutrients in Carcinogenesis

548 Pages·1986·18.998 MB·English

by  Jerry M. Rice (auth.), Lionel A. Poirier, Paul M. Newberne, Michael W. Pariza (eds.)

ESSENTIAL
NUTRIENTS IN
CARCINOGENESIS
ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY
Editorial Board:
NATHAN BACK, State University of New York at Buffalo
NICHOLAS R. DI LUZIO, Tulane University School of Medicine
EPHRAIM KATCHALSKI-KATZIR, The Weizmann Institute of Science
DAVID KRITCHEVSKY, Wistar Institute
ABEL LAJTHA, Rockland Research Institute
RODOLFO PAOLETTI, University of Milan
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Volume 206
ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS IN CARCINOGENESIS
Edited by Lionel A. Poirier, Paul M. Newberne, and
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ESSENTIAL
NUTRIENTS IN
CARCINOGENESIS
Edited by
Lionel A. Poirier
National Cancer Institute
Frederick, Maryland
Paul M. Newherne
Boston University
Boston, Massachusetts
and
Michael W. Pariza
University of Wisconsin
Madison, Wisconsin
PLENUM PRESS • NEW YORK AND LONDON
Library .of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Essential nutrients in carcinogenesis.
(Advances in experimental medicine and biology; v. 206)
Based on a symposium held Feb. 1, 1985, at the National Institutes of Health,
Bethesda, Md., under the auspices of the National Cancer Institute.
Includes bibliographies and index.
1. Cancer-Nutritional aspects-Congresses. 2. Carcinogenesis-Congresses. 3. Nu
tritionally induced diseases-Congresses. I. Poirier, Lionel A. II. Newberne, Paul M.,
1920- . III. Pariza, Michael W. IV. National Cancer Institute (U.S.) V. Series.
[DNLM: 1. Diet - adverse effects - congresses. 2. Neoplasms - etiology - congresses.
WI AD559 v.206/QZ 202 E78 1985)
RC268.45.R65 1986 616.99'4071 86-25356
ISBN-13: 978-1-4612-9025-4 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-1835-4
DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4613-1835-4
Proceedings of a symposium on The Role of Essential Nutrients in
Carcinogenesis, held February 1, 1985, at the National Institutes
of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
© 1986 Plenum Press, New York
Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover lst edition 1986
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
PREFACE
For more than 50 years, it has been recognized that diet influences
cancer formation both in humans and in experimental animals. In fact,
early investigators successfully retarded the onset of tumors in animals
by dietary manipulation. Such findings led to an early optimism that
cancer would prove to be yet another disease resulting from dietary
imbalances and might thus be amenable to prevention or cure by appropriate
nutritional changes. Subsequent studies showed that the influence of diet
on cancer formation was not only very complex, it also did not appear to
playa direct causative role in carcinogenesis. Thus during the mid-1950s
scientific interest in diet and cancer greatly waned.
By the early 1970s, however, a resurging interest in diet and cancer
became evident. This field of activity has continued to grow. Yet for
over 20 years, no comprehensive meeting has been held to summarize the
major developments concerning dietary modification of carcinogenesis
over a broad range of essential nutrients. To fill this void, a workshop
was held on the role of essential nutrients in carcinogenesis from January
30 to February 1, 1985, in Bethesda, Maryland, under the auspices of the
National Cancer Institute. This volume is a compilation of the presenta
tions made at that meeting.
The financial support of the Division of Cancer Etiology and of the
Division of Cancer Prevention and Control at NCI is gratefully acknowl
edged. Special thanks are also due to the staff of Program Resources,
Inc., particularly to Rachelle Daigneault, Carole Benson, Margaret Fanning,
E1ynor Sass, and Jennifer Sipes, for the technical operation of the work
shop and for extensive editorial assistance without which this endeavor
would not have been possible.
This volume is dedicated to three pioneer investigators in the field
of nutrition and cancer: 1) Dr. Albert Tannenbaum, for his early studies
on the protective effect of caloric restriction on carcinogenesis; 2) Dr.
Carl Baumann, for establishing, at the University of Wisconsin, a long
and continuing tradition of investigating the modulating effect of diet
on carcinogenesis; and 3) Dr. William D. Salmon, for the early recognition
that dietary imbalance alone may cause cancer. The influence of these
men and their scientific heirs will be felt throughout this volume.
