Ermeneutica del Nuovo Testamento

261 Pages·2001·3.488 MB·Italian

by  Klaus Berger

DalS ommario
Inq uesvtool umoer,m acio l­
laudanteol l'ediozriiognien ale
Introduzione:
tedesKclaa,u Bse rgceerr cdai
probledmiui n 'ermeneutica
stabiilc irriet peerrli ' interpre­
l.P osizioinmip ornttadie lla
taziodneelc ontenudteol la
stordiealr liac erca
ScrittOulrtara.e u nar iflessio­
nes istemadtifi ocnad sou c iò 2.S chemdai u n'eernmeutica
chea vviennee ll'eseeggelsii , deNlu ovToe stamento
proponree gocloen crepteer 3.S ulplraa sdseil l'applicazione
unat rasposiez aipopnlei cazio­
ned elSlcar itotgugrAia .q uesti
duea spetdteil l'esee dgeels­i
la'p plicalz'iaountedo àrr ei spo­
stian p rimlou ogpor agmatica.
KLAUSB ERGER1,9 4h0a,s tudiato
Eglaib bnadonla' orizdzeoln­te
filosotfeioal,oe g oirai entalai stica
lafi losofia idteeadleissect,ai ca
MiincheBne,lr ien H ambur;gd al
als uop ostmoo,s tcrhae è pos­
197è0s tadtooc enatlelR ai jksuniver­
sibiilmep araprreo prdiaofi lo­
stietid iL eidne (PaeBsais sid)a;l
sofie brecio mep otrebboegr­o 197è4d ocendtiet eolongeioat esta­
gie sseirc er itceerric ati. mentarailal' uniitvdàei Hr esidelberg
n tentatdiitv eon edries tintee dè u nod epii nùo teis egdeitl iign ua
tedesca.
l'inttearzpiroesnteo rei lca'ap ­
plicazaitotnuea ilnes egsnoa­
prattuat rtiof letdtipe irùse u l
metodeo gau adagncahriea rez­
zae spositiva.
Inc opertPiangai:n dae llBai bbidaiG utenberg
(1452-5P5r)o,l odgeol v agneldoi
L.4 5.00E0u-r2o3 ,2(4i . i.)
GiovanMnuis,e Gou tenbeMragi,n z.
KlauBse rger
ERMENEUTICA
DEL NUOVO TESTAMENTO
EditrQiuceer iniana
Titoolroi ginale
HermendeeuNste uiekTn es taments
© 1999b yA .F rancVkeer laTgti,b inguennd B asel
© 2001b yE ditrQiuceer iniBarneas,c ia
viFae rr7i5- ,2 512B3r esc(iIat alia)
te0l3.0 2 3069-25f a0x3 02 306932
intewwrwne.qtu:e riniana.it
e-madiirle:z [email protected]
Tutitd ii ristotnrioi servati.
È pertavniteot laatr ai produzli'oanrec,h ivoi laazt iroansem issiinq ounael,s fioarsmiea
conq ualsmieazszioc ,o mprelsafe o tocopliada i gei talizszeanzzlia'o naeu,t orizzazione
scridtetlla' EdiQtureircien iana.
ISBN8 8-399-2026-9
Traduzidoanlte e desdcio
CARLDOA NNA
Stampoad talTliap olitoQgureraifnaiinaa, Brescia
PREF AZIONE
Dopcoh ie lm iol ibHrermo enetuidke Nse ueTnes tamse[ nEtrmeneutica
deNluo vToes tame(nGtiiot]e r1s89l8of)hue saursiipt oon,ei vclao mpidtio
unrae visfionodnaem endteallsleua ca o ncezeid oentlee sAtcoc.o lless oil ­
lecitaczhmieio v nein ivdaangloru ppdoe pia rroeci inp arctoirlead aclo lle­
gipoa stoerf aelcei tdeerslio lsrtuoae trom enesuctaitcuod raildtlioas cussio­
nep ortaavtaann teii miecio pl«u lnitibonr tie rriovgoai»tns, p eciinWe er
waJres uwsi krlic[hhC?ie rraae lmeGnetseù (?19]95) D,a ifm ana nW un­
degrl aub[ePno?s sciraemdone ermiei rac(ol19i97?)W]o,z ui sdte Treu fle
da?[ hCec is taaf arei dli avo(l19o98?H)]o .r ifactotmop letalmape anrttee
concsliuvdael li bsruol blaas e sdietlulaaz aitotnudaeel ledl iaus scosniee
concepiines scsloaam iap osizcioomnaeel ternaatlislvpaai egadzeimoin­e
tizzacnotm'eee,t r zvai a'f ontdraam einstmaeolr aziloinosa.m
PoiclhE'érm eneudtoivceadv iav enutnal riebd riso t udaicoc attpievra nte
glsit ud,ee nbtboiic casdiioe nsep oerrc eo nfronitnaan rtei cilpeso i ngole
posizdieolrnliiac eHrocr ae.sp oic ùo nciitlse os ptroi nceih poar lien uncia­
toa p ortaarlec uensie m.Pp eiqru anrtiog uasridnagp oilaùem pifoen dazioni
teoreatp ircohpeo dsiti etmoci o m'ei stuaz'i',ote niaec'e ' etsetioccac'o rre
continafu aarrri efm eernitaolp rimloi bro.
