Energy, Environment, and Sustainability Shantanu Bhattacharya Avinash Kumar Agarwal Nripen Chanda Ashok Pandey Editors Ashis Kumar Sen Environmental, Chemical and Medical Sensors Energy, Environment, and Sustainability Series editors Avinash Kumar Agarwal, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India Ashok Pandey, Distinguished Scientist, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India This books series publishes cutting edge monographs and professional books focused on all aspects of energy and environmental sustainability, especially as it relates to energy concerns. The Series is published in partnership with the International Society for Energy, Environment, and Sustainability. The books in these series are editor or authored by top researchers and professional across the globe. The series aims at publishing state-of-the-art research and development in areas including, but not limited to: (cid:129) Renewable Energy (cid:129) Alternative Fuels (cid:129) Engines and Locomotives (cid:129) Combustion and Propulsion (cid:129) Fossil Fuels (cid:129) Carbon Capture (cid:129) Control and Automation for Energy (cid:129) Environmental Pollution (cid:129) Waste Management (cid:129) Transportation Sustainability More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15901 Shantanu Bhattacharya Avinash Kumar Agarwal (cid:129) Nripen Chanda Ashok Pandey (cid:129) Ashis Kumar Sen Editors Environmental, Chemical and Medical Sensors 123 Editors ShantanuBhattacharya Ashok Pandey Department ofMechanical Engineering Department ofBiotechnology Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur CSIR-Indian Institute ofToxicology Kanpur,Uttar Pradesh Research India Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh India Avinash KumarAgarwal Department ofMechanical Engineering AshisKumar Sen Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Department ofMechanical Engineering Kanpur,Uttar Pradesh Indian Institute of Technology Madras India Chennai, Tamil Nadu India Nripen Chanda Micro Systems Technology Laboratory CSIR-CMERI Durgapur,West Bengal India ISSN 2522-8366 ISSN 2522-8374 (electronic) Energy,Environment, andSustainability ISBN978-981-10-7750-0 ISBN978-981-10-7751-7 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7751-7 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017961498 ©SpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.2018 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. 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Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:152BeachRoad,#21-01/04GatewayEast,Singapore189721,Singapore Preface Energy demand has been rising remarkably due to increasing population and urbanization.Globaleconomyandsocietyaresignificantlydependentontheenergy availability because it touches every facet of human life and its activities. Transportation and power generation are major examples of energy. Without the transportation by millions of personalized and mass transport vehicles and avail- ability of 24(cid:1)7 power, human civilization would not have reached contemporary living standards. The first international conference on ‘Sustainable Energy and Environmental Challenges’ (SEEC-2017) was organized under the auspices of ‘International Society for Energy and Environmental Sustainability’ (ISEES) by the ‘Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing’ (CIAB), Mohali, from 26 to 28 February 2017.ISEESwasfoundedatIITKanpurinJanuary2014withanaimofspreading knowledgeinthefieldsofenergy,environment,sustainabilityandcombustion.The society’s goal is to contribute to the development of clean, affordable and secure energy resources and a sustainable environment for the society and to spread knowledge in the above-mentioned areas and awareness about the environmental challenges,whichtheworldisfacingtoday.ISEESisinvolvedinvariousactivities suchasconductingworkshops,seminars,conferencesinthedomainsofitsinterest. Thesocietyalsorecognizestheoutstandingworkdonebytheyoungscientistsand engineers for their contributions in these fields by conferring those awards under various categories. This conference provided a platform for discussions between eminent scientists andengineersfromvariouscountriesincludingIndia,USA,SouthKorea,Norway, Malaysia and Australia. In this conference, eminent speakers from all over the world presented their views relating to different aspects of energy, combustion, emissions and alternative energy resource for sustainable development and clean environment through accuratemonitoring andcontrol.The conferencestartedwith four mini-symposiums on very topical themes, which included (i) New Fuels and Advanced Engine Combustion, (ii) Sustainable Energy, (iii) Experimental and Numerical Combustion and (iv) Environmental Remediation and Rail Road Transport.Theconferencehad14technicalsessionsoftopicsrelatedtoenergyand v vi Preface environmental sustainability and a panel discussion on 'Challenges, Opportunities and Directions of Technical Education and Research in the Area of Energy, Environment and Sustainability' to wrap up the three-day technical extravaganza. The conference included 2 plenary talks, 12 keynote talks, 42 invited talks from prominent scientists, 49 contributed talks and 120 posters. A total of 234 partici- pants and speakers attended this three-day conference, which hosted Dr. V. K. Saraswat,Member,NITIAayog,India,asachiefguest fortheawardceremonyof ISEES. This conference laid out the road map for technology development, opportunities and challenges in this technology domain. The technical sessions in theconferenceincludedAdvancesinICEnginesandFuels;ConversionofBiomass to Biofuels; Combustion Processes; Renewable Energy: Prospects and Technologies; Waste to Wealth—Chemicals and Fuels; Energy Conversion Systems; Numerical Simulation of Combustion Processes; Alternate Fuels for IC Engines; Sprays and Heterogeneous Combustion of Coal/Biomass; Biomass Conversion to Fuels and Chemicals—Thermochemical Processes; Utilization of Biofuels; and Environmental Protection and Health Through Sensory Systems for Monitoring and Control . All these topics have been very relevant for our country