L. A. Poirier
M. W. Pariza
P. M. Newberne
v
CONTENTS
1. Introductory Remarks • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1
J.M. Rice
2. Brief History of the Role of Nutrition in Carcinogenesis • • •• 5
L.A. Poirier
3. Epidemiologic Studies of Vitamins and Cancer of the Lung,
Esophagus, and Cervix ••••••••••••• • • 11
R.G. Ziegler
4. Selenium, Vitamin E, Fiber, and the Incidence of Human
Cancer: An Epidemiologic Perspective ••• 27
W.C. Willett
5. Studies of Nutrients and Their Relationship to Cancer
in the Mu1tiethnic Population of Hawaii •••• 35
L.N. Ko1one1, J.H. Hankin, A.M.Y. Nomura,
and M.W. Hinds
6. Diet and Carcinogenesis: Historical Perspectives • • • • • • •• 45
K.K. Carroll
7. Influence of Caloric Intake on Experimental Carcinogenesis:
A Review • • • • •••• 55
D. Kritchevsky and D.M. K1urfe1d
8. Dietary Fat and Experimental Carcinogenesis: A Summary of
Recent In Vivo Studies • • • • • • • • • • • • • 69
D.F. Birt
9. Dietary Fat and Neop1asia--The Role of Net Energy in
Enhancement of Carcinogenesis: Effects of Fat
and Calories on the Immune System •• • • • • • • • • •• 85
G.A. Boissonneault, C.E. Elson, and M.W. Pariza
10. Oil Gavage Effects on Tumor Incidence in the National
Toxicology Program's 2-Year Carcinogenesis Bioassay 99
B.S. Appleton and R.E. Landers
11. Modification of Experimental Colon Carcinogenesis by Dietary
Fibers • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 105
L.R. Jacobs
12. Dietary Fiber and Human Cancer: Critique of the Literature • •• 119
D.M. K1urfe1d and D. Kritchevsky
vii
13. Dietary Cholesterol, Serum Cholesterol, and Colon Cancer:
A Review • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 137
S.A. Broitman
14. Proteins and Amino Acids: Effects of Deficiencies and . . . . .
Specific Amino Acids • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 153
A.E. Harper
15. Dietary Protein and Experimental Carcinogenesis •••••••• 163
W.J. Visek
16. Role of Tryptophan in Carcinogenesis • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 187
H. Sidransky
17. Hereditary Tyrosinemias (Type I): A New Vista on Tyrosine
Toxicity and Cancer ••••••••• 209
C. Laberge, A. Lescault, and R.M. Tanguay
. . . . . . . . . .
18. Lipotropic Factors and Oncogenesis • 223
P.M. Newberne
19. Choline Deficiency and Chemical Carcinogenesis • • • • • • • •• 253
H. Shinozuka, S.L. Katyal, and M.I.R. Perera
20. The Role of Methionine in Carcinogenesis • • • • • • • • • • •• 269
L.A. Poirier
21. Ethionine in the Analysis of the Possible Separate
Roles of Methionine and Choline Deficiencies
in Carcinogenesis • • • • • 283
A.K. Ghoshal, D.S.R. Sarma, and E. Farber
22. The Role of Vitamin B12 and Folate in Carcinogenesis • • • • •• 293
V. Herbert
23. Role of Vitamin B12 and Folate Deficiency
in Carcinogenesis • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 313
I. Eto and C.L. Krumdieck
24. The Influence of Niacin and Nicotinamide on In Vivo . . . . . .
Carcinogenesis • • • • • • • • • • 331
G.T. Bryan
25. Vitamin B6 Deficiency and Carcinogenesis • • • • • • • • • • •• 339
R.D. Reynolds
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26. Riboflavin • • • 349
R.S. Rivlin
27. The Role of Ascorbic Acid in Carcinogenesis •••••••••• 357
B.E. Glatthaar, D.H. Hornig, and U. Moser
28. Some Thoughts on the Relationship Between
Vitamin A and C~ncer • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 379
J.A. Olson
29. Anticarcinogenic Effects of Retinoids in Animals • • • • • • •• 399
R.C. Moon and R.G. Mehta
viii
30. The Relationship Between the Vitamin D System and Cancer • • •• 413
H.F. DeLuca and V. Ostrem
31. The Chemopreventive Role of Selenium in Carcinogenesis • • • •• 431
C. Ip
32. Inhibition of Chemical C.a .rc .in .og .en .e s.is .a n.d .T .um .o r.ig .e n.e s.is . . . . .
by Selenium 449
J.A. Milner
33. Mechanisms of Selenium Inhibition of Tumorigenesis • • • • • •• 465
D. Medina
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34. Alcohol and Cancer • • • • • • 473
A.E. Rogers and M.W. Conner
35. The Role of Calcium, Magnesium, and Zinc in Carcinogenesis • •• 497
K.S. Kasprzak and M.P. Waalkes
36. Role of Zinc Deficiency in Carcinogenesis ••••••••••• 517
D.H. Barch and P.M. Iannaccone
37. The Role of Iodine in Carcinogenesis. • • • • • • • • • • • •• 529
J.M. Ward and M. Ohshima
38. Summery and OVerview • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 543
K.N. Prasad
Contributors • 549
Index 553
ix
1
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS
Jerry M. Rice
Laboratory of Comparative Carcinogenesis
Division of Cancer Etiology
National Cancer Institute-Frederick Cancer Research Facility
Frederick, Maryland 21701
In 1980, the National Cancer Institute commissioned the National
Research Council to conduct, in the words of the Preface to the resulting
report,1 "a comprehensive study of the scientific information pertaining
to the relationship of diet and nutrition to cancer ••• [to] review ••• the
state of knowledge and information pertinent to diet/nutrition and the
incidence of cancer; develop a series of recommendations related to
dietary components (nutrients and toxic contaminants) and nutritional
factors which can be communicated to the public, and, based on the above
state-of-the-art appraisals and the identification of gap areas, develop
a series of research recommendations related to dietary components and
nutritional factors and the incidence of cancer."
