Table Of Content

Endocrinology at a Glance BEN GREENSTEIN v n v ache lone Ose ga ford ON? Sa ie a kl Soe KR Align No rar of looser roading or ster, Sy ste Tyas Hane Kong ‘eonce he Unie Kiso ‘fk Waa egy vss So) Msn sec, Foo RIS) A cto eso fh “Fadl aso Grn. Wenerale Tale {ONIN Fiore Giants 2 Nooo wit tongs 0) pares oat Contents Antcoducton, / 26 Female reproduction: VI, 98 1 Eadocrne glands 27 Mae seproduction: 1 2 Chemica ransmision, (0 28 Male reproduction: I, 2 3. Mechanisms of hormone action: I. 12 29 Male reproduction: I 64 44 Mechanisms of hormone atom: I, 14 30 Gonadotrophinvelesing hormone as an example 5 Homone anton, 0 fof an endocrine peptide hormane, (6 Methods in endocrinology 18 Oxytocin, 68 1 Princpks of feedback contol bia, Vineprenin, 70 pity and target sands, 20 38. Renin-ansiotnsin—adesteroe sytem, 72 8 The neuroendocrine anatomy of the hypothalams 34 The pitead ghd, 74 nt pituitary gan, 22 9 The hywoid 1 26 10, The thyroid: Hh, 26 3S testi: 1,76 26 tosin: HI, 78 57 esutn: tH, Lae thyroid: 28 ' 38 Glucagon, $2 12 The adrenal sland 1 30 13. Tae adrenal gland: 1,32 14 The adrenal gland: I 34 39. Gastrointestinal hormones, $4 0) Endocrine hormones and energy metabolism, 1. Endocrine tepuaton of calcium: 1, $8 15 Mhciadreset gla TY; 26 42 Endocrine reguliton of clsium: I, 90 apnene-misihie «3. Endocrine repulaton of elem: 1, 82 he adrenal gla: V1, #0 4A Grow hormanes: 1, 98 1 Sena iferentation nd development: 12 |S Gos hese th os 19) Sesul iterentation amd developments M44 20. Sexual diferentaton and development: I, 46 46 Grow hormones: I, 98 447 Edocrine~immune intcractions, 1) 48 Steoidogenesis enzymes, M2 22 Female reproduction: U, 50 Tt senna, 1s 23 Female reproduction: Ml, 52 Glossary of terms, 104 24 Female reproduction: 1V, 4 Indes, 07 25. Female reproduction: V, 56 Introduction Endocrinology ato Glance i intended toe just that Was toon designed snd wien a0 th the digrams and ex oa emit eachother, ad Bot reo he mated. The empha Fe been om the diagrams, amd wonth have Beem kept 10 ‘Suen il ce in onde te pes ad pss well a esemiaton ‘logy whe nee rofer rap othe enecinine wnderying several excelent extbooks of endcerinlogy. which nerve as ‘cf reference tents; and some of which have boc sed ‘ring he tg hs Hook Every atemp has been made resent the date acutely alto prove the mon! aptdte and relable information vable, When speculative dst are given, their agility has hoor imlicated. Neverthe, every water, exec his ne, Schuman, and the reader spt ses OF # ck of ch has any ragestons to improve or ad the presentation, Accdoack willbe prety spree td aceon ee Tatouilti te ak the ty undead modi dental andacencestodeatwho ave sri and used the diagran, ‘r tmne ones, ewer the your aud whose situs have Fliabeth Briss, ‘Kay Chan, Yacoub haber, Muathor haat an Adam Greentein Cor ending ad comenting ‘afl of Blackwell Science Lad, and particularly Dr Stuart TTalor and Ema Lyach, whote friendly caoouragement ad tv cheered ne on Ben Greenstein London 1986 1 Endocrine glands ‘a Many aspects of hoy function ae controled ty the endocrine doer thin by meats of slondh whi sctte chemvets or honmonet. The tein culbcrine eee to a ih tat reewes thee into the bode. THE PRINCIPAL ENDOCRINE GLANDS ‘The bral the entre ofthe ners pte ui ho tons of the most mpornt enone sande Spevalized nerve tals i cern parts of the bain, notably the bypotola, syatherae hormones which are tramporte along te 110810 the ee mH hy at an i he pe teveuth the hypothalamus. fa se wes THe ANON the icaroetdocin cell poet awe to the pitty cll nth (Gee pope 23). These bnrtones conch, fox empl, sll Sa 1 cortcoeophin easing hoemone (CRF: CRH): 2 dopamine (prolactin hormone: PIE 3 growthhormone-elosing hormone (GIH: somata: 4 Sonltrpheleaang hormone (CARH CRE Soatustain (pot-hornonennibiing hormone: GHEN) Tiyrtvophin-selesing hormone {UR}: “The ptr and semesizs several