Engineering Optical Antenna for Efficient Local Field Enhancement Tae Joon Seok Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences University of California at Berkeley Technical Report No. UCB/EECS-2013-190 http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/Pubs/TechRpts/2013/EECS-2013-190.html December 1, 2013 Copyright © 2013, by the author(s). All rights reserved. Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission. ! "#$%#&&’%#$!()*%+,-!.#*&##,!/0’!"//%+%&#*!10+,-!2%&-3!"#4,#+&5&#*! ! ! 67! ! 8,&!900#!:&0;! ! ! ! .!3%<<&’*,*%0#!<=65%**&3!%#!),’*%,-!<,*%</,+*%0#!0/!*4&! ! ’&>=%’&5&#*<!/0’!*4&!3&$’&&!0/! ! ?0+*0’!0/!@4%-0<0)47! ! %#! ! "#$%#&&’%#$!A!"-&+*’%+,-!"#$%#&&’%#$!,#3!B05)=*&’!:+%&#+&<! ! %#!*4&! ! C’,3=,*&!?%D%<%0#! ! 0/!*4&! ! E#%D&’<%*7!0/!B,-%/0’#%,F!G&’;&-&7! ! ! ! ! ! B055%**&&!%#!+4,’$&H! ! @’0/&<<0’!I%#$!BJ!K=! @’0/&<<0’!"-%!L,6-0#0D%*+4! @’0/&<<0’!1=;&!@J!1&&! ! ! ! 2,--!MNOM! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 84&!3%<<&’*,*%0#!0/!8,&!900#!:&0;F!*%*-&3!"#$%#&&’%#$!()*%+,-!.#*&##,!/0’!"//%+%&#*! 10+,-!2%&-3!"#4,#+&5&#*F! !%<!,))’0D&3H! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! B4,%’! PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP! ! ?,*&! PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP! ! ! ! PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP! ! ?,*&! PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP! ! ! ! PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP! ! ?,*&! PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! E#%D&’<%*7!0/!B,-%/0’#%,F!G&’;&-&7! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! "#$%#&&’%#$!()*%+,-!.#*&##,!/0’!"//%+%&#*!10+,-!2%&-3!"#4,#+&5&#*! ! ! B0)7’%$4*!Q!MNOM! 67! 8,&!900#!:&0;! ! ! ! .6<*’,+*! "#$%#&&’%#$!()*%+,-!.#*&##,!/0’!"//%+%&#*!10+,-!2%&-3!"#4,#+&5&#*! 67! 8,&!900#!:&0;! ?0+*0’!0/!@4%-0<0)47!%#!"#$%#&&’%#$!A!"-&+*’%+,-!"#$%#&&’%#$!,#3!B05)=*&’!:+%&#+&<! E#%D&’<%*7!0/!B,-%/0’#%,F!G&’;&-&7! @’0/&<<0’!I%#$!BJ!K=F!B4,%’! ! ()*%+,-!,#*&##,<!4,D&!6&&#!R%3&-7!=<&3!/0’!D,’%&*7!0/!,))-%+,*%0#<!<=+4!,<! <&#<%*%D&! )40*03&*&+*%0#F! &//%+%&#*! -%$4*! &5%<<%0#F! 4%$4S’&<0-=*%0#! %5,$%#$F! 4&,*S ,<<%<*&3! 5,$#&*%+! ’&+0’3%#$F! ,#3! <=’/,+&S,#+&3! T,5,#! <)&+*’0<+0)7! U:"T:V! 6&+,=<&!*4&7!+,#!+,)*=’&!,#3!/0+=<!)’0),$,*%#$!&-&+*’05,$#&*%+!&#&’$7!%#*0!<=6S 3%//’,+*%0#S-%5%*&3!,’&,<!,#3!D%+&!D&’<,J!W0R&D&’F!R%3&<)’&,3!,))-%+,*%0#!0/!0)*%+,-! ,#*&##,<!4,<!6&&#!-%5%*&3!3=&!*0!-,+;!0/!,))’0)’%,*&!5&*403<!/0’!=#%/0’5!,#3!-,’$&! ,’&,!/,6’%+,*%0#!0/!,#*&##,<F!,<!R&--!,<!3%//%+=-*7!%#!,+4%&D%#$!,#!&//%+%&#*!3&<%$#!R%*4! <5,--!503&!D0-=5&!U$,)!<),+%#$!X!ON#5VJ! Y#!*4%<!3%<<&’*,*%0#F!R&!*4&0’&*%+,--7!3&’%D&3!*4&!-0+,-!/%&-3!,#+&5&#*!0/! *4&!0)*%+,-!,#*&##,!,#3!/0=#3!*4,*!0)*%5%Z&3!’,3%,*%0#!,#3!<5,--!$,)!<),+%#$!,’&! ’&>=%’&3! /0’! 5,[%5=5! /%&-3! ,#+&5&#*! 0/! *4&! ,#*&##,J! 80! ,33’&<<! *4&<&! ),’,5&*&’<F! R&! &[)&’%5&#*,--7! 