Environmental Specimen Banking and Monitoring as Related to Banking: Proceedings of the International Workshop, Saarbruecken, Federal Republic of Germany, 10–15 May, 1982

358 Pages·1983·10.172 MB·English

by  Robert A. Lewis, Norbert Stein, Carolyn W. Lewis (auth.), Robert A. Lewis, Norbert Stein, Carolyn W. Lewis (eds.)

ENVIRONMENTAL SPECIMEN BANKING
AND MONITORING AS RELATED TO BANKING
Federal Ministry of the Interior (Bonn)
Federal Environmental Agency (Berlin)
United States Environmental Protection Agency (Washington)
INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON
Environmental Specimen Banking
and Monitoring
as Related to Banking
SAARBRUECKEN, 10-15 MAY, 1982
patronage by
W.ZEYER
Ministerpriisident des Saarlandes
ORGANIZING COMMITTEE
Chairmen Scientific Coordinator
F. COULSTON N. STEIN
United States of America Federal Republic of Germany
O. FRANZLE
Federal Republic of Germany
F.KORTE
Federal Republic of Germany
Rapporteurs
F. PELLERIN H.EGAN
France United Kingdom
L. STEUBING R.A. LEWIS
Federal Republic of Germany United States of America
J. TOLG H. W NURNBERG
Federal Republic of Germany Federal Republic of Germany
Proceedings of the International Workshop, Saarbruecken, Federal
Republic of Germany, 10-15 May, 1982
Environmental Specimen Banking
and Monitoring
as Related to Banking
edited by
ROBERT A. LEWIS, NORBERT STEIN and CAROLYN W. LEWIS
Institute of Biogeography, University of Saarland
Saarbruecken, Federal Republic of Germany
1984 MARTINUS NIJHOFF PUBLISHERS
a member of the KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS GROUP
BOSTON / THE HAGUE / DORDRECHT / LANCASTER
Distributors
jor the United States and Canada: Kluwer Boston, Inc., 190 Old Derby Street,
Hingham, MA 02043, USA
jor all other countries: Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, Distribution Center,
P .O.Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 83-20323
ISBN-13: 978-94-009-6767-0 e.ISBN-13: 978-94-009-6765-6
DOl: 10.1007/978-94-009-6765-6
Copyright
© 1984 by Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Boston.
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1984
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical,
photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of
the publishers,
Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 190 Old Derby Street, Hingham, MA 02043, USA.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:
The following persons assisted in local arrangements for
the workshop: I. Hoffel, E. Hushens, V. John, J. KrUger,
A. Konzmann, M. Konzmann, G. Merl, S. Pies, R. Rodel,
H. Schreiber, G. Wagner. S. Benning and S. Pies assisted
in preparation of the Proceedings. Additional support from
the Wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft des Saarlandes e.V.,
Universitat, 6600 Saarbrlicken, is also gratefully acknowledged.
EDITORIAL PREFACE
There is a great dispar.ity between the ability of the major industrial nations to
produce and distribute chemicals and our ability to comprehend the nature and
potential severity of unintended consequences for man, his life support systems and the
environment generally. Furthermore, the gap between our ability to produce and
distribute myriad chemicals and our ability to identify, understand or predict
unfavorable environmental impacts may widen.
As environmental scientists we are conscious of the interrelatedness, not only of
environmental systems, but of nations as well. Materials are continually moved across
boundaries by human as well as natural agencies. The extent, rate and nature of
transfer for most pollutants is largely unknown. We can only guess which of the
numerous chemicals produced are candidates for concern. More important still is our
practical ignorance of the mechanisms of chronic effects upon natural systems and of
the concentrations, combinations and circumstances that may lead to irreversibilities
or to serious consequences for man.
We know very little also regarding the potential for or the kinds of indirect effects
that might occur. With respect to the environmentltself, we know little of its
assimilative capacity with regard to widely dispersed pollutants and their
transformation products.
But what we do know is disquieting, and a much-improved system for the evaluation
and management of toxic and hazardous chemicals is needed.
Available strategies are few and the best (as well as the worst) are costly and,as the
contributions of these proceedings collectively indicate, must include chemical,
toxicological and ecological research, toxicological screening, control technology
development, monitoring and specimen banking, hazard assessment, improved data
management and effective international cooperation. In the development of national
systems of chemical evaluation and management the trans-national and indeed global
character of chemical impact cannot be safely ignored.
IX
CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ••..•..•.•.•..••....••••...•.••.•..••....••..•........••..•..•..•...••....••. V
EDITORIAL PREFACE ............................................................................... VII
SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ....................... ..
WELCOMING ADDRESS OF PAUL MULLER ............................................... 7
WELCOMING ADDRESS OF WOLFGANG KNIES ......................................... 8
WELCOMING ADDRESS OF GEORGE M. GOLDSTEIN ................................. 10
OPENING ADDRESS: TASK AND POSSIBILITIES OF'A SPECIMEN BANK:
ULRICH R. BOEHRINGER and FRIEDRICH SCHMIDT -BLEEK ...................... 13
I,
SECTION A: REALIZATION OF SPECIMEN BANKING ............................... 21
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS OF SECTION A................................... 23
PAPERS CONTRIBUTED FOR SECTION A:
AMAVIS R., GILLARD c., SCHUBERT R. Relationship between
an international environmental specimen monitoring programme
and the implementation of a prevention policy concerning
environmental pollution ......................................................................... 27
AMBE Y. The state of the art of the researches on environmental
specimen banking in Japan ................................................................... 33
ELLIOT J.E. Collecting and archiving wildlife specimen in Canada 45
KEMPER F.H., LUPKE N.P. General aspects of monitoring and
banking of human biological specimens .................................................. 67
KING N. Environmental specimen banking in the UK; do we need
to go any further? ............................................................................... 74
