ERIC EJ1164293: Teaching for Sustainability: The Role of (Benefit) Corporations

2017·0.1 MB·English

by  ERIC

Teaching for sustainability: The role of
(benefit) corporations
Jason van Tol
Independent Scholar
Email: [email protected]
Abstract well suited to this task since, as the opening line
of the Rationale of the Australian Curriculum:
This article explores the role that corporations
Geography states:
can play in the creation or failure of a sustainable
society. A review of the concept of sustainability In a world of increasing global integration
in the Australian Curriculum: Geography is and international mobility, it is critical
made and then linked to a comparison of the to the wellbeing and sustainability
legal framework guiding business activities of the environment and society that
of traditional corporations and those of B young Australians develop a holistic
Corporations, which are guided by their own understanding of the world. This requires
separate legislation. Business activities of a deep knowledge and understanding of
particular B Corporation in Australia, and other why the world is the way it is and the
profit-oriented businesses in the same sector of interconnections between people, places
the economy, are then compared in terms of four and environments over place and time.
earth functions listed in the Australian Curriculum (ACARA, 2016)
to determine if one is more sustainable than
the other. This comparison concludes that Thus in teaching for sustainability in and of a
the B Corporation is more sustainable than a highly specialised and interconnected world,
traditional profit-oriented corporation in several we ought to be careful not to view it exclusively
respects, though it is not sustainable absolutely. through the narrow lens of our own occupation
The example explored is linked to curriculum but be prepared to venture into other fields
outcomes and suggestions are made as to how in order to come to the interdisciplinary
teachers might apply this content and analysis understanding that sustainability requires. While it
when teaching for sustainability in their own is not possible to cover all the nuances associated
classes. with the creation of a sustainable society, this
article will focus on the important economic role
that corporations can play in the sustainability,
Introduction
or failure, of modern society and how this can
In a world of specialisation perhaps no concept is be integrated into the teaching of geography in
more deserving of an interdisciplinary approach schools.
than sustainability. Since Adam Smith’s ode to
the division of labour, most famously depicted
Sustainability in the Geography Syllabus
in his description of pin production in the
opening passage of his Wealth of Nations (Smith, More than any other subject, the interdisciplinary
1776/1999) almost two and a half centuries ago, approach needed when teaching for sustainability
occupational specialisation and the knowledge is probably most apposite to geography, which
which it requires has continued apace. Today this encompasses both physical and human domains,
can be most easily seen in one’s progress through and the Australian Curriculum: Geography
primary and high schools, onto university, makes ample reference to interconnections
and finally into the workplace (Dyball, Davila, throughout. Maude (2014) has argued that
& König, 2016). However, as Diamond (2005) although the concept of sustainability sometimes
has described in careful comparative detail, the includes social, economic, political and cultural
failure or sustainability of societies throughout sustainability, the curriculum intends it to be
the world has always depended critically on how primarily concerned with the environment (p.
they respond to the environmental challenges they 19). Indeed, the curriculum defines sustainability
face, which are as differentiated as the societies as “the capacity of the environment to continue
are themselves. Thus, in today’s globalised, to support our lives and the lives of other living
information-laden and highly specialised society, creatures into the future” (ACARA, 2016). It
the challenges to sustainability require knowledge elaborates on this definition by stating that “[p]
and a broad understanding from many different rogress towards environmental sustainability
disciplines. The study of geography is particularly depends on the maintenance or restoration of the
24
GEOGRAPHICAL EDUCATION VOLUME 30, 2017
environmental functions that sustain all life and to the environment are demographic, economic,
human wellbeing (economic and social).” The socio-political, scientific, technological, cultural
curriculum states further that an and religious” which are similar to those
identified in the curriculum and certainly require
understanding of the causes of
interdisciplinary treatment. However,
unsustainability requires a study of the
“[in] Australia, the key drivers of environmental
environmental processes producing the
change are population and economic activity”
degradation of an environmental function;
(Jackson, 2017, p. iv). So, if the primary
the human actions that have initiated
causes of environmental change in Australia
these processes; and the attitudinal,
are demographic and economic, which are
demographic, social, economic and
intimately related (Harvey, 2011, p. 144), rather
political causes of these human actions.
