Equine Nutrition and Feeding, Third Edition PDF
Preview Equine Nutrition and Feeding, Third Edition
EQUINE NUTRITION AND FEEDING EQUINE NUTRITION AND FEEDING THIRD EDITION DAVID FRAPE PhD, CBiol, FIBiol, FRCPath © 1986 by Longman Group UK Ltd © 1998, 2004 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd Editorial Offices: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK Tel:+44 (0)1865 776868 Blackwell Publishing Professional, 2121 State Avenue, Ames, Iowa 50014-8300, USA Tel:+1 515 292 0140 Blackwell Publishing Asia Pty Ltd, 550 Swanston Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia Tel:+61 (0)3 8359 1011 The right of the Author to be identified as the Author of this Work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. First published 1986 by Longman Group UK Ltd Second edition published 1998 by Blackwell Science Reissued in paperback 1998 Third edition published 2004 by Blackwell Publishing Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Frape, David L. (David Lawrence), 1929– Equine nutrition and feeding / David Frape. – 3rd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references (p. ). ISBN 1-4051-0598-4 (alk. paper) 1. Horses – Feeding and feeds. 2. Horses – Nutrition. I. Title. SF285.5.F73 2004 636.1¢085 – dc22 2004043712 ISBN 1-4051-0598-4 A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library Set in 10/13 pt Times by SNP Best-set Typesetter Ltd., Hong Kong Printed and bound in India by Replika Press Pvt. Ltd, Kundli 131028 The publisher’s policy is to use permanent paper from mills that operate a sustainable forestry policy, and which has been manufactured from pulp processed using acid-free and elementary chlorine-free practices. Furthermore, the publisher ensures that the text paper and cover board used have met acceptable environmental accreditation standards. For further information on Blackwell Publishing, visit our website: www.blackwellpublishing.com Contents Introduction to the Third Edition vii Acknowledgements ix List of Abbreviations x 1 The Digestive System 1 2 Utilization of the Products of Dietary Energy and Protein 30 3 The Roles of Major Minerals and Trace Elements 51 4 Vitamin and Water Requirements 88 5 Ingredients of Horse Feeds 116 6 Estimating Nutrient Requirements 186 7 Feeding the Breeding Mare, Foal and Stallion 244 8 Growth 277 9 Feeding for Performance and the Metabolism of Nutrients During Exercise 300 10 Grassland and Pasture Management 366 11 Pests and Ailments Related to Grazing Area, Diet and Housing 423 12 Laboratory Methods for Assessing Nutritional Status and Some Dietary Options 487 Appendix A: Example Calculation of Dietary Composition Required for a 400kg Mare in the Fourth Month of Lactation 506 Appendix B: Common Dietary Errors in Studs and Racing Stables 510 Appendix C: Chemical Composition of Feedstuffs Used for Horses 515 v vvii LCiosnt toefn tAsbbreviations Appendix D: Estimates of Base Excess of a Diet and of Blood Plasma 525 Glossary 527 References and Bibliography 568 Conclusion 635 Index 636 Introduction to the Third Edition The increased attention given to equine nutritional issues during the last 6–7 years by research groups around the world, has prompted me to revise the 2ndedition of this book. The preparation of this edition entailed the careful reading of the previ- ous edition and with it the embarrassing discovery of a few errors, including one or two in equations, which I have now corrected. It has been necessary to revise all chapters and other sections, some to a greater extent than others. The increased understanding of gastrointestinal tract function has led to a considerable number of changes to Chapters 1 and 2. The volume of work that has been undertaken with regard to skeletal growth and development (Chapters 7 and 8) has partly explained the mechanisms involved in endochondral ossification, but the story is incomplete. Work has been undertaken into the causes of several metabolic diseases (Chapter 11), but as yet their aetiology is obscure. The role of calcium in bone formation has been understood for many years, yet recent evidence has required that dietary needs be revised (Chapter 3). A similar situation has arisen with several vitamins and other minerals/trace minerals to which reference is made in Chapters 3 and 4. A brief account of several novel feeds, supplements and toxins is given and this has led to the extension of Chapter 5. Exercise physiology has continued to interest many research groups so that Chapters 6 and 9 have been revised. This has included a summary of procedures adopted, both historically and today, to measure energy consumption. Novel acro- nyms and terms have invaded scientific speech for which textual definitions are given. A note on nomenclature: EC numbers have been used throughout when referring to specific enzymes. More detailed information about this system may be found in Chapter 12, p. 488. Finally, I trust that an immanent characteristic of this 3rd edition is as a source reference for each of the more recent and important pieces of evidence in each of the areas covered. This may assist research workers and provide students with what I hope is a useful brief account upon which they might base their future activities; vii vviiiiii LInitsrto odfu Actbiobnr etvoi athtieo nTshird Edition but I must pay tribute to the authors of the papers upon which these pages have depended. Whereas valid disagreements in the literature have been aired, an eclec- tic set of references has, I hope, been distilled into a readable and comprehensible discourse. David Frape Acknowledgements I should like to thank Professor Franz Pirchner for reading and providing helpful comments on the amendments to Chapter 6 and to thank my wife, Margery, for her encouragement and support. ix List of Abbreviations AAT aspartate aminotransferase acetyl-CoA acetyl coenzyme A ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone ADAS Agricultural Development and Advisory Service ADF acid detergent fibre ADP adenosine diphosphate a.i. active ingredient AI artificial insemination ALP alkaline phosphatase ALT alanine aminotransferase AMP adenosine monophosphate AN adenine nucleotides AST aspartate aminotransferase ATP adenosine triphosphate BAL bronchoalveolar lavage BE base excess BFGF basic fibroblast growth factor BHA butylated hydroxyanisole BHT butylated hydroxytoluene BMR basal metabolic rate BSP BromsulphaleinTM (sulphobromophthalein) BW body weight CCO cytochrome c oxidase CF crude fibre CFU colony-forming unit CK creatine kinase COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease CP crude protein DCAB dietary cation–anion balance DCAD dietary cation–anion difference x List of Abbreviations xi DCP digestible crude protein DDS distiller’s dark grains DE digestible energy DM dry matter DMG N,N-dimethylglycine DMSO dimethylsulphone 2 DOD developmental orthopaedic disease ECF extracellular fluid EDM equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy EE ether extract EMND equine motor neuron disease ERS exertional rhabdomyolysis syndrome EU European Union EVH-1/4 equine herpesvirus FAD flavin adenine dinucleotide FE fractional electrolyte excretion FFA free fatty acid FSH follicle-stimulating hormone FTH fast twitch, high oxidative FT fast twitch, low oxidative FTU fungal titre unit GE gross energy GGT gamma-glutamyltransferase GI gastrointestinal GLC gas-liquid chromatograph GnRH gonadotropin-releasing hormone GSH-Px glutathione peroxidase GSH glutathione Hb haemoglobin hCG human chorionic gonadotropin HI heat increment HPLC high performance liquid chromatography HPP hyperkalaemic periodic paralysis ICF intracellular fluid IGER Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research IMP inosine monophosphate INRA Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique iu international unit i.v. intravenous LBS Lactobacillus selection LDH lactic dehydrogenase LH luteinizing hormone LPL lipoprotein lipase LPS lipopolysaccharides
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