hormones which onto the fanoton of mary. of the other <tocrne pnd. Thee houmonse ne snthened in fren sll types of ferent Totes he psy The paar land composed, ana ically. of two lobes, sntenor an posterior, which ase Hom “ferent emyologkl onglns. The ater pty proms the hae ofthe bin nd hrefre tra neural oni The totes become dowsly pened wo ac ahr to Ton the pubs The pina mons ofthe piuitary ghd area follows, (a) conietronin(adrenosrietonhie hormone: ACTH (0) foticle-simutating hormone FSH) {e) lutein homme (LH). {a puna RL). {e) throrophin (hyoidximulaing hoemone {0 srowth hormone Gamatotrophin, GI. (0) spree (6) elancestestinulting hormone (MSH). 1st) fn issued jst infront of the trachea Cand bhind the lawns). ‘The tyrek-hormone produc cols. which ate Sonceiting fone which asad the synthe of the ‘tyros! hormone. The cling hormones are Byrne (Ta) imetatolte of Te . ‘The paratyruit sands, which ae embed ia the hoi THT pays an ioportant patio dhe contol of levels of callus And papa n he loo. ‘he praca cl a sks nthe tbo. ctteed between the tyr flces. "They prsace rl “The adrenal ands estate jes stove the kidneys, and ate composed of fm oucr liver or erie, am a6 lane ver, oF iota, The two layers have dierent fanctone: the cortex frodice steeu! hoanoner and the mela preuces the c= {cholimine. The adrenal medulla 6 mow gangen. The oxmones progused ar: (a) the glaocortcoite,prncally conta sm humans, are (@) the mineatocricodh. prinspllyaostorons, conta 2 metus (©) aerating (ied epinephrine ia the USA): (9) noradrenaline (norepinephrine) [us comical terms. the prefs nor denotes the removal of & ‘many (CH) group trom 2 molecule} ‘The endocrine pancreas coms of let cols settee in the larger exocrine pancreas, which lies ajcent to the slomsch, (Te tem “exocrine veers to glands which have dots. and Svhich te not covered in ths Bock) The eadocnne pancreas Contains eth which cee the hormones: warn 1 esting: Sicha “The tater the mar mae reproductive gla, and produces {3 Mallerian regression (or inubting) factor (ft) ‘The ovaries ant texts ae termed the goad “The gasroimtstinal tract (GAT the largest endocrine orn ant ines soe sine, purine an cnc 1 cholecjtakinin (CCK): 6 stance 4 Nanna neta pti (VI). ‘Many ofthese are abo spnthesizcd i the bra though octane os ot uncovered “The pine gland i ite the rain and ivetved ith rhytme for example. the fepraducive rythns of animals ‘shick breed sean i ole se humans i not kaw for eran, The pine gland produces lato The hiney isa excretory organ, tring soluble waste prod lca dre from the exealatnn. Hao puss boone mold in the contol of Blond presse ann enthropoesit (rodacton of red Hows eo): 2 Gythropoict. ‘The placenta, which the organ of pregnancy serving the develop fet, prduces a gest umber xf hormone a ‘of wach ae produced Hy other glans. Two hormones wach fre produced persis by the placenta at 1 chorinie gomadotophin (CG: BCG: h, human 2 paceral ltagen CP" “The thymus, which overs the eat, essential for owmat feta arth The thymus rai imate tsapaests at ‘roses them toa mature sae, thereby paying a important ote fa the tomune system. The oxgan produces and scretes several peptides ft the citealaton and is beconting spare {hot thew may Be important hormone, They ine {ihe thse family of opti ‘numb of otberhormone ander Fictrs are prac ty the npn, for exemple, vitamin D by the Une akin amt Chemical transmission Hormones are chemi mestngers whic are prescat the smplest toms of if. Ins has Been mts in Karr foi hacterion, proving hat herons evolved wy ee 0 sample #1 Tike rom actor (CGF i, whic ma 1 Peeve: acing on wegharag or dst cle, sperated Sali, hic i Sstted by B els the peers and which ‘Mest the secretion of anther hoesone,glaston, by the A $Bdicrine: ating om ell or ongan at estan ites to which {heya cried in he Moadsteam or trogh note gue lacing sjstem, such a the lymph. amples of endosroe