than political, scientific or otherwise, it seems
A few points should be made here. First, essential that teaching for sustainability focuses
although the ultimate goal of sustainability is on these causes. To that end, viewing the
indeed concerned with the environment, humans earth’s functions listed above through the lens
are positioned as key agents whose actions are of economic geography should help us to move
compromising it. Second, the actions detracting toward a pedagogy for sustainability best suited
from, and similarly contributing to, sustainability to Australia.
are manifold and require an interdisciplinary
approach as suggested in the introduction.
What is Driving the Drivers?
Finally, one of the causes of those human actions
is economic, which contributes both to human Choosing one particular aspect of economic
wellbeing and to the degradation of environmental activity will be somewhat arbitrary, but this
functions. This tension of economic contributions section will provide an argument for focusing
to modern society can provide a starting point on the role that transnational corporations play
for a class discussion about the merits and in the modern economy as they are “the most
shortcomings of each position. In order to refine significant units of economic activity world wide”
the discussion Maude (2014) suggests we draw
(Martin and Steele, 2010, p. 12). A recent Global
on certain principles associated with earth’s four
Justice Now (2016) report ranks the revenue of
functions. These are defined as follows in the
the largest corporations in the world amongst
Glossary of the Australian Curriculum: Geography:
that of national governments and concludes that
globally, total corporate revenue is roughly the
• The earth’s source function – the production
same as total government revenue. Moreover, the
of raw materials from the natural resources of
soil, water, forests, minerals and marine life; total revenue of the ten largest corporations is on
par with that of the bottom 180 governments, with
• The earth’s sink function – safe absorption
Walmart being richer than Australia, Shell being
(through breakdown, recycling or storage) of
richer than Mexico, and Exxon Mobil, Volkswagen,
wastes and pollution produced by production
and Toyota each being richer than India. This vast
and human life;
wealth gives corporations tremendous power
• The earth’s service function – provision of
over economic activity and investment decisions.
environmental or ecosystem services that
National governments have to consider the myriad
support life without requiring human action,
interests of their entire citizenry in deciding how
for example, climatic stability, biodiversity,
to spend their revenue, while corporations not
ecosystem integrity and protection from
only have the legal right to focus their decisions
ultraviolet radiation;
on turning a financial profit, but the legal duty
• The earth’s spiritual function – intrinsic
to do so in the interests of their shareholders
recreational, psychological, aesthetic and
(Gleeson-White, 2014, pp. 114–115, 280–281).
spiritual value of environments.
The latter is a far smaller group with much
narrower interests. This makes corporations
highly adept at making financial profits using
Most of the principles Maude (2014) goes on
an array of techniques including, externalisation
to describe are associated with the first three
(considered below), regulatory arbitrage, which is
functions which, he argues, require some
the practice of taking advantage of legal loopholes
understanding of their related sciences (pp.
21–22). Moreover, Maude’s argument continues, by playing off the regulations of one jurisdiction
many government decisions are based on those against another’s, and transfer pricing, in which
sciences, rather than on ideology (p. 23). We will remote subsidiaries of a parent multinational
return to these earth functions below, but for now receive profits in order to shift their tax burdens.
