Energy conservation guidebook

535 Pages·2014·51.338 MB·English

by  Patrick, Dale R

Energy
Conservation Guidebook
Third Edition

Energy
Conservation Guidebook
Third Edition
by
Dale R. Patrick
Stephen W. Fardo
Ray E. Richardson
Brian W. Fardo
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Patrick, Dale R.
Energy conservation guidebook / by Dale R. Patrick, Stephen W. Fardo, Ray E.
Richardson, Brian W. Fardo. -- Third edition.
pages cm
Origninal 1993 edition by Steven R. Patrick, Dale R. Patrick, Stephen W. Fardo.
Includes index.
ISBN 0-88173-716-X (alk. paper) -- ISBN 0-88173-717-8 (electronic) -- ISBN 978-
1-4822-5569-0 (Taylor & Francis distribution : alk. paper) 1. Energy conservation--
Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Fardo, Stephen W. II. Richardson, Ray E., 1961- III. Fardo,
Brian W. IV. Title
TJ163.3.P38 2014
696--dc23
2014011314
Energy conservation guidebook, 3rd edition / by Dale R. Patrick
©2014 by The Fairmont Press, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may
be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system,
without permission in writing from the publisher.
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10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
ISBN-0-88173-716-X (The Fairmont Press, Inc.)
ISBN-978-1-4822-5569-0 (Taylor & Francis Ltd.)
While every effort is made to provide dependable information, the publisher, authors, and
editors cannot be held responsible for any errors or omissions.
The views expressed herein do not necessarily reflect those of the publisher.
Table of Contents
Chapter 1
Introduction/Green Energy Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Reasons for Energy Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
Overview of Energy Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
The Systems Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Chapter 2
Energy Basics/Foundation for Understanding . . . . . . . . . 21
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Humidity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Dew Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Chapter 3
The Building Structure/Saving Money . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Heat Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Heat Gain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Energy Use in Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Factors that Affect Building Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Carpeting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Insulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Design Temperature Difference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Degree-Days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Products for Energy Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Energy Conservation Checklist for Building Structures . . . . . . 76
Chapter 4
Comfort Heating Systems/Saving Natural Resources . . . . . 79
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
The Heating System Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Types of Heating Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
v
Fossil-Fuel Heating Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Forced-Air Gas Furnaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
High-Efficiency Gas Furnaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Fuel Oil-Burning Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Coal-Burning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Heating Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Electric Heating Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Steam and Hot-Water Heating Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Infrared Heating Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Energy Conservation Checklist for Heating Systems . . . . . . . 129
Chapter 5
Summer Air-Conditioning Systems/
Saving Natural Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Air-Condtioning-System
Classifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Air-Conditioning Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Cooling-System Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Split-Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Air-Conditioning-System Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Efficiencies in Air Conditioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Refrigerants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Indoor Air Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Commercial Air Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Energy Recovery Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Energy Conservation Checklist for Air-Conditioning Systems . 195
Chapter 6
Lighting Systems/Improved Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . .199
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Characteristics of Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Types of Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Incandescent Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Fluorescent Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Vapor Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Street Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Led Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Lighting Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Light Dimming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Tips for Energy Conservation in Lighting Systems . . . . . . . . 224
vi
Products For Energy Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Energy Conservation Checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
For Lighting Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
Chapter 7
Water Systems/Saving Our Valuable Resource . . . . . . . . 239
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Water-System Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Water Purification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Water Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Building Plumbing Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Faucets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
Energy Conservation Checklist for Water Systems . . . . . . . . 268
Chapter 8
Electrical Power Systems/Improved Efficiency . . . . . . . . .271
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
Electrical Power System Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
Types of Electrical Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
Electrical Power Production Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Electrical Load Estimating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
Electrical Generators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
On-Site Electrical Power Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
Direct-Current Power Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Power Distribution Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
Electrical Power Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
Electrical Power Conversion (Loads) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
Power-Factor Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
Electrical Motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
Products For Energy Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
Energy Conservation Checklist for Electrical Systems . . . . . . 325
Chapter 9
Solar Energy Systems/Green Possibility . . . . . . . . . . . .327
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
Types of Solar Energy Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
Solar Air-Conditioning Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
Photovoltaic Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
Domestic Solar Hot-Water Heating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
Products for Energy Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
vii
Future of Solar Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
Energy Conservation Checklist For Solar Systems . . . . . . . . 353
Chapter 10
Instrumentation and Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .355
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
Temperature-Measuring Instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
Nonelectrical Instrumentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
Electronic Temperature Instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
Humidity Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
Pressure Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
Electrical Measurement and Instrumentation . . . . . . . . . . . 383
Flow-Measuring Instrumentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
Chapter 11
Energy Management/for Going Green . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
Energy Use In Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
Considerations for Effective Energy Management . . . . . . . . 410
Developing an Energy Management Program . . . . . . . . . . . 412
Suggestions for Building Owners and Operators . . . . . . . . . 413
Energy Audit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
Energy Audit Checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
Energy Saving through Preventive Maintenance . . . . . . . . . 417
Equipment Scheduling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
Computerized Energy Management Systems . . . . . . . . . . . 422
Computer Networked Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428
Energy Conservation Checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432
for Energy Management Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432
Chapter 12
Alternative Energy Systems/More Green Possibilities . . . .437
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
Geothermal Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
Wind Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443
Tidal Power Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444
Biomass Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
Cogeneration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448
Magnetohydrodynamics (Mhd) Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448
Nuclear Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450
viii
Nuclear Fission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451
Nuclear Fusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453
Hydrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
Fuel Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
Chapter 13
Energy Cost Reduction /Going Green . . . . . . . . . . . . . .457
Introduction / Green Energy Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457
Assessing Energy Consumption /Affecting the Environment . . 458
Building Structure / Saving Money . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461
Heating and Cooling / Saving Natural Resources . . . . . . . . 465
Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467
Water / Saving Our Valuable Resource . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470
Electrical Appliances / Improved Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
Landscaping / Green Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476
Energy Management Program / for Going Green . . . . . . . . . 478
Appendix 1
Basic Electrical Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .481
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501
ix