ERIC ED611716: Milieu, Attitude and Cognitive Aspects of Student-Centered Learning in Nursing Education: A Correlational Study

2020·0.21 MB·English

by  ERIC

GlobusJournalofProgressiveEducation
ARefereedResearchJournal
Vol10/ No 2/Jul-Dec2020 ISSN:2231-1335
MILIEU, ATTITUDE AND COGNITIVE ASPECTS OF STUDENT-CENTERED
LEARNING IN NURSING EDUCATION: A CORRELATIONAL STUDY
*Rachelle S. Garcia
PaperReceived:20.06.2020/PaperAccepted:24.08.2020/PaperPublished:27.08.2020
CorrespondingAuthor:RachelleS.Garcia;Email:[email protected];doi:10.46360/globus.xxxxxxxx
Abstract Introduction
Recently, student-centered learning has found Student-centered learning approach was long
its place in the Philippine nursing education overdue to be implemented in healthcare education
yet there was very limited literature as to how yet, it was only recently, that few educational
Filipino learners take it. This article: (a) institutions in the Philippines responded to the call
describedthe assessment of implementation of to implement pedagogical change. The
student-centered learning (SCL) in the B.S. advancement of student‐centered learning in the
Nursing (BSN) program and (b) determined academic setting is expected to offer scientific
the relationships of attitude, milieu and placement of new nurse graduates in the healthcare
cognitive aspects of SCL. This correlational setting. Student‐centered learning approach shifted
study underwent institutional review before a the role of teacher from primary source of
sample of 250 nursing students completed the information to facilitator of learning. Student-
50-item 4-point Likert Questionnaire with centered learning is generally labelled with
Chronbachα0.94. desirable benefits to students but how was it taken
by Filipino nursing students is yet to realize
This study showed that Filipino nursing furthermore.
students assessed the implementation of both
social and physical milieu as mostly Since 1999, the Bologna Process has brought with
acceptable. Furthermore, SCL was assessed as it an extraordinary transformation to make higher
completely acceptable to be fittingly education programs more transparent and
supportive of the nursing students’ self- comparable across the European continent. This
directedness, inventive skills, reasoning skills reform encourages higher education institutions
and made them even more innovative, critical (HEIs) to place greater emphasis on students and
thinker, expressive, and collegial. They usher students at the center of their thinking and
assessed the entire SCL experience as suitable help them consciously and constructively design
and adaptive to the demands of real-life their own learning paths [1]. This educational
challenges. This study supported other study reform is widely known as student-centered
findings that SCL milieu, attitude and learningapproach.
cognitiveaspectsareinterrelatedtoeachother.
This may be suggestive that further enhancing Traditional teaching method remains to be the
the SCL milieu would correspondingly dominant teachingmethodinnursingeducationnot
generate more desirable attitudes and onlyinthePhilippinesbutrelativelythroughoutthe
cognitive attributes among nursing students. continent [2] for over a century. But the
Full implementation of SCL may be employmentmarket fornursesisfast-evolving,and
recommendedtoothernursingschools. it is important that educational system keep pace
with new trends and employer needs. After all,
Keywords: Milieu, Cognitive, Attitude, innovation occurs at breakneck speed. As
Student-CenteredLearning,NursingEducation. healthcare educational institution compete to be at
par with the global changes and challenges,
curriculum needs to be updated to reflect those
changing needs. To remain competitive,
educational institution need to understand what
qualities and skills public private partners are
lookingforintheirnursinggraduates.
Being used to traditional lecture type teacher-
centered learning for over century, the shift would
require major adjustment to nursing students. How
well the learning goods of SCL has been delivered
and received by Filipino nursing students provides
verylimitedliterature.Thiscorrelationalstudy
*RN,RM,MAN,FarEasternUniversity,Manila,Philippines.