Quanatlolt ae matliE'crmae,n eiucrtai enptrroap rianmeelnslteaer d ieei
mielii bsrumile todloi,bcr hiep ,eq ru anctoon celrne'es egheasnint,or ovato
lal orcoo nclunseivloo nleut mtEeoi fiinhruinngd Fioer megschi[cIhont­ter
duziaolnsleta o dreilaflo rmee ]( Tiibin1g89e7n) .
Lad edidceapl r imloi b(r«olA lmei eu ditreia cimi i euid itdoiHr eii del­
berg 1d79a4il n p oi»f)ui ndovipneartcmaho,él dtiie sssiif ce ersoe ntire,
commentairlo nmoi o eml iad vioerdode erio suggeridmie nsctouini,o cosa
loro cordgiraa.lt moente
L'istanfzonad amendtelaEllrme'e neuntoinècc aa mbiea-tdaif rnotael
crescesnctoen cedrtaou ,nl tao,e a liirr'i gididmoegnmtaotd ialcaiol',t l raot o
6 Prefazione
-mis embrpai ùp ressadnitp er imas:e parazitorneaes egees aip plicazione,
un'ermeneudteilcla' estraa fnaeviotrdàee llgar andrei ccheszpziar itdueail e
teset dii c iòc hee sstie stimoniano.
Lo stadteol lceh iesèed iventdartaom maticamcehnitaern oe gluil timi
diecain niD.u ec osrei guarddainroe ttamieltn etmea ' ermeneutainczai't,u t­
toi lr iconoscimcehneit lmo o doi nc uil 'esegfeucs oin cepei ptrao posèti an
partree sponsadbiit laels et ation,s econdlou ogloa s ensazicohnege l eis odi
dallceh iese lsaop nroo vdae lf attcoh e' lceh iesgei'àd ag enerazioni hanno
persiolc uordee gli uompienrci u,iè n ecessario rliocrolora df aorrezi an
essnea scosta.
Ringrazdiico u oriel m iol aureanMdaor kuRsi chtpeerr l 'attecnotrar e­
ziondee llbeo zzeel ar evisidoint eu titlol ibro.
KlauBse rger
Introduzione
PROBLEMI
DIU N'ERMENEUTICA
L'Antiec iolN uovoT estamesnotnool aB ibbidae ic ristivaanlii,pd aar ola
diD ios ottfoor mad ip aroluem aneI.p roblecmhien er isultsaens oid, i chia­
ras uperfluuan 'ermeneustoincona o,t il:ed onndeo vrebbpeorrot arielv elo
duranlteec elebrazliiotnuir g(iclCho er1 1), cir istnioannp io trebbmearno­
giarsea nguina(ccAi1to5 0,)2n,o np otrebbgeiruor a(rMe t53 ,4-3e 7no)n
potrebbseproos apreer sonnoen b attezz(aAt1te5, 02)L.ed onnneo np otreb­
beroi nsegnare reel miegniooc nheem aip redic(arlCe o r1 43,33-6l;T m
2,11-)1E5. c osnao ni nsignificiac nrties:t siaarneib bteernou at ois servialr e
sabatIold. i vorzsiaor ebibmep ossibAinlzeib. i sognereabdbdei ritptruerna­
derien c onsiderazliapo onses ibiclhieAt pà1 4,es4i gialc elibpaetrot utit i
cristiParnoii.b istaroe bbien o gncia slo' assasdseinlti ior an(nRo o1m3 -,71
e ilp roblecmhae l 'attenctoanttorH oi tldeerl 2 0l ugl1io9 4c4o stipteuriì
cristfieadneila il lBai bbia).