The recommendations of the Committee on Diet, Nutrition, and Cancer,
published in 1982, were understandably cautious. Their most definite
conclusion was that a causal relationship exists between fat intake and
the occurrence of cancer. With respect to more specific substances, for
example, copper, zinc, molybdenum, and iodine, the committee concluded
that the data concerning dietary exposure to these elements were insuffi
cient and provided no basis for conclusions about association of these
elements with cancer risk. In fact, the committee compared its task to
that of evaluating the risk of cigarette smoking 2 decades ago, when the
data base associating human cancer with cigarettes was much narrower than
it is today. And there is a ylaintive note regarding its task of making
recommendations to the public: "The public often demands certain kinds
of information before such information can be provided with complete cer
tainty. For example, weather forecasting is often not exact; nevertheless,
the public asks that the effort be made, but has learned to accept the
fact that the results are not always reliable." We clearly have a pressing
need for more and better data, from both laboratories and epidemiologists,
to achieve one of the goals of the cancer prevention effort: to minimize
the risk of human cancer through wise choice of diet.
The goals and scope of this symposium are narrower than those of the
National Research Council committee and mercifully do not include the
biomedical equivalent of weather forecasting. The focus of this symposium
is exclusively on components of diet that can be described as "normal."
Additives and contaminants, whether naturally occurring or man-made, are
specifically excluded from consideration. This is not because additives
and contaminants are not important. On the contrary, some of the most
potent organic carcinogens known, the aflatoxins, are produced by fungi
that readily contaminate beans, corn, and peanuts, and although their
roles in the genesis of human cancer are still suspected rather than
proved, these substances have clearly been responsible for major episodes
of acute poisoning in human populations, especially in third world
countries. The carcinogenic by-products of cooking foods, for example,
aromatic hydrocarbons, protein and amino acid pyrolysates, and nitrosa
mines, include carcinogens that have shown great potency in experimental
animals and that cannot be ignored.
However, in one sense, to focus attention on contaminants deflects
attention from diet itself as a modulating factor in the susceptibility
of the organism to carcinogenesis. To the investigator studying a putative
carcinogen, the diet given the experimental animals is simply a possible
source of confounding variables to be controlled. In contrast, the goal
of this symposium is to critically review the roles of normal dietary
components in carcinogenesis. Some of these substances, especially by
their absence or their presence in deficient quantities, have profound
effects in experimental systems, and this has aroused increased interest
among experimentalists. Other nutrients, notably ascorbic acid and
certain retinoids, protect against carcinogenesis, and this too has
captured well-deserved attention.
Appreciation of the roles of specific nutrients in carcinogenesis
has evolved to its present state in a manner that parallels our under
standing of tumor promotion, and indeed these subjects overlap. In the
not-too-distant past, tumor promotion was the exclusive province of a few
harmless eccentrics whose preoccupation was the painting of an ill-defined
irritant cathartic onto the skins of mice to induce the growth of warts.
To date, many compounds have been identified that possess high potency
for promotion and apparently high specificity in rodents for various non
squamous epithelia. These include many of the internal lining epithelia,
such as those of the urinary bladder and the renal cortex, from which a
significant fraction of human carcinomas evolve. Among the promoting
compounds are substances that have been taken internally by humans for
decades, such as phenobarbital, and the neoplasms seen in initiation/
promotion studies include carcinomas as well as their histologically
benign precursors. The perceived importance of the phenomenon has
increased as a result, and the prospect of understanding the mechanisms
of promotion at the cellular and molecular levels has attracted the
attention of increasing numbers of capable investigators.
Similarly, as progress is made toward understanding mechanisms for
dietary effects in carcinogenesis, interest will continue to increase.
However, nutrition research in relation to carcinogenesis, especially in
relation to cancer in humans, appears intrinsically more difficult because
of the often intractable problem of separating variables, but in many
cases this is being accomplished. Zinc deficiency, long implicated in
esophageal cancer, has recently been shown to alter microsomal metabolism
of a nitrosamine that in rats is highly selective for esophageal epithe
lium, and this effect occurs in the target tissue in that species. Iodine
deficiency, with its resulting goitrous hyperplasia of the thyroid, has
been shown to have a pronounced promoting effect on thyroid follicular
carcinogenesis in rats, initiated by transient exposure to a carcinogen
before dietary iodine deficiency was imposed. Dietary methyl deficiency
in rats reduces methylation of DNA in the target tissue, liver, and thus
possibly contributes directly to a reduction in control of genetic expres
sion. As these and many other recent developments are discussed during
the next 3 days, I feel sure we will be encouraged by the current rate of
progress in defining the roles of essential nutrients in carcinogenesis.
2