ERIC ED393626: Wisconsin Indian Treaties and Tribal Sovereignty. Classroom Activities.

507 Pages·1996·11.9 MB·English

by  ERIC

DOCUMENT RESUME
ED 393 626
RC 020 510
TITLE
Wisconsin Indian Treaties and Tribal Sovereignty.
Classroom Activities.
INSTITUTION
Wisconsin State Dept. of Public Instruction,
Madison.
REPORT NO
Bulletin No. 96156; ISBN-1-57337-024-X
PUB DATE
96
NOTE
507p.; Photographs will not reproduce adequately.
Prepared by the University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire,
Wisconsin Indian History, Culture and Tribal
Sovereignty Project.
AVAILABLE FROM
Publication Sales, Wisconsin Department of Public
Instruction, Drawer 179, Milwaukee, WI 53293-0179.
PUB TYPE
Guides
Classroom Use
Teaching Guides (For
Teacher)
(052)
EDRS PRICE
MF02/PC21 Plus Postage.
DESCRIPTORS
Acculturation; American Indian Culture; *American
Indian History; American Indians; Elementary
Secondary Education; *Federal Indian Relationship;
Instructional Materials; Learning Activities; Primary
Sources; Resource Materials; *Social Studies;
*Treaties; Tribal Government; *Tribal Sovereignty;
Tribes; *Units of Study
IDENTIFIERS
*Wisconsin
ABSTRACT
This guide contains information and learning
activities for teaching elementary and secondary school students
about federal-Indian relations, treaty rights, and tribal sovereignty
in Wisconsin. The guide was developed to meet provisions of the 1989
Wisconsin Act 31 that required social studies curriculum to include
instruction on treaty rights and tribal sovereignty. The first three
sections are self-contained teaching sections for elementary, middle,
and higil school students that begin with a brief overview of
Wisconsin Indian cultures, political structures, and relationships to
the environment. Each section includes nine learning activities that
address the nature of the federal-Indian relationship up to the end
of the treaty-making era, examine reservations established for
Wisconsin Indians and the status of nonreservation Indians, consider
the relationship of acculturation to treaty rights, and explore the
reaffirmation of treaty rights and the status of Wisconsin Indian
peoples today. Each lesson consists of objectives, concepts,
fundamentals, treaties, procedures, and a list of additional
resources. The fourth section of the guide provides fundamental
materials for each learning activity including pretests,
maps,
primary snurce materials such as treaty journals and manuscripts, and
information on tribal life; the federal-Indian relationship; Indian
gaming and economic development; and other matters concerning
American Indian tribes in Wisconsin. The fifth section includes the
29 treaties that were negotiated between the Indians of Wisconsin and
the United States government, 1795-1856. Appendices include a
glossary, a list of Wisconsin Native American Tribal and Intertribal
Offices, and a bibliography. (LP)
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INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)
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Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction
BEST COPY
AVAILABLE
on
Classroom Activities
Wisconsin Indian
Treaties and Tribal Sovereignty
University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire
Wisconsin Indian History, Culture, and
Tribal Sovereignty Project
Ronald N. Satz, Director
Jason Tetzloff, Assistant Director
Laura Evert, Editorial Assistant
Mary Burke Fazendin, Curriculum Assistant
Angela Firkus, Editorial Assistant
Timothy Panasuk, Research Assistant
Ani Satz, Editorial and Research Assistant
Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction
Madison, Wisconsin
This publication is available from
Publication Sales
Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction
Drawer 179
Milwaukee, WI 53293-0179
[phone]
Bulletin No. 96156
0 1996 by Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction
ISBN 1-57337-024-X
The Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction does not discriminate on the basis of sex,
marital or parental status,
race, religion, age, national origin, ancestry, creed, pregnancy,
sexual orientation or physical, mental, emotional or learning disability.