however, according to the most recent Australia Although the effects of such corporate activity
state of the environment: drivers sometimes have disastrous consequences for
“[g] lobally, the human-caused drivers of change people and the environment, such activity is quite
25
GEOGRAPHICAL EDUCATION VOLUME 30, 2017
rational when viewed within a corporation’s legal made several changes in their teaching
framework. programs toward sustainability, the corporate
responses related to the students’ action
To give just one example of how corporate profit
research projects were far more conservative:
seeking is degrading the environment and thus
“a few projects found that businesses achieved
detracting from sustainability, consider the
incremental changes” toward sustainable issues,
common practice of externalisation. An externality
“corporate employees were . . . engaged in
is a cost which does not show up on a business’s
critical reflection on the interconnected nature
accounting ledger. The cost is externalised and of some facets of sustainability”, and “some
paid for by someone else, whether governments,
businesses indicated that they may implement
individuals, or the environment. For instance,
some of the suggestions made by students in
the health care costs associated with the air
their project recommendations” (p. 39). The
pollution caused by a factory are an externality
authors summarised that “the market-based
– the owners of the factory producing that air
operational realities of the business schools
pollution do not have to pay these costs, which
would make it unlikely that a specialist MBA
are instead picked up by the health care system of
that placed sustainability on par [with] or above
a government or private insurer. A comprehensive
other business concerns would be launched” (p.
report commissioned by The Economics of
9) and more to the point, that future research
Ecosystems and Biodiversity, entitled Natural should focus on how to make more permanent
capital at risk: the top 100 externalities of institutional change (p. 77).
business, concluded that the primary industries
analysed therein had environment-related These types of free-market approaches then
externalities totalling US$7.3 trillion (Trucost, would seem unlikely to achieve the sustainability
2013). These externalised costs were associated goals desired. Instead, the absence of legislation
with greenhouse gas emissions (38%), water to reform the duty of corporate directors to seek
use (25%), land use (24%), air pollution (7%), financial profits is a bit like leaving it up to a
land and water pollution (5%), and waste (1%). footballer to avoid scoring goals. Unless the rules
US$7.3 trillion in externalised environmental costs of the game are changed, even if some accounting
is great for the profit margins of the businesses or business students want sustainability included
which produced them, though much less so for in their course of studies and universities
the environment which has to pay for them. deliver them, the laws associated with corporate
behaviour remain the same: corporate directors
are bound to seek financial profits on behalf of
Integrating Sustainability into Business
their shareholders within the existing legislative
Education
framework above all other considerations.
Some studies supported by the Australian
Research Institute in Education for Sustainability B Lab and B Corporations
have attempted to integrate sustainability into the
The corporate world’s lack of such non-
business world. One such study investigated the
financial evaluation spawned the creation of an
drivers and barriers to integrating sustainability
organisation called B Lab in 2006 (Gleeson-White,
into the accounting profession. While the study’s
2014, p. 243) in order to reconstruct the legal
literature review concluded that one of the key
architecture of corporations by requiring them to
drivers to integration is government policy (Martin
conduct business which values the environment
& Steele, 2010, p. 4), the study itself focused
and people, in addition to financial profit.
on university accounting programs and left the
Organisations which meet B Lab’s standards
responsibility for the inclusion of sustainability up
to student demand and the expected concomitant are called B Corporations, where the ‘B’ stands
for benefit. Globally, there are currently more
supply by universities (pp. 4, 6), rather than
than two thousand certified B Corporations,
government regulation. However, such student
in more than 50 countries, and across 130
demand was apparently lacking with students
industries (bcorporation.com.au). For B Lab to
wanting a traditional focus on core accounting
officially certify a B Corporation, prospective
skills like financial reporting. Not surprisingly,
organisations need to take what is called the B
little progress was made toward the goal of the
Impact Assessment and earn a score of at least
study.
80 out of 200. The assessment is tailored to the
Similar conclusions were drawn by Thomas type of business seeking certification, but includes
and Benn (2009) in a project looking at how questions grouped into broad categories such
sustainability can be included in teaching and as governance (of the organisation), community
learning offered by business schools, which (or social considerations) and, most importantly
included an action research project initiated for our purposes, environment. At present, B
by students in partnership with a participating Corporation certification is entirely voluntary
corporation. Although the business schools – there is nothing to compel a traditional
26
GEOGRAPHICAL EDUCATION VOLUME 30, 2017
corporation to become certified by converting to the behaviours according to the earth functions
the new accounting standards. Also, critics have listed above to see if one comes closer to being
raised concerns such as why, if B Corporations sustainable. What follows is not a blueprint
are supposed to benefit the public, they are for sustainability, but an exploratory analysis
certified by a private, unelected third party (Andre, of corporate behaviour and its effects on the
2012, p. 148), and whether many registered environment with implications for sustainability.