Talpir oblenmoin s onoe liminacboinul ni' esegseuspie rficiea cloen to.r ta
Questtie shtain nou nl orsoe nsoon estamennotnee ludibIinloel.t ir el oro
autonroin d istingutorniaom portaen mteen oi mportaSnetl e'.a vessfaetr­o
toa,v rebbevraon ificaltelo o reos ortazeil oeln oir doi rettCihviie nf.a ttdii ce
chen onè p oi' tanitmop ortansteeg'u ilrase u ad irettniovnap ,u òs perardei
esseorbeb edito.
Né has ensvoo ledri stinguneerlse i,n goclaos ot,r paa rodliaD ioe parola
umanat,r sat oricamceonntdei zioen eatteorn oT.r oppfoa cilmeunntaec osa
delg enerpeu òe ssersem aschercaotmae u nam anovrpae ra utoingan.n arsi
L'esegneosniè f attpae rre nderpei ùfa ciel pie rs tempersairmei qluie stii.o n
Perr isolvceirv lueo luen 'ermeneuatpipcrfoaon dita.
E proprainoc hae p roposdietlol ree al'tsào prannatcuormaela id'e ,s em­
piog lain gelli',a scensliaon naes,c ivtear ginea llaed escrizdieolnle' inferno
cis entiaimnoc ontinuazriiosnpeo ndcehrese i t ratdti«a c oncezisotnoir ica­
mentceo ndizionea ctheep» o ssiacmoon fidanreelf a ttcoh ei t eolorgiie sca-
8 Introduzione
noa i ndivriecd iucòah ien esrseea lmèie mnptoer t.Pa onstmseoir aealmente
condfiarienu nac osdae gle neArler ?i guarsdoonm oo ltsoc ettpieccrhoé,
veddoic ontianllou'poe sroal op iddiee ids eireii tl e ntadtimi ovdoe mizzare
laB ibbipae ri,nq ualmcohdeo ',sl avlaar.'
Notiapmeoir,n cicshoed, iu n'ermeneuct'bièic sao ngonnos olpoe irl
NuovToes tamebnetnoos,vì va mienatnec hape r opodsivi atrofi saeid ella
stodreilacl hiae sCao.sr ìe centeEm.Jie inngtee( lE vKo8m[ m1 994587]s .)
has ostenluant eoc esdsiui nte'àr meneduetgislcciar ciotnetfsis ioend aellil e
condadnontet rdienslae lcioX lV.oIE loh af atpterfoe ttameanr taeg ione,
percphréi mdaid omandcahrecc ois sai 'ago g'iv aliddoob,b icahmaior ire
compeo smsoio aggcio nceppiercrlu doio, b bigaumaor ddaarlcsliea m plice
ripetidzifi omorunle.e
Ilp roblcehmqeau ,mii staac uorèes t,oa triconmooslcbtieoun tdeoaG .
Kegenle lsluaa reaplpl ariecreaes predsaps roeo sfsoreep srseoesf sdoerlil a
faocltdàiT ubinapg rao podseilttloea o lfomegmiinai s1tE•ag lhiai ndividua­
top erlomieplnr oo blpeemrac,ph oén leàl aq uestdieocinr ei tdeerlsile al e­
ziolneeg ititnsi emnaao lA ln'tieca olN uovToes tameen tafof,e rnmoanè:
mais tadtiom orsattcoh sei p osustai liiznmz aarnei eirnao ppuginplar biinl­e
cipdieol Slcar itEtgulsriida o.m anda:l u'ensimicesots es agdgeilAoln t'iec o
deNlu ovToes tameEnc troe?dd ipe o treirs ponidpler rien:cd ieplSilcoar ittu­
raè s opratutnupatr teoosf sidoifn deeep uramefnomtrael ees,s noo nès oste­
nibqiulaen sdito e ndtiua t ilizecz arolnoc,l« uNdoeen:s iasltcecu onn tenuto
ap ropodseiqltu oa sliep osdsiam ostcroarnue n,m etoidnoo ppugen abile
univlemresnartiec onoscchieeus tsoo, cositclio tnutiepsnrcuietn oc diepla­le
laS crit.tQ uuraal»s'icanostien 'ut teoolodgeilcSlocra i ttpuorgags iuua n a
decisrieoa,nl etee a dlee cissiaorneeib nbdei penddafe onntttiee s ltiu.a
Rinuncaidau naa rmonizzazdieolnlaeeff ermaziboinbil iche
Prendilea'smeom pdiiMo c1 1,1G2e:sù m alediifilcc eop ,e rcnhoén hgal i
datnoi endtame a ngiNaroen.e riatl e mpdoefi ic htiu,at vtilaa'l bearov rebbe
'E .MO LTMANNN-DWE-ELG.KE GE(Led d.F)e,m inisTtheioslcohigmeKi ree uzefDeeure r.