Printed on recycled paper
Contents
Page
Foreword
vii
Preface
ix
Acknowledgments
xi
Introduction
xvii
1 Elementary-level Activities
Introduction
2
The Indian Peoples of Wisconsin and Their Relationships
to the Environment, Part I
5
The Indian Peoples of Wisconsin and Their Relationships
to the Environment, Part II
7
Treaties and Treaty Making, Part I
8
Treaties and Treaty Making, Part II
10
FederalIndian Relations in Wisconsin Before Statehood
12
Land Cessions, Removal, and Reservations
14
Efforts to Destroy Tribal Cultures
16
Reaffirming Treaty Rights and Tribal Sovereignty
18
Indian Tribes and Tribal Government Today
20
Resources
22
2 Middle-level Activities
Introduction
28
Wisconsin Indian Peoples
31
Common Attributes of Nations and Indian Tribes
33
The Constitutional Framework of Treaty Making
36
Early FederalIndian Policy in Wisconsin
39
Wisconsin Indian Land Cessions and Resistance to Removal
41
Survival During the Reservation Era
43
Acculturation, Assimilation, and Traditionalism
45
Reaffirmation of Treaty Rights and Tribal Sovereignty
47
TrIbal Sovereignty Today
49
Resources
51
3 High-level Activities
Introduction
56
Wisconsin Indian Peoples
59
The Constitutional Framework of Treaty Making
61
Treaties and Treaty Making
64
The Impact of Treaty Making on Wisconsin Indians
67
Reservation and Non-Reservation Indians
70
Dual Citizenship
73
A New Deal for Wisconsin Indians
77
Assaults on Tribal Sovereignty and Treaty Rights, 1945-60
79
The Reaffirmation of Tribal Sovereignty and Treaty Rights,
1961 to the Present
81
Resources
83
ifi
4 Fundamentals
88
Pretest on Indian Treaty Rights and Tribal Sovereignty
1
90
Maps
2
93
Tribal Facts
3
101
Seasonal Traditional Activities
4
103
Traditional Family and Clan Relationships
5
108
Traditional Indian Life: A Photo Essay
6
120
Tribal Sovereignty
7
123
Chronology of FederalTribal Relations
8
124
9 Treaty Negotiations
127
Making Indian Chiefs
10
131
The Indian Removal Policy
11
135
U.S. Courts and the Indians
12
142
Education Programs
13
160
Reservation Life
14
168
Those Who Remained without Reservations
15
172
Indian Land Allotment and U.S. Citizenship
16
178
The Status of the Indians in the Late 1920s
17
of a
Biographical Case Study: Excerpts from the Autobiography
18
184
Winnebago Indian Woman Mountain Wolf Woman (1884-1960)
191
The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934
19
Tribal Responses to the Wheeler-Howard (Indian Reorganization)
20
195
Bill of 1934
206
Tribal Governments
21
212
Tribal Courts, Tribal Judges, and Indian Law in Wisconsin
22
218
Indian Soldiers Defend the United States
23
228
24 The Status of Indians in the 1950s
239
Termination
25
248
Wisconsin's Urban Indians
26
254
1961-91
Indian Resurgence: From Termination to Self-Determination,
27
259
Indian Voices of the 1960s and 1970s
28
268
Reflections of Indian Youth
29
269
Indian Communities in the Late 1960s
30
274
State Legislation, Executive Orders, and Legal Opinions
31
288
32 Wisconsin Indian Treaty Rights
294
Indian Gaming and Economic Development
33
301
Recognizing the Unrecognized
34
310
The Numbers Game
35
314
Frequently Asked Quefitions about Indians
36
317
Great Lakes Inter-Tribal Council, Inc.