7
(a)described the assessment of nursing students belowdividedintothreeaspects:inthemilieuarea,
toward the implementation of student-centered the higher score denoted the students are more
learning(SCL)and likely to appreciate on the social and physical
milieu student-centered learning, while in the
(b) determined the relationships of attitude, milieu cognitive area, the higher the score denoted the
andcognitiveaspectsofSCL. higher they agree in SCL in developing inventive,
reasoningcriticalthinkingandinnovativeskillsand
Methodologyand Methods lastlyinattitudearea,thehigherthescore,themore
Thiscorrelationalresearchstudy: positive that they manifested attitude like
collegiality, self-directedness and expressiveness
(a)described the assessment of the implementation through SCL approach in which the global society
of student-centered learning (SCL) in the B.S. needs.[3]
Nursing(BSN)classroomand
Table1:VerbalInterpretationofScores
(b) described the relationships of attitude, milieu
andcognitiveaspectsofSCL. MeanScore VI VerbalInterpretation
The eligibility criteria of the respondents were as
follows: 1.00-1.75 NA NotAcceptable
1.76-2.50 SA SomewhatAcceptable
(a)full-timefirst-yearnursingstudents,
2.51-3.25 MA MostlyAcceptable
(b)undergonestudentcentered-learningpedagogy,
3.26-4.00 CA CompletelyAcceptable
(c)currentlyenrolled,
Instrument content was validated by three
(d)willingtoparticipate. Doctorate degree holders in Education and
subsequently subjected to pilot testing yielding a
The researcher made use of Raosoft sampling size Cronbachalphaof0.94.
calculator to determine the representativeness of
thepopulationwitha95%confidence leveland a5 The study underwent Institutional Ethics Review
margin of error. A stratified sampling technique approval and sought informed consent of every
was employed to ensure representativeness from targetrespondents.
eachsection.Outof564nursingstudentpopulation,
229wasthe computedsamplesize. Twentypercent Results
(46respondents)wasaddedtoserveascontingency Results showed that respondents have an average
for possible invalid responses reaching a total of age of 19.24 years, majority were female
275 respondents. Twenty-five (25) questionnaires accounting to 76%, and most of them (78%) were
were invalidated due to insufficient and/or into teacher-centered learning approach during
erroneous data accounting to a total of 91% theirpre-collegeyears.
responserate.
As shown in table 1.1 the SCL Milieu (x� =2.82)
A two-part instrument was used in the conduct of was assessed to have been employed as mostly
this study. The first part focused on the acceptable manner both in social (x� =2.83) and
demographic profile of whom includes the age, sex physical environment (x� =2.86) aspects. Also, the
and pre-college teaching method employed to the nursing students assessed that SCL implementation
students. as completely acceptable to support cognitive
developmenthavingax�=3.20.
The second part was a 50-item questionnaire
utilizing a 4-point Likert scale that focused on Similarly, as reflected in table 1.2 nursing students
assessment of SCL as a teaching-learning assessed SCL implementation as mostly acceptable
pedagogy. in developing reasoning skills (x� =2.92) and
completely acceptable to support inventive skills
The questionnaire was subdivided into three (x� =3.24). Furthermore, SCL implementation was
aspects: milieu, cognitive and attitude. It was assessed as completely acceptable to develop
interpreted using mean score based on the table innovative skills (x� =3.38) and critical thinking
skills(x�=3.32).