andtheworldinthepresentcontext.ThesocietyisgratefultoProf.AshokPandey for organizing and hosting this conference, which led to the germination of this series of monographs, which included 16 books related to different aspects of energy,environmentandsustainability.Thisisthefirsttimethatsuchavoluminous and high-quality outcome has been achieved by any society in India from one conference. The editors would like to express their sincere gratitude to the authors for submitting their work in a timely manner and revising it appropriately at short notice. We would like to express our special thanks to Prof. Nripen Chanda, Prof. Ashis Kumar Sen, Dr. Ankur Gupta, Dr. Rishi Kant, Mr. Pankaj Singh Chauhan, Prof. Shantanu Bhattacharya, etc., who have reviewed various chapters of this monograph and provided their valuable suggestions to improve the quality of the manuscripts. We acknowledge the supportreceived from various funding agencies and organizations for successfully conducting the first ISEES conference SEEC-2017, where these monographs germinated. These include Department of Science and Technology, Government of India (special thanks to Dr. Sanjay Bajpai);TSI,India(specialthankstoDr.DeepakSharma);Tesscorn,India(special thankstoSh.Satyanarayana);AVLIndia;Horiba,India;Springer(specialthanksto Swati Mehershi); CIAB (special thanks to Dr. Sangwan). Almost all aspects related to environmental monitoring and control heavily rely on sensory systems which are critical to the maintainability of a good and safe environment with respect to time. This becomes more relevant and an important research theme as environment is being continuously challenged by emission and pollutionfrompowersystems,mobilitysector,industrialsector,medicalsector,etc. Inshort,whereverthereisanissuerelatedtowastemanagementanddisposability, the detrimental nature of such waste and their improper management needs to be sustainably monitored. If not monitored and addressed appropriately, such hazards may cause severe challenges for the health and well-being of living systems. Preface vii Technology emerged in different length scales has today led to the realization of precise and accurate sensory systems which are easily deployable and rapid in multitasking. In fact, the state-of-the-art research evolved the sensor domain into onewhereeventheveryminusculeandtracequantityofananalytealmostuptothe levelofasinglemoleculewhichmayotherwiseposeanenvironmentalthreatcanbe monitored through sensitive instrumentation and well-thought-out detection scheme. This monograph isintended for researchers related tosensor design, fabrication anditsvariousapplicationsforthepurposeofhealthandenvironmentmonitoringin a very large domain. We hope that the book would be of great interest to the professionals and postgraduate students involved in research related to advanced sensing techniques, fabrications and experimentation. The main objective of this monograph is to promote a better and more accurate understanding of sensing mechanisms and recent progress across all length scales in this domain. Kanpur, India Shantanu Bhattacharya Kanpur, India Avinash Kumar Agarwal Durgapur, India Nripen Chanda Lucknow, India Ashok Pandey Chennai, India Ashis Kumar Sen Contents Part I General 1 Introduction to Environmental, Chemical, and Medical Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Shantanu Bhattacharya, Avinash Kumar Agarwal, Nripen Chanda, Ashok Pandey, Ashis Kumar Sen, Sanjay Kumar and Poonam Sundriyal Part II Environmental Sensors 2 Sensors for Air Monitoring. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Rishi Kant and Shantanu Bhattacharya 3 Gold Nanostructure in Sensor Technology: Detection and Estimation of Chemical Pollutants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Peuli Nath, Nivedita Priyadarshni, Soumen Mandal, Preeti Singh, Ravi Kumar Arun and Nripen Chanda 4 Impedimetric Sensors in Environmental Analysis: An Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Sunil Bhand and Gautam Bacher Part III Chemical Sensors 5 Inkjet-Printed Sensors on Flexible Substrates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Poonam Sundriyal and Shantanu Bhattacharya 6 Sensing Using Microfluidic Platform. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Chetan A. Nayak and H. N. Pradeep 7 Green Synthesized Nanoparticles as Potential Nanosensors . . . . . . 137 Dindyal Mandal, Sourav Mishra and Rohit Kumar Singh ix x Contents Part IV Medical Sensors 8 Fabrication of Nanostructures with Bottom-up Approach and Their Utility in Diagnostics, Therapeutics, and Others . . . . . . 167 Sanjay Kumar, Pulak Bhushan and Shantanu Bhattacharya 9 Miniaturized Sensors and Actuators for Biological Studies on Small Model Organisms of Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 Khaled Youssef, Pouriya Bayat, Amir Reza Peimani, Sina Dibaji and Pouya Rezai 10 Polymeric-Patterned Surface for Biomedical Applications . . . . . . . 227 Namita Jaiswal, Abhiram Hens, Manosree Chatterjee, Nibedita Mahata, Nagahanumaiah and Nripen Chanda 11 Nanoparticles-Based Diagnostics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 Kapil Manoharan, Anubhuti Saha and Shantanu Bhattacharya 12 Designing of a Low-Cost Optical Density Meter for Medical Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 Ankit Sharma, Pratyush K. Patnaik, Seemadri Subhadarshini, Suraj K. Nayak, Sirsendu S. Ray, D. N. Tibarewala and Kunal Pal 13 Flexible Sensors for Biomedical Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 Ankur Gupta and Pramod Pal 14 Low-cost Paper Analytical Devices for Environmental and Biomedical Sensing Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 H. Manisha, P. D. Priya Shwetha and K. S. Prasad 15 DNA-Based Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343 Geeta Bhatt and Shantanu Bhattacharya 16 The Microflow Cytometer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371 Ravindra S. Gaikwad and A. K. Sen 17 Microfluidic Sensors for Mechanophenotyping of Biological Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389 A. Raj and A. K. Sen Author Index.. .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 409
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