37
5 Treaties
320
Introduction
Chippewa,
Treaty of Greenville between the United States and the
1
322
Potawatomi, and Other Tribes of the Great Lakes Region (1795)
329
Indians (1804)
Treaty between the United States and the Sac and Fox
2
333
(1816)
Treaty between the United States and the Winnebago Nation
3
the
Treaty between the United States and the United Tribes of
4
335
Ottawas, Chippewas, and Potawatomis (1816)
338
(1817)
Treaty between the United States and the Menominee Nation
5
Treaty of Green Bay between the Menominee and Winnebago Nations
6
Other
and the Brothertown, Munsee, Oneida, Stockbridge, and
340
New York Indian Nations (1821)
iv
6
7
Treaty of Prairie du Chien between the United States and the Sioux,
Chippewa, Sac and Fox, Menominee, Winnebago,
a Portion of
the United Tribes of Ottawas, Chippewas, and Potawatomis, and
Other Tribes (1825)
343
8
Treaty of Butte des Mortes between the United States and Chippewa,
Menominee, and Winnebago Tribes (1827)
350
9
Treaty between the United States and the Winnebago Tribe and
the
United Tribes of Potawatomi, Chippewa, and Ottawa Indians
(1828)
354
10
Treaty between the United States and the United Nations of
Chippewa, Ottawa, and Potawatomi Indians (1829)
357
11
Treaty between the United States and the Winnebago Nation
(1829)
361
12
Treaty between the United States and the Menominee Nation
with Supplementary Articles (1831)
365
13
Treaty between the United States and the Menominee Nation
with Appendix between the United States and Brothertown,
Stockbridge and Munsee, and the Six Nations and
St. Regis Tribe (1832)
373
14
Treaty between the United States and the Winnebago Nation
(1832)
379
15
Treaty of Chicago between the United States and the United
Nations
of Chippewa, Ottawa, and Potawatomi Indians (1833)
384
16
Treaty of the Cedars between the United States and the
Menominee Nation (1836)
395
17
Treaty between the United States and the Chippewa Nation
(1837)
399
18
Treaty between the United States and the Sioux Nation
(1837)
402
19
Treaty between the United States and the Winnebago
Nation (1837)
405
20
Treaty of Buffalo Creek between the United States and
the
Brothertowns, Munsees, Oneidas, St. Regis, Stookbridges,
and Other New York Indian Nations (1838)
408
21
Treaty between the United States and the First Christian
and
Orchard Parties of the Oneida Indians at Green Bay
(1838)
423
22
Treaty between the United States and the Stockbridge
and
Munsee Tribes (1839)
425
23
Treaty between the United States and the Chippewa
Indians of
the Mississippi and of Lake Superior (1842)
429
24
Treaty between the United States and the Menominee
Tribe (1848)
434
25
Treaty between the United States and the Stockbridge
Indians (1848)
437
26
Treaty between the United States and the Chippewa Indians
of
Lake Superior and the Mississippi (1854)
447
27
Treaty between the United States and the Menominee Tribe
(1854)
453
28
Treaty between the United States and the Stockbridge and
Munsee Tribes (1856)
456
29
Treaty between the United States and the Menominee Tribe
(1856)
471
References
474
6 Appendixes
Glossary
A.
476
B.
State of Wisconsin Native American Tribal and Intertribal
Offices
485
C.
Selected Bibliography
486
D.
Cover Sheet for Suggestions
492
Foreword
Educators in Wisconsin live in challenging times, and there
is no doubt that this
comprehensive book, Classroom Activities
on Wisconsin Indian Treaties and Tribal
Sovereignty, will present a challenge to teachers
as they incorporate its vast information
into their curricula. At the same time, the number of
new resources that this book offers to
teachers and students make it one of the department's
most exciting academic offerings.
As a companion to the department's 1991 publication, Classroom
Activities on Chippewa
Treaty Rights, which focused exclusively
on treaties of the six bands of Chippewas residing
in Wisconsin, this new guide expands the focus and
perspective of the study of treaty rights.
Like its predecessor, it is an important
response to Wis. Stat. sec. 121.02(1XL)4, which calls
for school districts to include instruction in the history,
culture, and tribal sovereignty of
federally recognized American Indian tribes in Wisconsin.
Because no such legislation existed before 1991,
many adults have missed the opportu-
nity to learn about American Indian history in Wisconsin.