B Corporations are properly maintaining their
The information in the next two paragraphs
standards (Allard, 2017). While these and other
relies on interviews with Bill Avery, who is the
concerns are legitimate, there is no question that
head agronomist at Murray River Organics.
the B Corporation model is a step in the right
Murray River Organics is an Australian-based
direction in terms of valuing the environment and,
B Corporation and the leading global supplier
by extension, achieving sustainability.
of certified organic vine fruit including grapes,
currants and sultanas (murrayriverorganics.com.
Sustainability in the Geography Syllabus
au). Interviews were authorised by the managing
with A Focus on Corporate Behaviour director and conducted over the phone during
which notes were taken and questions asked
The Australian Curriculum: Geography contains
for clarification. A copy of this part of the article
the following outcomes which bear on the issues
was later sent to Avery for member checking.
raised in this article and, as will be described, the
Avery has over thirty years’ experience working
application given below (ACARA, 2016):
on both conventional and organic farms and
• Analyse primary sources and secondary has been the head agronomist at Murray River
sources to identify values and perspectives since 2014. A key part of his expertise comes
on people, actions, events, issues and from his study of soil chemistry and soil biology.
phenomena, past and present (ACHASSI157); He has been consulted widely both in Australia
and internationally on how to reduce reliance
• Reflect on their learning to propose individual
on industrial-manufactured fertilisers. The
and collective action in response to a
basic question asked of Avery is what are the
contemporary geographical challenge, taking
differences between the agricultural practices of
account of environmental, economic and
Murray River and other conventional farms?
social considerations, and predict the expected
outcomes of their proposal (ACHGS054 and
According to Avery, there are many differences
ACHGS062);
between Murray River’s agricultural practices
• Environmental, economic and technological and those of conventional growers who have
factors that influence crop yields in Australia neither B Corporation status nor organic
and across the world (ACHGK062); certification. One of these differences relates to
• Challenges to food production, including land the use of fungicides, pesticides, and herbicides
and water degradation, shortage of fresh – collectively termed biocides. Conventional
water, competing land uses, and climate farms spray fungicides systemically, whereas
change, for Australia and other areas of the Murray River uses them only to target new
world (ACHGK063); growth. As for pesticides, conventional
growers use a suite of agrochemicals including
• Human-induced environmental changes that
prothiofos and methomyl, which are contact
challenge sustainability (ACHGK070);
sprays, and indoxacarb and clothianidin, which
• The application of environmental economic
are systemic. Murray River on the other hand
and social criteria in evaluating management
uses only naturally-occurring, plant-derived
responses to the change (ACHGK075);
products, such as pyrethrin, which comes from
• Reflect on and evaluate findings of an inquiry the chrysanthemum flower. Finally, in terms of
to propose individual and collective action herbicides, conventional farms use glyphosate
in response to a contemporary geographical and paraquat, amongst others, whereas Murray
challenge, taking account of environmental, River uses instead mechanical methods for
economic, political and social considerations; physically removing weeds.