3&50#<*’,*&3! *4’&&! 3%//&’&#*! 3&<%$#<! 0/! 0)*%+,-! ,#*&##,<J! 2%’<*F!R&!’&)0’*!0#!,))-7%#$!,!3%)0-&!,#*&##,!0#!,!$’0=#3!)-,#&!/0’!’,3%,*%0#! &#$%#&&’%#$J! 84&! 3%)0-&! ,#*&##,! 3&<%$#! +,#! ,+4%&D&! *4&! 0)*%5=5! ’,3%,*%0#! +0#3%*%0#!67!*=#%#$!*4&!<),+&’!*4%+;#&<<!6&*R&&#!*4&!,#*&##,!,’’,7!,#3!*4&!$’0=#3! )-,#&\!40R&D&’F!’&3=+%#$!*4&!$,)!<),+%#$!6&-0R!ON!#5!%<!+4,--&#$%#$!%/!=<%#$!*7)%+,-! #,#0/,6’%+,*%0#! *&+4#%>=&<! <=+4! ,<! &S6&,5! -%*40$’,)47! ,#3! /0+=<&3! %0#! 6&,5! 5%--%#$J! :&+0#3-7F! R&! ’&)0’*! 0#! =<%#$! ,! ),*+4! ,#*&##,! 0#! $’0=#3! )-,#&! /0’! *4&! =#%/0’5!<=6S]!#5!$,)!<),+%#$J!84&!),*+4!,#*&##,!3&<%$#!+,#!6&!&,<%-7!%5)-&5&#*&3! R%*4! &[*’&5&-7! <5,--! $,)<\! 40R&D&’F! *4&! )00’! ’,3%,*%0#! &//%+%&#+7! 0/! *4&! ),*+4! ,#*&##,!R%*4!,!#,#05&*&’S<+,-&!$,)!3&$’,3&<!*4&!)&’/0’5,#+&!0/!*4&!,#*&##,J! 2%#,--7F! R&! )’&<&#*! ,! #0D&-! 0)*%+,-! ,#*&##,! 3&<%$#^*4&! ,’+4S3%)0-&! ,#*&##,^R4%+4! 4,<! 0)*%5,-! ’,3%,*%0#! &//%+%&#+7! ,#3! <5,--! $,)! <),+%#$! U]! #5V! /,6’%+,*&3!67!BI(:S+05),*%6-&!3&&)SE_!<),+&’!-%*40$’,)47J!84%<!,#*&##,!3&<%$#! ,+4%&D&<!,!<*’0#$!:"T:!<%$#,-!R%*4!,#!,#+&5&#*!/,+*0’!&[+&&3%#$!ON‘!+05),’&3! *0!*4&!,’+4S3%)0-&!,#*&##,!,’’,7\!*4%<!%<!*R0!0’3&’<!0/!5,$#%*=3&!<*’0#$&’!*4,#!*4,*! ! O!! ! 06*,%#&3!/’05!*4&!<*,#3,’3!3%)0-&!,#*&##,!,’’,7!/,6’%+,*&3!67!&S6&,5!-%*40$’,)47J! G&+,=<&!*4&!,#*&##,!$,)!<),+%#$^,!!+’%*%+,-!3%5&#<%0#!0/!*4&!,#*&##,^+,#!6&! 3&/%#&3!67!3&&)SE_!-%*40$’,)47F!&//%+%&#*!0)*%+,-!,#*&##,!,’’,7<!R%*4!<=6SON!#5!$,)! +,#!6&!5,<<S)’03=+&3!=<%#$!+=’’&#*!BI(:!*&+4#0-0$7J! ! ! M!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 80!57!R%/&F!9=#$!WR,! ! ! ! %!! ! !"#$%&’(&)’*!%*!+& !"#$%&’(&)’*+%*+,&---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------&..! /.,+&’(&0.123%,&---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------&.4! 567*’8$%91:%*+,&----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------&4..! );"<+%3&=&>*+3’926+.’*&----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------&=! );"<+%3&?&/.1;+@A"++%3&>*+%3"6+.’*&#B&A%+"$&C"*’<"3+.6$%,&-------------------------------------&D! ?-=&A"+%3."$&E3’<%3+.%,&’(&A%+"$,&"+&F<+.6"$&03%G2%*6.%,&---------------------------------------------------&D! MJOJO!?’=3&S:055&’/&-3!I03&-!JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ!a! MJOJM!10’&#*ZS?’=3&!I03&-!JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ!]! ?-?&H23("6%&E$",:’*&-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------&I! MJMJO!:=’/,+&!@-,<50#!@0-,’%*0#!,*!@-,#,’!Y#*&’/,+&!JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ!b! MJMJM!10+,-%Z&3!:=’/,+&!@-,<50#!T&<0#,#+&!0/!:)4&’%+,-!@,’*%+-&!JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ!c! MJd!Y#*&’,+*%0#!6&*R&&#!1%$4*!,#3!I&*,-!e,#0),’*%+-&!JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ!OM! );"<+%3&J&5*+%**"&02*9":%*+"$,&----------------------------------------------------------------------------------&=K! J-=&F4%34.