Strueniddta s' TiibiGnugtearc' hD.to eknu meAnntael,yK sreiknte,inG ,ii ter199s2lQ.ou hGi .:
KEGEWLi,Me a n(nm)id te Fre minisTtheioslcohngeiincue hm tg ehseonlA intael.uy nsKder itik
ein'eGsu tac7h1t-e1n5s4 .
',
Introduzione 9
dovuutgou almdearnltUien. v ersoc hidaevvose t aprr ongtioo rno e notte.
Gesèùi Sli gnopreceru, ii fil c oa vredbobveu etsos seerm pprreo n-tNoe.s ­
suntraac cidaef la tcthoqe u siitr a tdtiui n maa ledidzI'isornaeCe hlese e.n so
avreablblelo a'rnan otaczhineoo nener iatl e mpdoefi ic hvii,s cthobe i sogna
compiienor gen tie mpdoe lle ool pafre arse«e,N: e sspuonsoms aaip imùan ­
giariet uofritu »it?N o, poiifilcc honé o hn as ervGietsoiù sl,u uon iSciog no­
ren,o nd ovmraàpi i pùo tseerr vailrceau lnt Irnmo o.d ion vemrass oi,m ile al
casdoep lu ledcrhnoee, s sduonvoe avnac oarvaec ra valCchia top.arc loasè ì ,
matto oppuQruee clDh Gieeo s.pù o -pir omeatc toel ocrhoce r edonnoonè
mensop etta:cb oalscathraeee ssnio nd ubitqiunaon,cd roe dodin aov egri à
ricevquutecolh ceh iedeodne os,ss oar àl orcoo nceAslsloop.ro at rasnpnoo­
starem ontaega nleb .eC roisqeu incdhise o lioCl r eatpouròfe a .rT ealfede e
nonèp erdòi reot tnaso onl doi revtetraDs ioo m,a s itr atptrae valentemente
delsluapa r opqruiaal ità. Esnsefala tcdtoinon o sndi usbtiete ar ede isr see
unaf orziam maginQiufiièc i an.d iscuslsapi roonpedr iivai nizzGalzii one.
uomincio me rtaptoodrie lploat ecnrzeaa trsipceec idfiiDc iao . Chih ac rede
ricevluast toe ssa cproetiaectrnpezu,aò p arlareel ec osaev vengcoonmoe,
necla sdoeC lr eatsoerceo nGdeon1 .S eu noèu ncao ssao lcao sne s tees so
-
nond ubistea u,èn ac ossao lcao n amletrnitp reer dolnoare odè, u nac osa
solcao Dni noe lfldeaea ,ll orDai èop resecnotmieeCl r eat.Uo nrape resenza
dinamdii DciaoD .i èop resemnetnetrv ei erniep roedr oetlatioz znaestli� g ni­
ficaptiovù e rdoet le rminmee dialnu'tnei ocnoeln u .i
Marcpoa rdliqa u esto qaunacndhdieo:c a ebbisaatlieen v oiS.a lceo me
immagine della preie snesnozsat idtpiDur iieo(bz Miicl9o4 es,9 a.s )U.n
messagemgoizoi oneda entltu et itmop ossibile.
Compidteo'ls elegeeds eille 'rmenenuotnèiq c uae ldliro e ndpeircùeo m­
prensidbiri elnedp,ei raùec cettead bipi olreti anqr uea lcmhoed poi vùi cino
allu'ommoo dernqou esmteos sagigmipoo sseis beimlpel icesmceanntdea lo­
soN.o ne ssitqeu ail cucnotasa natneot proloagldi icf auo rdie 'lulnibciol an­
cinoe gatcihvqeou esètu onm essagignisoop primisbcialnlmdoeasnot.e
A seconddeale lpeo clhace o ncezdieo'lnnieler radnezlaSl car ithtau ra
assunftorom ed ivseerN.e lc ordseosi e coèls it altaca or nolobgiibal ica
quellad ocvheeevsa rs ees incronciozlnza ca rtoan olporgaoinfaaP .o fiu l a
voldtearl i fiudteolc loen tradcdoinlze is ocniien nazteu erd aelleliq' uirpa­a
ziodneel Blibab iaad ivesrcsiee unmzaen( ea ntroposloocgiioalp,o sgiicao,­
logeia aim) o dernmio vimedniet mia ncipa(ztieoonldeoe glliliaab erazione,
femminios)mD.i q uvie diacmhoed as emplraed ottrdie'nlnailf alliibtiàl
delSlcrai tthuar aa viusltu Soo i itmzL ebienmn a novre apoEl qougae­tiche.
sid ir egollama o derntae olo(pg'rioaeg srstai'ès)p artdeiu nsai mialpeo lo­
gectai.