and explain the predicted outcomes and
consequences of their proposal (ACHGS071 As for the nutrition program of Murray
and ACHGS080). River’s orchards, when compared to those of
conventional growers the differences are also
substantial. According to Avery, conventional
To address these outcomes we can choose an growers use fertilisers derived from chemical salts
example of economic activity in Australia and – nitrates, phosphates, and sulphates amongst
compare the behaviour of a B Corporation to that many others. Avery states that in general about
of a traditional corporation or other business 45% to 60% of most chemical salt fertilisers are
motivated primarily by profit. We can then analyse lost, either to the atmosphere due to volatilisation
27
GEOGRAPHICAL EDUCATION VOLUME 30, 2017
(which is most common for nitrogen) or gravity, is usually provided as a nitrate fertiliser. The
as the salts are in aqueous solution and seep predominant source of this fertiliser is the Haber-
down below the plants’ root zone. Moreover, Bosch process, which fixes nitrogen from the air
Avery believes that chemical salt fertilisers taken into biologically useful forms and which is heavily
up by plants cause them to, as he describes, dependent on fossil fuels. By some accounts,
choke. The reasons for this are complex, but this industrial chemical process consumes up to
essentially, in nature a plant lives in a symbiotic 5% of the world’s annual natural gas production
relationship with a whole ecology of soil microbes and about 2% of the world’s annual energy
which provide naturally occurring water-soluble production (Ritter, 2008). Phosphate fertilisers
minerals. A plant will exchange a sugar with a on the other hand are mined, but their supply
particular microbe when it needs the specific is limited and has no replacement, which has
nutrient that that microbe has, resulting in natural led to the peak phosphorus scenario, akin to
nutrient cycling within the host plant’s root zone. peak oil (see for example Cordell, Rosemarin,
Because that microbiological ecology is wiped Schroder, and Smit, 2011). The phosphorus
out by heavy biocide use on a conventional farm, cycle has been greatly accelerated by human
those plants must get their nutrients en masse agriculture, which is moving vast amounts of
while they are hydrating from the chemical salts phosphates to ocean bottoms and other places
applied in a pre-determined ratio by the farmer, where they cannot be easily recovered (Cordell
which is insensitive to the plants’ particular needs et al., 2011, p. 750). As such, sustaining the use
of industrial-scale phosphate fertilisers requires
at a particular time. This leads to a surfeit of
phosphorus to be recycled during each stage of
some nutrients which can then become toxic to
its usage in crop production and consumption.
the plant. It also limits the effectiveness of the
While phosphorus recycling has begun to appear
chemical salt fertilisers, which causes farmers
in some major cities (ostara.com), much more
to apply higher and higher amounts in their
phosphorus makes its way into rivers, marine
attempts to improve their yields, and eventually
systems, landfills, and other non-arable land
just to maintain them once the soil is overstocked
(Cordell et al., 2011, p. 750). Given these and
with the residues of previous applications. Avery
other imperatives of industrial processes which
believes that the chemical fertilisers sold to
are essential for conventional farming, from a
farmers, by what he calls sale agronomists, are
source function perspective it would appear that
set in ratios as high as possible to maximise their
the B Corporation, which is less dependent on
sales, but just low enough to avoid an economic
these processes, is probably more sustainable.
cost barrier in order to keep their farming
Both business models depend at some level on
customers using these products. Murray River’s
fossil fuels however (the B Corporation on lignite,
nutritional program, on the other hand, uses
or brown coal), neither of which can be sustained
naturally occurring products, including leonardite
in the long term.
as a source of carbon, which is a brown coal
extract, and fish hydrolysate as the main nutrient
source. Avery argues that, because the nutrients Sink Function
on Murray River come from a natural source, it is
The World Health Organization (n.d.) lists
much easier for the plants to absorb them when
hazardous pesticides as one of the ten chemicals
needed, just as it is easier for humans to absorb
of major public health concern. Whether the
certain nutrients from food than from elemental
environment can break down the toxins sprayed
sources. Given these differences between Murray
on a farm at a sustainable rate probably warrants
River, as a certified B Corporation, and other
careful investigation for each herbicide, fungicide,
traditional profit-based agribusinesses, is the
and pesticide, but should also account for their
B Corporation more sustainable? These can be
aggregated effects, the unsustainability of which
analysed according to the four functions listed might escape individual analysis (see for example
above. Carson, 1962, p. 251). No doubt, this would be
complex and escape generalisations. Excesses
Source Function of chemical salts should also be investigated
for their toxicity and the processing times to
Both the B Corporation and conventional farms
break them down. Because the B Corporation
use inputs derived from nature. While tracing the
uses far less chemical biocides and industrial
supply pathway for all inputs is tricky, the inputs
manufactured fertilisers than conventional farms,
for the B Corporation appear to be less dependent
and in some categories none at all, their business
on industrial manufacturing, not only in the case
model seems more likely to be sustainable from
of the array of the chemical herbicides, pesticides,
the perspective of the earth’s sink function.
and fungicides used on conventional farms, but
also for some of the nutrients. For instance,
plants’ primary nutrient is nitrogen, which has
1 This is the page number of the PDF listed in the References. The
no replacement, and on conventional farms it document itself has no page numbers.