8
Table1.1:AssessmentofMilieuAspectofStudents-CenteredLearningAccordingtoProfileVariables
PhysicalMilieu SocialMilieu
ProfileVariable Interpretation Interpretation
Mean Mean
<20y/o 2.82 *MA 2.84 MA
Age
≥20y/o 2.71 MA 2.87 MA
2.96 MA 2.77 MA
Sex Male
2.81 MA 2.81 MA
Female
Teaching
2.78 MA 2.77 MA
Method *TCL
3.08 MA 2.89 MA
Method *SCL
Overall 2.86 MA 2.83 MA
*TCL-Teacher-centered Learning, SCL-Student-
centeredLearning
1.00-1.75 NA NotAcceptable
1.76-2.50 SA SomewhatAcceptable
2.51-3.25 MA MostlyAcceptable
3.26-4.00 CA CompletelyAcceptable
Table1.2:AssessmentofCognitiveAspectofStudents-CenteredLearningAccordingtoProfileVariables
Critical
ProfileVariable Inventive *VI Innovative VI Reasoning VI Thinking VI
Skills Skills Skills Skills
Age <20y/o 3.19 *MA 3.39 CA 2.90 MA 3.33 CA
≥20y/o 3.25 MA 3.39 CA 2.82 MA 3.24 MA
Sex Male 3.23 MA 3.25 MA 3.04 MA 3.27 CA
Female 3.19 MA 3.44 CA 2.85 MA 3.33 CA
Teaching 3.14 MA 3.38 CA 2.85 MA 3.28 CA
Method *TCL
SCL 3.43 CA 3.44 CA 3.03 MA 3.47 CA
Overall 3.24 MA 3.38 CA 2.92 MA 3.32 CA
*TCL-Teacher-centered Learning, SCL-Student-
centeredLearning
*VI-Verbalinterpretation
1.00-1.75 NA NotAcceptable
1.76-2.50 SA SomewhatAcceptable
2.51-3.25 MA MostlyAcceptable
3.26-4.00 SA CompletelyAcceptable
Moreover, based on table 2 the nursing students developing self-directed learners (x� =3.27).
assessed SCL implementation as completely Opportunely, SCLimplementationwasobservedas
acceptable to be promotive of desirable attitude completelyacceptabletobuzzcollegiality(x�=3.28)
having a x� =3.27. Correspondingly, as shown in and expressiveness (x� =3.34) among nursing
table 1.3 nursing students assessed SCL students.
implementation as completely acceptable in
9
Table1.3AssessmentofAttitudeAspectofStudents-CenteredLearningAccordingtoProfileVariables
Self-
ProfileVariable Interpretation Expressiveness Interpretation Collegiality Interpretation
directedness
Age <20y/o 3.23 *MA 3.34 CA 3.27 CA
≥20y/o 3.2 MA 3.24 MA 3.28 CA
Sex Male 3.20 MA 3.26 CA 3.19 MA
Female 3.24 MA 3.35 CA 3.30 CA
Teaching
3.29 CA 3.38 CA 3.24 MA
Method *TCL
SCL 3.46 CA 3.44 CA 3.38 CA
Overall 3.27 CA 3.34 CA 3.28 CA
1.00-1.75 NA NotAcceptable
1.76-2.50 SA SomewhatAcceptable
2.51-3.25 MA MostlyAcceptable
Completely
3.26-4.00 CA Acceptable
Furthermore, cognitive, milieu and attitude aspects mostly acceptable (x� 3.11) parallel across all ages,
of Student-Centered Learning were assessed as sexandteachingmethodsduringpre-college.
Table2: Assessmentofimplementation ofaspectsofStudent-Centered Learning
StandardDeviation
StudentCenteredLearningAspects Mean Interpretation
0.43
Milieu 2.82
*MA
0.45
Cognitive 3.20
MA
0.37
Attitude 3.27
CA
Overall
3.11 MA
1.00-
1.75 NA NotAcceptable
1.76-
2.50 SA SomewhatAcceptable
2.51-
3.25 MA MostlyAcceptable
3.26- Completely
4.00 CA Acceptable
Furthermore, Table 3 shows that SCL milieu, displayed moderate relationship rho=0.55 while
attitude and cognitive aspects were interrelated to cognitive and attitude displays a high positive
each other having a p-value 0.00 at α 0.05. Both relationship(0.82).