10 Introduzione
A ben rifletutneasr ter asniat uazèi goiinàlf ea tcthoeu nag rapna rte
delalc'umtee olovgeincgsoap epseo'r slavarienq' u almcohdelo a B ibbia,
pemro srtarceh ee sshaas emp'rocem unqruaeg'i eoc nheep o trebabvee r
qulacodsaad i.rQ euestteint tviais ondoir egoelffeat tu·uasltilb aa se
delalr'mioznzazcioonn celo erre en tmiio vimemnotdie rnlior. i tecnhgeo
qusii amdoif ornte faar idnetie ndaip mreonptoids eiclto on cedtivt eor ità.
Sel aS ctrtiunroand evceo nteinnep rrei mlou oguon av eridtotàt rien ale
intellemtact ounatlieve,an r'eim odedlivl iait,' p rogdeitvtiei rnsciarn aitni
singpoelres oiqn uea,ml oisr tancoo miepl r imcoo mandampeonstsoa sedi­
mentairnus nios tidlive i taal,l oran oenhs abs ias odgine osr seea rmnoizza­
tab,e nisslìu coa ratptreorveo cactoonrsiaiols ltnoeer flaa tcthoGe e sCùri ­
stgol,ai p oset opilro if evtain npor epsiie namseunslte er iinso e,n aoq uesto
unico pdoiDp ioolc,oo em autoriintt uàt ltala o ro svcenardlaao sà ite
impossidbuiecl oistceàh ,e pnoossno naop punetssoe raep ologeticamente
appibainlIainv. e rità liosn tfidalitve ti ite al afi duciinDa i od eplr ofeta
Amose dGie sdùi N azanroetnc orrisponndeepvpaunro'ie m maalgldienle
monddoiq uel tees mopnioono gntie mpiom possibili.
Èc mopitdoe' lselegeesliab oirc araem pdiiq ueste impSoarsesbibbei lità.
tropcpoom odtor atdtea'lrsilep irazeid oe'nlneile rrannezciaam pid ella
conosceel nizbae rcarossdiìie ssIelv. e rpor oblsetmnaae dlo mandsaer si
sipao ssivbiivlecero esE ì a.lr iguanrodnèop ossibiallec urdniaasr peo sta
dottreim neatlaet emep.o ral
Tutlteen ostprreeo fssidoifn deie s onsoo ptrtauttrtoop apmom oddoi
forntaelm essagpgrioov orciadoti Go es.ù uEn ad elillel usdiimo onlit i
codsdietutoim idniis inriaès c thel aB ibbisaa reubnble i bdreodi i ritti
de'loulmoC.i nòo nèv ereol ,o' nesvtiàeq nuei s oicnc oNrési oll.i bsevrio­
luppo pdeerlsloan naéll ie'tmàa,n cipanzéil ao'unteeo,ar lizzanzéli ao ne,
libedreac ispirooon ceon trloaf eden,é l u'matnaisrmiou nivleerns,éa
le'sclusdieolvnleaen deota tlatc roess ei msiolniao n chseo lloo ntanamente
cicòh lea B ibbisaip ropodnide i rNeo.,l u 'omèou nv asdoar' gilolu an o
schiavoè,c hieagmloaic t ool tsoo rdspiar l,ea venndoenètp trao imbai ta
rimeasD siaon ,o nlu 'manuintià veère slaeltbete anI,ss ìr aeel ul'lei uvnoi co
diD iol,as antsiidt ifàof ndpee cro ntaigt iaobs,ùo nvoi ruleel nast uid,d ivi­
siodneepi o teèmr io ltloo ntLa'nau.od mioc upia rllaepn oar aboèlc eo lui
chpe unftolal emetnuttsetu uo nu'niccarat nao,n l ap ersoncaolmiptlàe ta­
mentfeor matLaaf. e dienG esèùp ienam agdiipa o,s msoip aarladrime e s­
sianimsamgoi co.
Applicanzoineo sniess:ot leuo nb ibliceivsamnog elnieec sailasent,ce h e
uno sdiisn ti.rL aav eridteàlB libab inao nc onsstinee fla tcthoee ssèa
modernLaa.B ibbièau nl ibersrota neep or ovocatorio.