28
GEOGRAPHICAL EDUCATION VOLUME 30, 2017
Service Function company that the students can create vis-à-vis a
traditional corporation whose activities are found
Sustainability of several service functions
to be compromising some of the earth’s functions
differs sharply between the B Corporation and a
listed in the curriculum. After the students have
conventional farm. For one, the integrity of the
made an in-depth comparison of the activities of
soil ecology on the B Corporation is undoubtedly
the two types of corporations, a teacher could
greater than that on a conventional farm due to
lead a discussion in which the activities of each
the heavy use of biocides on the latter and their
type of business are analysed and compared
minimal to absent use on the former. Biocides, by
for their potential to contribute to sustainability,
definition, kill life, which is a key component of
similar to what has been done in this article. If
any ecosystem. This also has direct implications
students believe they have found shortcomings in
for biodiversity, which is certainly declining
the B Corporation model, they can give feedback
(Convention on Biological Diversity, 2010).
for each such determining question on the B
However, perhaps one of the biggest risks to
Impact Assessment, which is reviewed and
biodiversity loss and ecosystem integrity, from
updated every two years and is partially based
the perspective of both humans and other living
on such feedback. How B Corporations continue
organisms, is the decline in bee population,
to evolve, especially alongside their traditional
termed colony collapse disorder (CCD), since
financially-focused counterparts, can provide an
bees provide another crucial service function
for ecosystem integrity – namely pollination. opportunity for geography students to contribute
Although grapes are not pollinated by bees, to the impact that corporations, and the economy
about 65% of all flowering plants are pollinated more generally, have on the sustainability of
by insects, the most important of which are bees modern society.
(Campbell et al., 2010, p. 816). The exact causes
of CCD are still debated but one of the leading Conclusion
explanations is that it is due to the use of a class
As human-induced pressures on the environment
of pesticides known as neonicotinoids, which is
mount, businesses which value the environment
the most widely used class of insecticides in the
and attempt to account for the functions it
world (van der Sluijs et al., 2013). Clothianidin
used on conventional farms mentioned above provides will become increasingly important for
has also been implicated (Johnson, 2010). Given the creation of a sustainable society. It seems
these differences between the B Corporation and likely that the traditional model of a corporation,
conventional farms, the B Corporation is almost which focuses narrowly on creating financial
certainly more sustainable than a conventional profits, will need to be replaced with something
farm from the perspective of service functions. like the B Corporation model which values the
environment and people in addition to profits. This
is not to say that the current B Corporation model
Spiritual Function
is flawless and will invariably foster business
This function is the most subjective of the four activities that are sustainable, but it certainly
types listed and so it is the most difficult to argue appears to be moving in that direction. The
that one or another type of business model, and complexity of the task of achieving sustainability
the activities which flow from it, are sustainable. is enormous. However, teachers who take their
For instance, from an aesthetic perspective students on the sort of exploration made in this
some might view the long straight rows of fruit article can achieve some of the changes needed
– which both the B Corporation and conventional from the perspective of economic geography.
farms employ – as beautiful due to the ease of
maintenance and ability to harvest. Others may,
References
however, prefer a more polycultural design, which
is common in permaculture, for its more natural Allard, E. (2017). B Corp’s paperwork puzzle. New
aesthetic appeal. Hampshire Business Review, 39(10), 1, 17.