milieuandcognitive (0.61);andattitudeandmilieu
Table3:Relationship betweenMilieu and Cognitive,Attitudeand Milieu,and Cognitiveand
Attitude aspectsofStudent-Centered Learning
Variables
Mean Correlation p-value Interpretation
Milieu & 2.82 Moderate positive
Cognitive 3.20 0.61 0.00 relationship
Attitude& 3.27 Moderate positive
Milieu 2.82 0.55 0.00
relationship
Cognitive & 3.20
Attitude 3.27 0.82 0.00 Highpositiverelationship
10
Discussion bases of gratitude and respect to the teacher, but,
what is evident is that student are less reserved in
Milieu Aspect ofStudent-centered Learning
their way of putting some points to consider in the
The milieu is a critical variable in facilitating
discussionthatencouragesotherstudentstopresent
student-centered learning (SCL). It is an
another point. This kindof freewheeling discussion
environment in which relationship with each other
setup encourages the whole class to enjoin the
in a classroom develops [4]. It encapsulates not
class’s vibrant discussion of a topic. Facilitators,
only the external (physical) aspect but also the
however,mustnotonlybetactfulbutquicktosend
socialcomponentofalearningspace.Itisalwaysa
signals in pursuing valuable context to put some
fact that when studentsknow something that others
directionandfocus.
can learn from co-students are motivated to think
deepersome more. The freedom of him unleashing
Cognitive Aspect of Student-centered
deep seated information he had doubt of whether
he is right or wrong can create an unexpected Learning
confidence because he is able to expound the According to Vygotsky, learning is a socially
schema of where he is coming from for his mediated process [6]. Students develop cognitively
reasoning. If students can communicate freely by interacting with peers. The social interactions
among them, they tend to present argument that involved in SCL pedagogy, students were
even facilitators can use to ignite others to encouraged to hypothesize, experiment with new
participate in the deepening of knowledge. In this ideas, receive feedback and learn from classmates.
study, both the physical and social aspect of SCL The result of this study provides another evidence
milieu was assessed at a satisfactory level of that student-centered learning satisfactorily
implementation. This showed that the current promotes cognitive skills. Studies show that active
implementation in terms of milieu was assessed as learning results cognition development greater or
good enough or mostly acceptable in enabling equal to the use of passive instructional techniques
student-centered learning. This can be attributed to [7]. In student-centered environments, the
the transitions made by the university from regular individual assumes responsibility for exploration
classroom into what they called “interactive and hypothesis formation through personal
classroom”. The concept of traditional learning is interactions with groups, individuals, and objects,
the presence of an authority about the subject thereby increasing the cognitive demands
matter who can feed the inquiring minds of the associated with learning. As we migrate the
students and the students are limited with only the student’s cognitive skills the SCL way, do not
things they are required to do by the authority discount the necessity of our traditional teachers to
where most ofthe time, they are made to to listen. migrate as well. This is a two-way process of
Even the physical set up of the classroom is paradigm shift if we want a result that is emulating
dominated by an impression of grandeur whoever andacceptable.
is seated in front of all the students. Traditionally,
regular classroom is where teacher’s table is In this study, SCL was implemented in nursing as
stationedatthecenterstageinfrontandthestudents mostly acceptable to stimulate reasoning and
are set as audience at the back to nowadays trend, inventive skills while it was completely acceptable
research locale’s classrooms’ face was changed to to support development of innovative and critical
where there are round tables equipped with Wi-Fi thinking skills. The result of this study conformed
and LAN connections for internet, with power with recent researches that suggest that cognitive
socket where gadgets can be charged, with nine 32 toolscanbe scaffoldedin student‐centered learning
inches LCD that surrounds the classroom so those environments. This may be attributed that the new
who are visually challenged, and with touch screen commonlyusedstrategieslike informationseeking,
and scribble-ready large screen that replaces white information presentation, knowledge organization,
board and colorful chairs that helps in brain knowledge integration, problem solving and
stimulation. This new learning spaces intend to knowledge generation activities which are geared
provide opportunity to decentralize learning to toward more on the direction of development of
allow students to collaborate and talk to each other innovative and critical thinking skills, inventive
andworkwiththeirteacher[5]. andreasoningskillsinstudent-centeredlearning.
