England Against the Papacy 1858-1861: Tories, Liberals and the Overthrow of Papal Temporal Power during the Italian Risorgimento

263 Pages·1983·3.95 MB·English

by  C. T. McIntire

England against the papacy, 1858-1861
To Gabrielle and Eliot
Englanadg aintshte p apacy
1858-1861
TorieLsi,b eraalnsd,t heO verthroofw
PapaTle mporaPlo werd uring
theI taliRains orgimento
C.T.M cINTIRE
CambridUgnei versPirteys s
Cambridge
London New York New Rochelle
Melbourne Sydney
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
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Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York
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Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521242370
© Cambridge University Press 1983
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception
and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without the written
permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 1983
This digitally printed version 2008
A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number: 82-9405
ISBN 978-0-521-24237-0 hardback
ISBN 978-0-521-09040-7 paperback
Contents
Acknowledgments page IX
Maps XII
Introduction
I 'English Liberties' and 'The Government of Priests' 13
The coming crisis 13
England: reform and rearrange the Papal States 17
The papacy: maintain the temporal power 22
England turns against the papal temporal power 29
2 Odo Russell and the network of English-papal relations 40
English society in Rome 40
Odo Russell, the Whig: a two-way diplomatic medium 46
The Mediterranean fleet and the papal trade 57
3 Tories, the pope, and peace 66
Tory-papal rapprochement 66
Naples, the papacy and England 70
Queen Victoria's heir in Rome 73
Parliament and the question of the foreign troops 79
4 Tories, the pope, and war 88
The Cowley mission and the pope 88
The proposed congress 93
The war: English and papal neutrality IOI
The parliamentary election: Tories and papal influence 106
5 Liberals and the revolution in the Romagna I 14
'Let the Italians govern their own affairs' I 14
Villafranca and the confederation 123
The papacy: first restoration, then reform 129
VII
6 Liberals, the congress and the Romagna 140
Another proposed congress and the pope 140
England: 'non-intervention' and annexation 147
Two rival strategies 152
7 Liberals and the annexation of the Romagna 163
England's push for annexation 163
The faithful and the papal army 169
Annexation, not vicariat 175
8 Liberals and the annexation of the Marches and Umbria 189
Next the Marches and Umbria 189
Anticipating Garibaldi in the Papal States 192
Peter's Pence and the Irish Brigade 200
The conquest of the Marches and Umbria 204
The annexation of the Marches and Umbria 212
Conclusion 222
Select Bibliography 228
Index 241
Vlll
Acknowledgments
A study of English-papal relations pertinent to the end of the papal monarchy in
Italy necessitates research in personal and public archives in several countries.
In the process, I have benefited greatly from the advice and knowledge of many
people. I wish to express my deep gratitude to all those who gave me their help.
There are some I would like to mention in particular: in England, Noel
Blakiston, Denis Mack Smith, Derek Beales, Harry Hearder, Owen Chadwick,
Maurice Cowling, Robert Blake, George Kitson Clark, E.E.Y. Hales, Cosmo
Russell, Robert Williams, and especially Herbert Butterfield; in Rome, Emilia
Morelli, Renato Mori, Charles Burns, and Robert Graham; in the United States,
Marian Swann Miller, Ivan Scott, Otakar Odlozilik, and Edward Peters. I
owe particular gratitude to Mary Carolyn Kennedy Mcintire, and to my parents. I
especially give my thanks to Lynn M. Case.
For the use of certain private papers, I thank the following persons, and give
acknowledgment: to His Holiness Pope Paul VI for material in the Archivio
Segreto Vaticano in Rome; to the gracious permission of Her Majesty Queen
Elizabeth II for material in the Royal Archives, Windsor Castle; to the Earl of
Derby for the Derby papers which I read in Oxford; to Viscount FitzHarris for
the Malmesbury papers in Winchester; to the Earl of Mountbatten for the
Broadlands papers of Lord Palmerston which I read in London; and to the Due
de Gramont for the Papiers Gramont microfilms in Paris.
I wish to give my thanks to the community in which I work, my colleagues and
co-workers in the Institute for Christian Studies, Toronto. I reserve my most
special thanks for my wife, Rebekah Smick-Mclntire, and my children,
Gabrielle and Eliot, who daily give me their love and support.
I remember the people of northern Ireland for whom some of the conflicts
studied in this work are a living reality, and I wish them shalom.
I also note that 1982 is the year in which the pope, John Paul II, came to
England, the Anglican-Roman Catholic International Commission issued the
Final Report, the British representative to the Vatican was elevated to the rank of
full Ambassador, and the pope created a Nunziature in London.
CTM, September 1982
IX

A note on the footnotes and
abbreviations
The footnotes which refer to archives provide data, including classifying
numbers and letters, which indicate specific documents. The data are arranged
in the following order where appropriate:
for official despatches: author; recipient; where written; date; despatch number;
archive; subarchive, section, or year; volume and page or folio.
for private letters: author; recipient; where written; date; collection of personal
papers; archive; section; volume and page or folio.
Abbreviations
AMAE, CP France. Archives du Ministere des Affaires Etrangeres.
Correspondance Politique.
AMAE, MD France. Archives du Ministere des Affaires Etrangeres.
Memoires et Documents.
ANParigi Papal States (The Vatican). Archivio della Nunziatura di Parigi.
ANVienna Papal States (The Vatican). Archivio della Nunziatura di
Vienna.
ASdS Papal States (The Vatican). Archivio Segreto del Segretario di
Stat o.
AS MAE Piedmont-Sardinia. Archivio Storico de! Ministero degli Affari
Esteri.
ASV Papal States (The Vatican). Archivio Segreto Vaticano.
FO Great Britain. Foreign Office.
HHSA PA Austria. Haus-, Hof-, und Staatsarchivs. Politische Akten des
Ministeriums des Aussen.
PRO Great Britain. Public Record Office.
RA Great Britain. Royal Archives, Windsor Castle.
XI
0 300km
0 200miles
Map 1 Italy: cities and towns
XII