KORTE F. Realization of specimen banking: chemical approaches.......... 84
PRIES C, DE KOCK W.C., MARQUENIE J.M. Specimen banks and
,the monitoring of surface water pollution by aquatic organisms .............. 88
x
STOEPPLER M., BACKHAUS F., SCHLADOT J.-D., NURNBERG
H.W. Concept and operational experiences of the pilot environ-
mental specimen bank program in the Federal Republic of Germany,....... 95
WISE S.A., FITZPATRICK K.A., HARRISON S.H., ZEISLER R.
Operation of the U.S. pilot national environmental specimen bank
program •.••.•.•.••..•...••.•..••.......•................ .........•..........•.....•.......•..•.•..... 108
SECTION B: SPECIMEN SELECTION •......•..............•....•.•..••..............•..•..••. 131
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS OF SECTION B 133
PAPERS CONTRIBUTED FOR SECTION B:
BEETON A.M, GANNON J.E. The importance of specimen
banking to monitoring the St. Lawrence Great Lakes ............................. 143
FRANZLE O. Regionally representative sampling.................................. 164
MULLER P. Experimental bio-monitoring, food web monitoring
and specimen banking ........................................................................... 180
MULLER W., RENGER M., LUKEN H. Criteria for the selection
of soils for the environmental specimen bank ......................................... 200
SKELL Y J.M. Recommendations for specimen banking and
monitoring accumulations of air pollutants by plants .............................. 207
STATES J., BURNS To, HINDS T. The environmental monitoring
of "emergent properties" as related to specimen banking ....................... 228
SECTION C: CHARACTERIZATION OF SAMPLES AND PRIORITIES
TO BE ANAL YZED ............................................................................. 253
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS OF SECTION C................................... 255
PAPERS CONTRIBUTED FOR SECTION C:
BALLSCHMITTER K. Analytical aspects of the characterization
and monitoring of banked samples with special reference to
organohalogenes ..... .............................................................................. 264
DURBECK H. W. Analytical aspects of monitoring diethylstilbestrol
and related anabolic compounds in stored samples of different
origin ................................................................................................... 271
FISHBEIN L. Analysis of aromatic amines, organochlorine
compounds and "dioxin" in biological samples ......................................... 287
GRIEPINK B., MARCHANDISE H. Reference materials of the
European Community ............................................................................. 304
XI
GRIMMER G. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and azaarenes in
environmental specimens •..•.....•••...•.....•..•.•.••........•.......••......••.....••.•...•.• 315
RAPPE C., BERGQVIST P.A., BUSER H.R., GARA A.,
MARKLUND, NYGREN M. Analysis of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-
dioxins and dibenzofurans •••••..••.•••..•.....••...••••..••....••••..•.•...••..••.•..••••••.••. 323
ZEISLER R., HARRISON S.H., WISE S.A. Analysis of human liver
specimens in the U.S. pilot national environmental specimen bank
program •..•..••.•.•.••.....•.•..•...•.....•....•.•••.•...•....•••.•....•..••.•.•..•..•...••••....•.••. 331
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ......................................... 353
1
SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
General
1. The two preceeding International Workshops on "The Use of Biological Specimens
for the Assessment of Human Exposure to Environmental Pollutants" and
"Monitoring Environmental Materials and Specimen Banking" have established
benchmarks. Historically speaking the subsequent evolution and application of
relevant sampling and analytical techniques (as in the case of the West German
and American Environmental Specimen Pilot banks) and the elaboration of a
conceptual framework have reached such a stage that the present state of affairs
may appropriately be defined as a phase of transition from pilot to application.
In general conclusion, the experts felt that environmental specimen banking is
attaining the stage where it can provide important and unique contributions to
environmental protection, management and science.
2. Environmental specimen banking (ESB) is a necessary and significant part of
efficient envi~onmental monitoring; it contributes indispensable data and evidence
to form a reliable basis for the protection of terrestrial, limnic and coastal
marine ecosystems against pollution by environmental chemicals.
In particular ESB provides the following important specific possibilities by the
availability of authentic samples from representative environmental matrix types
from ecosystems with different pollution burdens:
- Record of pollution trends over years or decades with respect to a variety of
inorganic and organic pollutants.
- Potentialities for retrospective analysis of authentic samples from the past by
future improved analytical procedures.
- Availability of authentic samples for the retrospective analysis of presently
unnoticed environmental chemicals whose ecotoxicological significance is
detected in the future.
- Verification of the effectiveness of restrictions, regulation or management
practices employed with respect to the manufacture and use of toxic chemicals.
Moreover, the continuous systematic sampling and analysis of subsamples from
the to-be-stored specimens connected with the operation of environmental
specimen banks will intensify and broaden significantly the knowledge of the
behavior, fate and balance of substances with ecotoxicological significance in
different types of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.
3. Environmental specimen banking relates to worldwide pollution problems and
should therefore be supported on a worldwide basis: concerned international
organizations in particular should be encouraged to support the program.
IJ.. It is desirable to develop further and more specific recommendations (or
guidelines) on achievable specimen banking/monitoring techniques which
incorporate the recommendations, conclusions and individual contributions of this
workshop. These should be appropriate for inclusion as components in a working
monitoring-banking program and should address all field problems and procedures
leading up to delivery of the samples for preservation and analysis as well as
problems of storage, retrieval, chemical analysis, and data management. This is
important for comparability between various nations and also between present
and future studies.