A deuoesdocines tis i realy purine oF aden, seep that the hornonss ae syMhcased an 8 Herve cll ncurne} wich eeleier te hormone adjuecnt wo the tage Sell (parasrine. oF rekon i nig the Maas, wich ‘ude tr Ue ue calla of the tomer Iron \otrophincelewing ewone (GER), wick a1 Neon 5 cua: ths ic nurotisasision,whish $a form of paracrine ‘tet mben a shombal selene by en ncuron aM act on n-adjcenneurne, sly (exe or stele fuor cheoisalatsy, Those shemale ferme sno rrowoniers, tor exanple, aecteholiae acd noradetaline, Necrowamaniters proce vitally hlananoous elles wren some chem hae me mlb eget {Hct oo the cagstongin, and wre terme frome noepine (ce pape 35) are neuromodulators aie auneiphes, where ey ave tare aia lyf te same series, em ‘or example, civerone secreted by the sive’, and bombykol. secrete by fe ikon th Newwotansvision is Boconirg instesingly important in the stud of endocinlogy athe ok ofthe bin os an eadetine oF the boie ingles whic wil be sete To ater ME "Whe te nerves es he ena, J ege a rey bs) (Snails || ees {roe acanoramiter tothe gps ce yma, ewe the saher membrane proce aud intracellular "cond tnesenere inactivated hy enzymes fe. in the cate of Jestholne), oF lake plat the ance Wat released thom and metabolized orate). The lane of the ews tay cilulatod and nied by (i) autoreceptors on the nerve ‘Ginna fro high Was skeeed. a that further rlese of the menrotrayier ited and (i) by presyoaple ti bison, sm another aeorome ymapns i he ere ee oF a 22 te a ‘The movement of hema Dewer cells nd organs many Cases ay contoled inorder fo maintain adequate concen sive ae, transport and metahotne thens Several mechanism ae Ditton i the overeat of molecule i suid phat, ad i random thermal (sometimes called Brownian) mati, If Solutions containing the ste cheseal, one conceatated ane ie completly permeable and pase, the conrentations ofthe ‘hema on either sige othe ecbrane wll evenly end up being the te. This seats there are many mole ofthe chomicl a the conccntatd side, and therefore a statistical ‘eater probably of movement fom the more conceteated Side t the more ise sie of the membrane. Exenoaly, wher ‘he concentrations are equal on oh ses, ‘he nt change of citer side becomes 27. Lpophile fat-slute) maeeues ust St akonol and the erode fae rely eros al ol ‘al membrarss Facitated tamport (abo salled fitted ition) i the frunsport of ehemcals across membranes by camer proteins Teansport chemicals agaist a. copeentation gragien. The ‘mocanbon can e speci ia Mat ober subsanes wit iar bythe caer protein The numbers of transporter protein may intn (ce page 78. Active tompont isn’ "tlt treet ‘at ‘Shemale ate elped aero the membrans by pein within {ic mado, the processes ener it the fom of adenosine tiptesputs (ATP) o:_ other “metaboie els. Therefore chemicals can be tansprted across the membrane against = ‘enceatraion grader, nd the anspor! provers canbe ine Tuned by metatolie poisons or other ese of ak of ener etn 9.28 Goma tanaue tive transpert i sir ta an ensmeatayed reaction n seme respects its subjest to steady-state kiretss When effin Jnana net notement of chemicals oocurs An enzyme binds a strate with high ani, and es emery to convert ito 8 product which t releases cai An ative rasp pole binds the olceule to be eansperted with hgh ality oh ene side of the membrane and ees energy to anspor it 1 the othe sie, ‘whet it eases the molecule unchanged, Tons suc as Ne’ aed are moved aro membranes by oot transport. on channds mediate setive ueaspot, and consist of protins ‘ontnng ehorged in ach that may orm etalon sed Inscthaton ater. Hon channel may be activated by rsepon, ‘or by vllage changes though the col membrane Chass of the on Ca" eon be setae hy these two metho meal menbrane, from > ompartment of low slate concen lectin to eae whic has a proacrconceaation ofthe flue ‘sualy water, in bloga artes) Colle wil sink or swell ‘opending on the oncraratios of th soles on either side of Phageeto and pineytosi are hath xamplas of endoeytoss, ‘which the mothod hereby stances can enter the ool ‘thou having to pas though the cell membrane. Phagocytosis isthe ingestion or'swallowing ofa sold pate by ace while pinot isthe ingestion oud. Roeper edited endo {oss isthe ingestion of special recognized substances by Coated pita These ave par f te membrane which are coated ‘eth specs membrane proteins, whic ince 9 protein elle clathrin Eesti the moverent of substances oof he cll Ne ‘oransmiters an horriones wick ate sored inthe aml ves ‘les or packet are secreted or tleaed from the cel in which they are sored by exosyion, when the Vee Mass Wh he membrane. funom When hemones are secreted fi the ls many ae Jnmediately bound o plana rots The roti nay 16053 ‘ie the hormone species Bin ith igh anit ard “Spoil, tor example, the hindng of sex hormones by SHBG (Gre page $1). Other protsiny eich a album, ao bind ny bormtnesinclaing thyroid hormone sath Sex horses ih ‘ch ler afin not so tight) ‘An equitbriom is setup Seteen the ibe and oud her sone, thats xed rqprton of the ores Vaves fee lan! inom, while mos carried bound. I x carenity Telived tat only the fee fraction of the hormone is phi Torclly ace and available tothe tases and fr metabo, ‘When hormone is hound 1 plsma pratsins i physics ‘aly instive and js also protected from metatol enzymes fn organ such asthe Incr. Plm binding of hormones is alo imporan ke deupiseractons, inc some drugs such aspirin cam daphne other substances from thir binding site onthe sain molecule 2 Mechanisms of hormone actio! Moran intent with tit angel ceangh primacy ino scketvely. thus enafertingspocitc'y of response. Charged mel ees ech as eptes and neous tere cep fom the cell membrane: This exine 4 sorfommtionsl cape ‘other nibrane aroing wien seat ‘esuling inthe sees of seennd msn Phowphoryatingeneyme ‘Cncharsed elects soc asthe steroid hormones hard rouone and vitamin D, dfse into fhe esl and iad “0 The hormone reepto” comple bins to specie nrc response cmon (HRE} on he DNA. and mRNA end poten 4 € fesitetrontn ——+_5 Fl. 98 Mra spree MEMBRANE REC ePTORS “Thre repo cam he ivinguihed i embrane roeptrs the cxtcllubr: the memtranespanning: athe ‘ntsrlular ‘Sons he extol, Serial domain has the nore binding min and ako oy vont ses thous nat nonr whur thine earbldrte additions tothe voce pioy any part in hor none bandits, The extacollar domain thc bis the rseplor len rich nese reds, wach Tov igi pocket in which the baemone s sma Te trans membrane feren sors fone oF ve scemcas made UF of Iydrophoti (ancharge) amino sci erage Bealls ws role my ncude the wneoring ofthe reer inthe memorans Diteren suns within he membrane may be held topsites by aes oS Inka (fhe tn ei pte The nay be liked wit anger membre protec peta acta fejmes whish are gmaosiac tphoaphatmes (GTPoi:). The fete ecioneps reeetor w on expe of « © pre Eated oupor, Another lta his incase insta cpt, 9 {he intaslsar drmai aw teri poten kina The one "he brine tthe eto, whi its a membrane G protein which mane io Ine receptor. the inactive sate the 6 protein birds GDP shies exchanged for GTP a a subcnit fet he protein ativats adults else to convert ATP to {ie second mesenger eye AME Aden eeate aialed ‘te plana membeae, bu des not sel ind the bormene suttait o aspect poten kinase (PKA), wich forme prt a ‘cacao nace phosphors etling ine cel ‘Seat means of anpliving the reeptor-Bomone intersetion Once formed cAMP apy brake dea by heen pos Phodictermse An example 0" hormone operating Throash IMonyate case is aenalie. thnoush the adgeaeric bet lnmoncs can price iniiry fests om el lth ray he ashleved though the fact that some © protein sich iy rey bit adenleteepelase, Uns hibit the Ko the inkibtion of adensate eycare tough the icing ot oradreatine 1 ie alp->-Geeplr ob the pesjaapie Herve teen