%8,&’(&5*+%**"&------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------&=K! dJOJO!.#*&##,!T,3%,*%0#!,#3!T&*,’3,*%0#!"//&+*!JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ!Of! dJOJM!B,*&$0’%&<!0/!.#*&##,<!JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ!Ob! J-?&5*+%**"&E%3(’3:"*6%&E"3":%+%3,&------------------------------------------------------------------------------------&?L! dJMJO!T,3%,*%0#!@,**&’#!JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ!MN! dJMJM!?%’&+*%D%*7!JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ!MO! dJMJd!Y#)=*!Y5)&3,#+&F!T,3%,*%0#!T&<%<*,#+&!,#3!T,3%,*%0#!"//%+%&#+7!JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ!MM! dJMJa!.#*&##,!"//&+*%D&!.)&’*=’&!JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ!Md! J-J&MG2.4"$%*+&).362.+&A’9%$&(’3&5*+%**"&------------------------------------------------------------------------------&?N! dJdJO!B%’+=%*!I03&-!/0’!8’,#<5%**%#$!.#*&##,!JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ!M]! dJdJM!B%’+=%*!I03&-!/0’!T&+&%D%#$!.#*&##,!JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ!Mf! );"<+%3&D&F<+.6"$&5*+%**",&"*9&0.%$9&M*;"*6%:%*+&-----------------------------------------------&JL! D-=&)’2<$.*1&"*9&0’62,.*1&/.1;+&#B&F<+.6"$&5*+%**"&---------------------------------------------------------&JL! aJOJO!B0=)-&3SI03&!84&0’7!/0’!.#*&##,!,#3!"//&+*%D&!B’0<<!:&+*%0#<!JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ!dN! aJOJM!1%$4*!20+=<%#$!6&70#3!?%//’,+*%0#!1%5%*!JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ!dd! D-?&M*;"*6%9&H<’*+"*%’2,&M:.,,.’*&#B&F<+.6"$&5*+%**"&------------------------------------------------&JD! aJMJO!:)0#*,#&0=<!"5%<<%0#!%#!2’&&!:),+&!JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ!da! aJMJM!:)0#*,#&0=<!"5%<<%0#!%#!,!B,D%*7H!@=’+&--!"//&+*!JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ!d]! D-J&0.%$9&M*;"*6%:%*+&’(&F<+.6"$&5*+%**"&----------------------------------------------------------------------------&JK! aJdJO!2%&-3!"#4,#+&5&#*!?&’%D,*%0#!/’05!B0=)-&3SI03&!84&0’7!JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ!df! aJdJM!2%&-3!"#4,#+&5&#*!?&’%D,*%0#!/’05!B%’+=%*!I03&-!JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ!db! aJdJd!B0#3%*%0#<!/0’!I,[%5=5!2%&-3!"#4,#+&5&#*!JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ!dc! D-D&5<<$.6"+.’*,&"*9&);"$$%*1%,&’(&F<+.6"$&5*+%**",&--------------------------------------------------------&JO! );"<+%3&N&F<+.6"$&P.<’$%&5*+%**"&’*&Q3’2*9&E$"*%&------------------------------------------------&DI! N-=&R"9."+.’*&M*1.*%%3.*1&S,.*1&Q3’2*9&E$"*%&-------------------------------------------------------------------&DI! N-?&C2:%3.6"$&H.:2$"+.’*&’(&P.<’$%&5*+%**"&’*&Q3’2*9&E$"*%&--------------------------------------&NL! N-J&0"#3.6"+.’*&’(&P.