In the new interactive classroom, the students are In SCL classroom, students were enabled to
more engaged because they don’t just play as plain develop their innovative skills [8] through varied
passive listener to their teacher instead, they are activities that was done independently or in
orchestrated in groups to interact with another. The collaboration with other students. Studies have
current classroom supports the students to be more shown that creative thinking was enhanced bySCL
socially engaged as they take part on different [9]. This may be caused by the techniques
educational activities. The less formal setup of a employed where students actively engage in group
modernclassroommaybesubjecttoquestiononthe dynamics and other activities that require sharing
11
of thoughts and making decisions that’s crucial in name a few is provision of sound-proof rooms,
developingcritical thinking. Studentsareimmersed ascertained functionality of the technical gadgets
on a day to day basis in classroom engagements and only few rooms have been set-up to fit SCL
where higher order thinking are the expected implementation.
outcome. Being in the academe myself for almost
two decades, the said scaffolds of learning is never Furthermore, based on table 2, overall assessment
acquired through structure or procedure prescribed of attitude, milieu and cognitive aspects of SCL
in any book. This is embedded in an open source implementation was mostly acceptable almost
idea coming from students as they lay arguments parallel across all ages, sexes and pre-college
aboutatopicdiscussedathand.Thisdeepeningand teaching methodology of nursing students. Despite
enrichment earned while discussion is ongoing, that the respondents belong to different age
continuously delve into a melded web of generation (Millennials and Gen Z), when it comes
information that brings out quality of reasoning to learning and education, they share similar
unexpectedly valuable for the whole class to re- qualities of searching for continuous development
evaluatecertainconcepts.Quiteoutstandingtonote thatbothgenerationagesfindinSCL.Bothmodern
is the interest and enthusiasm this SCL have ages and sexes seemed to dislike sitting down in a
created. room all day and get bored. With SCL, they get
more control over how they spend their learning
Attitude Aspect in Student-centered time, stimulate their critical thinking, communicate
effectively, innovate and collaborate with other
Learning
students. These skillsare veryimportant when they
Attitude can critically affect every aspect of a
become registered nurses and when there are no
person's life, including their learning. Student’s
more clinical instructors who will be looking over
attitude towards specific learning platform
theirshoulderswhentheycarefortheirpatients.
determine their ability and willingness to engage
and learn. If negative attitudes are not altered, a
Table 3 shows that SCL milieu, attitude and
student is unlikely to continue his education or
cognitive aspects were interrelated to each other
might transfer to other learning institution.
having a p-value 0.00 at α 0.05. Both milieu and
Unpredictably, considering that 78% of the
cognitive (r= 0.61); and attitude and milieu
respondents were molded up in a teacher-centered
displayed moderate relationship (r=0.55) while
learning environment, table 1 showed that nursing
cognitive and attitude (r=0.82) displayed a very
students assessed student-centered learning
strong positive relationship. Results showed the
instructional approaches as very satisfactorily
dynamismofthree interrelatedfactors onhow each
leading to positive student attitudes. The finding of
play an important role in honing the students
this study negated the claims of a study done in
learning process. The figures suggested that when
Hongkong that despite their effort, students in
one enhances the environmental aspect, an
Hong Kong still tend to be traditional learners who
expected increase will likewise happen to both the
rarely experience real student-centered learning
behavioral and the intellectual component. The
[10]. This may be inferred that even if most of the
result supported the theory of Bandura proposing
students has been strongly rooted from a teacher-
that the learning process of student are interwoven
centered learning environment, when the students
by three variables namely: environment, behavior
are well primed about the advantages of SCL prior
andcognitiveentity[12].