Much of this material, therefore,
will be new to teachers, parents, librarians, and all the
other educators in our children's
lives. So in many ways this book has the potential
to teach entire communities about the
history of Wisconsin Indians and the connection between that
history and today's contem-
porary issues. I am sure that both Wisconsin's children and its communities will
recognize
this book as a valuable learning and
resource tool.
John T. Benson
State Superintendent
vii
Preface
Gaiashkibos
Chair, Lac Courte Oreilles Tribal Government, 1987-95
and
President, National Congress of American Indians
This guide, Classroom Activities on Wisconsin Indian Treaties and Tribal Sovereignty,
will serve as a vital resource in the state goal of instructing public school children in the
history, culture, and sovereignty of Wisconsin Indians.
Eleven federally recognized tribes form the nucleus of Wisconsin Indian tribal
commu-
nities. These tribes shire little in the way of common native language, material culture, and
economic livelihood, yet parallels exist in their historical experiences with invading
European powers, loss of land, American governmental policy, and experiments in home
rule. Every tribe in Wisconsin, for example, has felt the disastrous brunt of physical
removal. Some tribes were removed from Wisconsin, while the Brothertown, Stockbridge-
Munsee, and Oneida Indians were moved here from places in the east.
Wisconsin Indian tribes were subject to deleterious nineteenth-century land cession
treaties in which they lost virtually all of their traditional homelands to make
way for
incoming Wisconsin settlers. Non-Indian entrepreneurs and settlers forced thousands of
Winnebago [now known as Ho-Chunk], Potawatomi, Chippewa, Menominee, Sac and Fox,
and Santee Sioux Indians to clear the land and make way for statehood. The U.S.
government established reservations with the intent to subjugate the scattered remains of
the once-powerful nations of native peoples. This action further opened their ceded lands
to exploitation and their cultures to the federal policy of assimilation, with its
purpose to
sever the native people's unique propensity to the landmother earth.
Wisconsin is, in a sense, a national model for federal Indian policy experimeatation,
as
every trial-and-error initiative was attempted here. Failed federal government experiments
in reservation land allotment, annuity payments, timber removal, off-reservation boarding
schools, relocation, and termination only added to the
woes of the tribes.
The success of Wisconsin tribes in creating environs of political and economic
sustenance
is due in large part to their perseverance in maintaining traditional values and tribal
heritage. Tribal goals of self-determination and political sovereignty
are being realized
through constitutional representative governance, legislative and rule-making
powers, law
enhancement, and judicial resolution of conflict. Tribes retain governing
powers, human
service and education responsibility, as well as economic leadership, stewardship for the
land, and natural resources.
These powers are guaranteed through treaties (unique court-affirmed legal
agreements)
with the United States government. In fact, a government-to-government relationship
exists between the eleven tribes of Wisconsin and the United States of America. This
relationship forms the basis of a "trust" to further the interests of the Wisconsin tribes by
protecting their property assets and guaranteeing a future for tribal culture.
Wisconsin Indian tribes will accomplish their goals of self-determination and socio-
political viability only if they nourish their heritage;
preserve their tribal languages;
maintain their spirituality, customs, and values (which well-served their ancestors through
generations of hardship), and maintain an adequate land base for the future generations
to
follow.
ix
The future of Wisconsin Indian tribes and survival of tribal communities will be
guaranteed only through a vigorous cultural response to major challenges and tests from
a highly tecimological outside society.
I applaud the efforts of Wisconsin educators, and the work of Professor Ron Satz of the
University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire and the participants in his Wisconsin Indian History,
Culture, and Tribal Sovereignty Project, to enlighten students to the rich, diverse, living
culture and history of the Wisconsin Indian nations. Impress upon your students the
tenacity of Indians to survive, fairly intact, despite immense federal and state political
strategies to disenfranchise and destroy Indian culture. And most of all, deliver a message
of hope for the future. Wisconsin Indians will be here generations from now, thriving and
practicing age-old customs.
x