Given this brief analysis of the business activities Andre, R. (2012). Assessing the accountability
of a B Corporation and a conventional farm, of the benefit corporation: Will this new gray
it seems reasonable to conclude that the B sector organization enhance corporate social
Corporation is more sustainable. However, the responsibility? Journal of Business Ethics,
source of carbon for its activities needs to be 110, 133–150.
reformed to recycle carbon or retrieve it from a
Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting
renewable source, such as compost. Teachers
Authority [ACARA] Version 8.3. (2016).
interested in investigating the aspect of economic
Australian Curriculum: Geography.
geography considered in this article can either
research an existing B Corporation or take the Campbell, N. A., Reece, J. B., Meyers, N., Urry,
B Impact Assessment online for a hypothetical L. A., Cain, M. L., Wasserman, S. A., . . .
29
GEOGRAPHICAL EDUCATION VOLUME 30, 2017
Jackson, R. B. (2010). Biology (8th Aust. ed.). Martin, A. & Steele, F. (2010). Sustainability in key
Sydney: Pearson. professions: Accounting: an action research
report: final report. A Report prepared by the
Carson, R. (1962). Silent Spring. Retrieved
Australian Research Institute in Education
from http://library.uniteddiversity.coop/
for Sustainability [ARIES] for the Australian
More_Books_and_Reports/Silent_Spring-
Government Department of the Environment,
Rachel_Carson-1962.pdf
Water, Heritage and the Arts. North Ryde:
Convention on Biological Diversity. (2010). Global ARIES.
biodiversity outlook 3. Montreal: Secretariat of
Maude, A. (2014). Sustainability in the Australian
the Convention on Biological Diversity.
Curriculum: Geography. Geographical
Cordell, D., Rosemarin, A., Schroder, J. J., Education, 27, 19–27.
& Smit, A. L. (2011). Towards global
Ritter, S. K. (2008). The Haber-Bosch reaction:
phosphorus security: A systems framework
An early chemical impact on sustainability.
for phosphorus recovery and reuse options.
Chemical & Engineering News, 86(33).
Chemosphere, 84, 747–758. doi:10.1016/j.
Retrieved from http://cen.acs.org/articles/86/
chemosphere.2011.02.032
i33/Haber-Bosch-Reaction-Early-Chemical.
Diamond, J. (2005). Collapse: How societies html
choose to fail or survive. Camberwell,
Smith, A. (1999). The wealth of nations, books
Victoria: Penguin.
I-III. Camberwell, Victoria: Penguin.
Dyball, R., Davila, F., & König, A. (2016).
Thomas J. & Benn S. (2009). Education about
Transforming the world by transforming the
university: Envisioning the university of 2040. and for sustainability in Australian business
The Solutions Journal, 7(3), 12–16. schools stage 3. A report prepared by the
Australian Research Institute in Education
Gleeson-White, J. (2014). Six capitals. Sydney:
for Sustainability [ARIES] for the Australian
Allen & Unwin.
Government Department of the Environment,
Global Justice Now. (2016). Countries vs Water, Heritage and the Arts. North Ryde:
corporations data set. Retrieved from ARIES.
http://www.globaljustice.org.uk/resources/
Trucost. (2013). Natural capital at risk: The top
countries-vs-corporations-data-set
100 externalities of business. Retrieved from
Harvey, D. (2011). The enigma of capital and the https://www.trucost.com/publication/natural-
crises of capitalism. London: Profile Books. capital-risk-top-100-externalities-business/
Jackson, W. J. (2017). Australia state of the van der Sluijs, J. P., Simon-Delso, N., Goulson,
environment 2016: Drivers. Canberra: D., Maxim, L., Bonmatin, J., & Belzunces, L. P.
Australian Government Department of the (2013). Neonicotinoids, bee disorders and the
Environment and Energy. Retrieved from sustainability of pollinator services. Current
https://soe.environment.gov.au/download/ Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 5,
reports 293–305. doi: 10.1016/j.cosust.2013.05.007
Johnson, R. (2010). Honey bee colony collapse World Health Organization. (n.d.). Ten chemicals
disorder. Washington DC: Congressional of major public health concern. Retrieved
Research Service. Retrieved from from http://www.who.int/ipcs/assessment/
https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL33938.pdf public_health/chemicals_phc/en/
30
GEOGRAPHICAL EDUCATION VOLUME 30, 2017