to its implementation their attitude towards SCL
becomes positive. With the group-related activities
Conclusionand Recommendations
involved in SCL like round robin, role play,
problem solving, project-based, etc., students Despite being rooted from traditional teacher-
becomemoreself-directed,expressiveandcollegial centered learning environment for a long time,
and appreciate SCL even more. SCL facilitators Filipino nursing students mostly accepted the
believed that nursing students should be wheedled transitioning to a student-centered learning
to participate in the classroom even though many environment. Evidence seemed to point out that
of them are reluctant to voice their opinions at the nursing students mostly accepts that SCL enhances
beginning[11]. self-directedness, inventive skills, reasoning skills
and completely accepts that it makes them even
Overall, nursing students’ assessment of attitude, more innovative, critical thinker, expressive, and
milieu and cognitive aspects of SCL collegial. Data further revealed that students seem
implementation in a private university revealed as to undergo metamorphosis in active learning
mostly acceptable. Although seemingly, environment that SCL offered. More than the
transitioning from traditional teacher-centered to positive evidences gathered in the data, what is
active learning pedagogy like SCL gained most encouraging is the confidence that is built
cooperation and appreciation from the nursing within the person that will arm him to face the
students, there are other areas to improve on. To
12
world of uncertainties and become the model of a 5. Gibson, J. (2020). The Education Alliance.
newgenerationofadultlearnedindividual. Retrieved from Brown Univerity:
https://www.brown.edu/academics/education-
While high level of acceptability on the part of alliance/teaching-diverse-learners/student-
students as evidenced by this research becomes a centered-instruction
given, a full circle of remediation, training of 6. Harris, N., & Bacon, W. (2019). Developing
facilitators and support in all aspect entails the Cognitive Skills Through Active Learning: A
administrators to fully consider the new shift. SystematicReviewofHealthCareProfessions.
However, study showed that in the face of Journal of Athletic Training, 14(2), 135-148.
favorable assessment of SCL implementation, still doi:https://doi.org/10.4085/1402135
it stresses rooms for improvement. The study 7. Neo, M. N. (2003). Developing a student-
highlights further enhancement of physical and centered learning environment in the
social milieu of SCL so that nursing student’s Malaysian Classroom- A Multimedia learning
cognitive skills and attitude will correspondingly experience. TOJET: Turkish Online Journal of
improve. Educational Technology, 2(1). Retrieved
October 23, 2018, from
References https://search.proquest.com/docview/12883706
1. European Union. (2020). Education and 61?accountid=139285
Training. Retrieved from European 8. Lakshmi, N., (2014). Creative thinking and
Commission: Student-centered learning in UG classroom: A
https://ec.europa.eu/education/policies/higher- small survey. International Journal on Studies
education/bologna-process-and-european- on English Language and Literature, 2(3), 18-
higher-education-area_en 23. Retrieved from
2. Deng, F. (2015). Comparison of Nursing https://www.arcjournals.org/pdfs/ijsell/v2-
Education among Different Countries. Chinese i3/4.pdf
Nursing Research, 96-98. 9. Yeung, S., & Yin, S. (2009). Is Student-
doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cnre.2015.11.001 CenteredPedagogyImpossible inHong Kong?
3. Agarwal, N., Sharma, A., & Tyagi, I. (2017). The Case of Inquiry in Classrooms. Asia
Role of education in meeting challenges of PacificReview.
globalization. Globus An International Journal 10. Judith, V., (2019). Communication styles and
ofManagement&IT,9(1),1. multiple intelligences toward differentiated
4. Wongvanakit, P. (2012). The Study of instructions. Globus Journal of Progressive
Classroom Physical Appearance Effects on Education,15.
Khon Kaen University English Students 11. Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of
Learning Outcome. Language Institute thought and action: A social cognitive theory.
ThammasatUniversity,724-734. Prentice-Hall,Inc.
13