<’$%&5*+%**"&’*&Q3’2*9&E$"*%&----------------------------------------------------------&NJ! ! %%!! ! N-D&MT<%3.:%*+"$&A%",23%:%*+&------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------&ND! ]JaJO!T&/-&+*,#+&!I&,<=’&5&#*!JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ!]a! ]JaJM!"[*’,+*%0#!0/!g=,-%*7!2,+*0’<!/’05!T&/-&+*,#+&!I&,<=’&5&#*!JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ!]]! ]JaJd!:"T:!I&,<=’&5&#*!JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ!]‘! N-N&H2::"3B&------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------&KL! );"<+%3&K&F<.+6"$&E"+6;&5*+%**"&------------------------------------------------------------------------------------&K?! K-=&F<+.6"$&E"+6;&5*+%**"&(’3&S*.(’3:&H2#@N&*:&Q"<&H<"6.*1&---------------------------------------&K?! K-?&C2:%3.6"$&H.:2$"+.’*&’(&E"+6;&5*+%**"&--------------------------------------------------------------------------&KJ! K-J&0"#3.6"+.’*&’(&E"+6;&5*+%**"&----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------&KN! K-D&MT<%3.:%*+"$&A%",23%:%*+&------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------&KK! fJaJO!T&/-&+*,#+&!I&,<=’&5&#*!JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ!ff! fJaJM!:"T:!I&,<=’&5&#*!JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ!f‘! K-N&F<+.6"$&E"+6;&5*+%**"&(’3&)’$’3.:%+3.6&U.’6;%:.6"$&H%*,’3&-----------------------------------&IL! fJ]JO!e,#0),’*%+-&<!/0’!G%0+4&5%+,-!:&#<%#$!JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ!bN! fJ]JM!:%5=-,*%0#!0/!@,*+4!.#*&##,!/0’!()*%5%Z&3!1%$4*!B0=)-%#$!JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ!bM! fJ]Jd!2,6’%+,*%0#!,#3!"[)&’%5&#*,-!I&,<=’&5&#*!JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ!bd! K-K&H2::"3B&------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------&ID! );"<+%3&I&F<+.6"$&536;@P.<’$%&5*+%**"&------------------------------------------------------------------------&IK! I-=&536;@P.<’$%&5*+%**"&+’&F4%36’:%&!3"9%@’((&#%+8%%*&R"9."+.’*&M((.6.%*6B&"*9& H:"$$&Q"<&H<"6.*1&---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------&IK! I-?&C2:%3.6"$&H.:2$"+.’*&’(&536;@P.<’$%&5*+%**"&-------------------------------------------------------------&IV! I-J&0"#3.6"+.’*&’(&536;@P.<’$%&5*+%**"&---------------------------------------------------------------------------------&VL! I-D&MT<%3.:%*+"$&A%",23%:%*+&------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------&VJ! bJaJO!T&/-&+*,#+&!I&,<=’&5&#*!JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ!‘d! bJaJM!:"T:!I&,<=’&5&#*!JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ!‘a! bJaJd!"//&+*!0/!.’+4!@0<%*%0#!0#!.’+4S?%)0-&!.#*&##,!JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ!‘f! I-N&H2::"3B&------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------&VI! );"<+%3&V&)’*6$2,.’*&-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------&VV! R%(%3%*6%,&-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------&O=! ! ! ! ! ! %%!%!
Description: