Enhanced Optical and Electric Manipulation of a Quantum Gas of KRb Molecules PDF
Preview Enhanced Optical and Electric Manipulation of a Quantum Gas of KRb Molecules
Springer Theses Recognizing Outstanding Ph.D. Research Jacob P. Covey Enhanced Optical and Electric Manipulation of a Quantum Gas of KRb Molecules Springer Theses Recognizing Outstanding Ph.D. Research AimsandScope The series “Springer Theses” brings together a selection of the very best Ph.D. theses from around the world and across the physical sciences. Nominated and endorsed by two recognized specialists, each published volume has been selected foritsscientificexcellenceandthehighimpactofitscontentsforthepertinentfield of research. For greater accessibility to non-specialists, the published versions includeanextendedintroduction,aswellasaforewordbythestudent’ssupervisor explainingthespecialrelevanceoftheworkforthefield.Asawhole,theserieswill provide a valuable resource both for newcomers to the research fields described, and for other scientists seeking detailed background information on special questions. Finally, it provides an accredited documentation of the valuable contributionsmadebytoday’syoungergenerationofscientists. Theses are accepted into the series by invited nomination only andmustfulfillallofthefollowingcriteria (cid:129) TheymustbewritteningoodEnglish. (cid:129) ThetopicshouldfallwithintheconfinesofChemistry,Physics,EarthSciences, EngineeringandrelatedinterdisciplinaryfieldssuchasMaterials,Nanoscience, ChemicalEngineering,ComplexSystemsandBiophysics. (cid:129) Theworkreportedinthethesismustrepresentasignificantscientificadvance. (cid:129) Ifthethesisincludespreviouslypublishedmaterial,permissiontoreproducethis mustbegainedfromtherespectivecopyrightholder. (cid:129) They must have been examined and passed during the 12 months prior to nomination. (cid:129) Eachthesisshouldincludeaforewordbythesupervisoroutliningthesignificance ofitscontent. (cid:129) The theses should have a clearly defined structure including an introduction accessibletoscientistsnotexpertinthatparticularfield. Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/8790 Jacob P. Covey Enhanced Optical and Electric Manipulation of a Quantum Gas of KRb Molecules Doctoral Thesis accepted by University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA 123 JacobP.Covey CaliforniaInstituteofTechnology Pasadena,CA,USA ISSN2190-5053 ISSN2190-5061 (electronic) SpringerTheses ISBN978-3-319-98106-2 ISBN978-3-319-98107-9 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98107-9 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2018953045 ©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2018 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof thematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation, broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformation storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology nowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthors,andtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbook arebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsor theeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforany errorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictional claimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland ToProf.DebbieJin,mylateadvisor(jointly withProf.JunYe).Weallmissherdeeply, andJILAwillneverquitebethesame. Supervisor’s Foreword Ultracold polar molecules are an idyllic platform for quantum many-body physics and quantum chemistry due to their long-range interactions and rich internal structure.Theworkdescribedinthisthesisconstitutesasubstantialadvanceinthe capabilitiesofultracoldpolarmoleculeexperiments.Priortothiswork,molecular samples were not quantum degenerate, their numbers were limited by chemical reactions,andevidenceformany-bodyphysicswaslacking.Overthecourseofthis thesis work,molecules were loaded intoan optical latticetocontrol and eliminate collisionsandhencechemicalreactions.Thisledtotheobservationofmany-body spindynamicsandtheprobeofquantummagnetismwithspincorrelations. Another substantial advance came from using a quantum synthesis technique based on atomic insulators to increase the filling fraction of the molecules in a three-dimensional optical lattice to 25%. This filling fraction is already above the percolationthresholdwherelong-rangespinpropagationthroughoutthe3Dlattice is expected. Finally, several limitations to this quantum synthesis approach were identified, and filling fractions towards a molecular insulator are anticipated in futurework. Lastly,thisworkincludesthedesign,construction,testing,andimplementation ofanovelapparatusforcontrollingpolarmolecules.SoonafterJakeCoveyjoined theKRbexperiment,webegantodesignthesecondgenerationapparatus.Wewere awareofmanytechnicallimitationsinthefirstgenerationJILAsystem.Thedesign goalofthenewapparatusincludedasubstantialincreaseofatomnumbersinboth 87Rb BEC and 40K Fermi degenerate gases, precise control of applied electric fieldanditsgradient,andhigh-resolutionimagingforspin-resolvedmoleculargas microscopy.BythetimeJakecompleted hisPhDworkinAugust2017,theinitial characterization of the apparatus had been performed. Only very recently we are now reaping the full benefit of the system: we can now produce over 105 ground state 40K87Rb polar molecules, and the road for a deeply degenerate Fermi gas in bulkisclear. vii viii Supervisor’sForeword With all of these capabilities successfully demonstrated, we can now combine themtoperformevaporativecoolingofmoleculesintwo-dimensionalgeometryto even lower temperatures where p-wave superfluidity may be within reach. There isanenormousgrowthinultracoldmoleculeexperimentsbasedonultracoldgases inopticallattices,opticaltweezer-basedmolecularassembly,anddirectcoolingof molecules. All of these efforts will combine optical and electric field control of low-entropymolecularsamples.Jake’sthesisprovidesadetaileddescriptionofthe newsystemwiththesecapabilitiesanditcouldserveasaninvaluablereferencefor peopleworkinginthisfield. PhDsupervisor(jointlywiththelateDeborahJin) JunYe 10June2018 Acknowledgments Ihavehadthepleasureofworkingwithmanyincrediblepeopleoverthepast6years. TheKRbmembersIworkedwithareAmodsenChotia,BrianNeyenhuis,BoYan, BryceGadway,StevenMoses,MattMiecnikowski,ZhengkunFu,LuigiDeMarco, Kyle Matsuda, Will Tobias, and Giacomo Valtolina. I also worked with Kang- KuenNibrieflywhileshewasapostdocworkingontheJILAeEDMexperiment. AlthoughIonlyoverlappedwithAmodsenChotiaforafewmonths,Ilearnedalot about the KRb experiment from him, and he taught me a lot about experimental physicsingeneral.BrianNeyenhuiswastheguidingforceontheKRbexperiment during my first year, and our initial experiments with molecules in optical lattices weredoneunderhisleadership. The majority of my PhD was done with Steven Moses, Bo Yan, and Bryce Gadway.Thefourofuswereveryproductivetogether.Boistheultimateexperimen- talist.Hecansolveanyproblemontheexperiment,andhealwaysfoundawayto keepitrunningwell.Brycehasanencyclopedicknowledgeofphysics,particularly AMO physics. He somehow knows every paper that every group has published. Most of the success during his time on KRb came from his ideas. Steven and I workedtogetherfor5years.Hehasanincrediblebalanceoftechnicalskills,physics skills,andproblem-solvingskills.Thelatterisincrediblyvaluableonanexperiment thatisbothagingandextremelycomplicated.Thesecapabilitiescombinedwithhis dedicationandhardworkingmentalityhaveledtoalotofsuccess.Ienjoyedworking withallthreeoftheseguys. The new KRb team of Luigi De Marco, Kyle Matsuda, Will Tobias, and Giacomo Valtolina is incredibly talented and ambitious. I have full confidence in their capabilities. They all joined the experiment during the second half of the implementation of the new apparatus, and thus they all contributed significantly to its success. Accordingly, they are all well prepared to operate the experiment withoutme.TheybreathednewlifeintotheexperimentasStevengraduated,Matt andZhengkunmovedon,andDebbiewastakenfromus.Theresultsthatarenow coming out of the new apparatus were only possible because of them. I worked withKyleandWillduringtheirfirstyearasPhDstudents,andtheirabilitytopush ix x Acknowledgments theexperimentforwardwhiletakingthreeclasseshasbeenveryimpressive.Luigi is a postdoc who did his PhD in physical chemistry studying ultrafast molecular dynamics.HehasadaptedhisskillsettoAMOphysicsremarkablyquickly,andhis generalknowledgeofphysicsandsciencehasbeenimpressive.Hebringsabitmore depthtothephilosophyanddirectionoftheexperiment.Thenewestmemberisthe postdoc Giacomo, who is an AMO expert and has a broad knowledge of ongoing AMOresearch.TheskillsandbackgroundofLuigiandGiacomocomplementeach otherwell. It has been a pleasure working with Jun Ye, Debbie Jin, and Eric Cornell. The collaborative atmosphere between these three advisors is very constructive and worksquitewell.ThepassingofDebbieJinhasbeendifficultforeveryone,butno onewasmoreaffectedthanJunandEric.Thewaytheywereabletogoonafterwards and maintain their groups was incredible. Jun has been an excellent advisor and mentor to me,and he has always been incredibly available and accessible. This in itselfissurprisinggivenhowbusyheis,andhealwaysdoeshisbesttohelpallof his group members and support us in any way we need. Moreover, his optimism andpositiveattitudehaskeptusgoingthroughtheroughpatches,andhisconstant support and belief in us has been very helpful. Debbie Jin was also quite invested in her group members, and she developed very close relationships with many of us.Herfriendlinessandopennessmadeherlossevenhardertobear.Eric’ssupport andadviseasaco-advisorhadbeenincrediblyuseful.Hehashelpedussolvemany importantproblemsovertheyears. I would be remiss if I did not acknowledge Jun’s and Eric’s groups for support andadviceovertheyears.Mostnotably,Jun’sSrexperimentsarealwaysdeveloping cool new toys and pioneering the best way to do everything. We are indebted to them for help with our Raman cavity, high power distribution and fibers for optical traps, and the new version of our experimental control program. We have benefittedimmenselyfromdiscussionswithSaraCambell,RossHutson,EdMarti, Shimon Kolkowitz, Aki Goban, Toby Bothwell, and Wei Zhang from Sr; Ming- Guang Hu, Rabin Paudel, Roman Chapurin, and Michael Van De Graaff from the new K apparatus; and Ben Stuhl, Tim Langen, Hau Wu, Dave Reens on the OH StarkdeceleratorforinvaluableadviceonACandDCelectricfields. We have also had a very fruitful collaboration with Ana Maria Rey’s group. In particularweworkedwithMichaelFoss-FeigandKadenHazzardintheearlyyears, and more recently Michael Wall, Martin Garttner, Arghavan Safavi-Naini, Oscar Acevedo,andBihuiZhu.Theyhavealldoneanexcellentjobbeingawareofwhat ourexperimentiscapableof,andgivingusspacewhenweneedtoaddresstechnical issues.Weattemptedthespin-exchangemeasurementsafterKadenandAnaMaria suggestedthatwewouldbeabletoobservetheminthelatticeevenatourrelatively lowfillingfractionatthattime. TheJILAinstrumentshopplayedaverysignificantroleinmuchoftheworkin thisthesis,andIhavespentalotoftimeworkingwithTracyKeep,KelsDetra,Kim Hagen, Blaine Horner, Todd Asnicar, and Hans Greene. Tracy made the primary contributions to the new apparatus and was very helpful along the entire journey toaddresseveryproblemthatemerged.Alotcanchangein6years,andtheJILA
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