Endemic harvestmen and spiders of Austria (Arachnida: Opiliones, Araneae)

2011·13.8 MB·English

by  Christian Komposch

1
Arachnologische Mitteilungen40:65-79 Nuremberg,January201
Endemic harvestmen and spiders of Austria (Arachnida: Opiliones,Araneae)
Christian Komposch
doi:10.5431/aramit4008
Abstract:Acomprehensiveoverviewofplant,fungusandanimalspeciesofAustriarevealedatotalof748endemic
and subendemic species,including, 11 harvestman and 46 spiderspecies.Altogethertwo endemic harvestmen
(Nemastomabidentatumrelictum,Nemastomaschuelleri)and8endemicspiders{Abacoproecesmolestus,Collinsia(caliginosa)nemen-
ziana,Mughiphantesseverus,Mughiphantesstyriacus,Pelecopsisalpica,Scotophaeusnanus, Troglohyphantesnovicordis, Troglohyphantes
tauriscus),beside9subendemic harvestman and 38subendemicspiderspecies have been recordedfrom Austria.
Hot-spotsofendemism inthe Eastern Alpsarethe north-eastern (EnnstalerAlps) and southern CalcareousAlps
(Karawanken,KarnischeAlps)andtheCentralAlps(HoheTauern,GurktalerAlps,ÖtztalerandStubaierAlps).Most
ofthe endemicarachnid species occurfrom the nival down tothe montanezone.Important habitatsare rocky
areas,cavesand woodlands.High absolute numbersand percentagesofendemicscan befound withinthe har-
vestman families Cladonychiidae,Ischyropsalididae and Nemastomatidae and in the spidergenera Lepthyphantes
s.Land Troglohyphantes.Jheconservation statusofthese highlyendangeredtaxa -85%ofthespiderspeciesand
100%ofthe harvestmantaxaareendangered in Austria-ispoor.
Key words: conservation, Eastern Alps,endangering,endemism, ice age, massifs de refuge, nunataks, red list,
subendemics,protection,vertical distribution
Zoogeographyappearstobeoneofthemostamusingandstimulatingofthenaturalsciences:
everyfewyearsitsfundamentalconceptschangeandonecanbeginanew.
PaoloMarcello BRIGNOLI (1983: 181)
Theso-calledEasternAlpsbelongtothe30-35mil- (MAHNERT 2009), 11 harvestman (KOMPOSCH
lionyearoldEuropeanAlpinesystem,andarelargely 2009a)and46spiderspecies(KOMPOSCH2009b)can
contained within the national borders ofAustria. be found (Fig. 1,2). Scorpions (KOMPOSCH 2009c)
DespiteintensiveresearcheffortsbyseveralAustrian and palpigrades (CHRISTIAN 2009) include no real
zoologists in the past, like Rudolf Heberdey, Karl (sub)endemicspecies ofAustria,whereas 10 oribatid
Holdhaus, Herbert Franz and HeinzJanetschek or mites (SCHATZ SCHUSTER2009) are classified as
theGermanGustafdeLattinaswellasmorerecently endemic and subendemic; many more oribatids are
renowned„Alpine-arachnologists“likeKonradThaler pseudoendemics,i.e.thecurrenttaxonomyoffaunis-
andJürgenGruber,acomprehensivefaunalcatalogue ticknowledgeisnotsufficientandawiderdistribution
for the region is lacking. is assumed.
Arecentstudy,co-ordinatedbythe Environment So why is it important to publish these data in
Agency Austria (Umweltbundesamt), aimed to fill addition to the endemics book?This is done for the
A
this deficit. comprehensive overview of plant, following reasons: first the endemics book is ofre-
fungus and animal species,whose range lies entirely gionaldistribution,mainlyspreadinAustria,anddue
(endemics) or predominantly (subendemics) within tothesmallprintrunitwillsoonbesoldout(compare
the political borders ofAustria, has nowbeen com- BLICK2009).SeconditiswritteninGerman,andfor
&
pleted (RABITSCH ESSL 2009). Altogether 748 therelevantchaptersevenanEnglishabstractismiss-
(sub)endemic animal and plant species have been ing. The present publication closes this gap for the
identified. Among the 548 animal species in Aus- arachnological section. Furthermore it expands and
tria 10 pseudoscorpion (7 endemic, 3 subendemic) updates the knowledge ofthe two treated arachnid
groups.
ChristianKOMPOSCH,ÖKOTEAM-InstituteforAnimalEcology MaterialandMethods
aAunsdtrLiaa.ndE-sMcaaipl:ecP.lkaonnmipnogs,[email protected],8010Graz, This paper dealswith species and subspecies,whose
ranges lie entirely (endemics) or predominantly
submitted:19.1.2010,accepted:20.4.2070;online:10.1.2011 (subendemics)withinthepoliticalbordersofAustria.
66 C.Komposch
Figure1:Habitusofendemicand subendemicharvestmenofAustria.From lefttorightandfromthetopdownwards:Holo-
scotolemonunicolor,Paranemastomabicuspidatum,Ischyropsaliskollari,Megabunusarmatus,Leiobunumroseum,Leiobunum
subalpinum.
Subendemics are definedin this context as taxawith federalcountries-havebeenprintedbytheEnviron-
morethan75 %oftheirtotalrangewithinAustriaor mentAgencyAustria (UBA).Allphotoswere taken
ifthey are local or regional endemics with less than bythe author.
10knownlocalitiesoriftheirareaisrestrictedtoless
than1000km2respectivelywithlessthan75%oftheir Results
&
totalrange inAustria (RABITSCH ESSL2009). The geographical localisation and digitalisation of
Allavailable,publishedandunpublished,dataon all available data facilitated the present drawings of
endemic and subendemic harvestmen and spiders distribution maps (appendix 1, 2) and - for the first
havebeencollected,reviewed,geographicallylocated, time-theclearidentificationofcentresandhotspots
digitised and stored in a private database (data base offaunal endemismwithin the EasternAlps.
ÖKOTEAM).Altogethermore than2250 data-sets A complete list ofall endemic and subendemic
were analysed (Araneae: 1050, Opiliones: 1200). harvestman and spider taxa is given in table 1, a se-
The distribution maps (see appendix) -showingthe lection ofhabitus photographs is presented in figure
natural zones as well as the political borders ofthe 1. Altogether two endemic (Nemastoma bidentatum
EndemieharvestmenandspidersinAustria 67
Figure2:HabitusofendemicandsubendemicspidersofAustria.Fromlefttorightandfromthetopdownwards:Mughiphantes
variabilis,Xysticussecedens,Troglohyphantestauriscus,Troglohyphantesnoricus.
relictum, Nemastomaschnellen and nine subendemic in Austria. Rich in endemic spiders and harvestmen
)
harvestmen are recorded from Austria (table 1, ap- are the mountainous federal states of Styria (St),
pendix 1). The spider fauna shows eight endemic Carinthia (C),Tyrol (T) and Salzburg(S).MAURER
(.Abacoproeces molestus, Collinsia (caliginosa) nemen- 5c HÄNGGI (1990) pointed out, that endemics of
ziana Mughiphantesseverus, Mughiphantesstyriacus, the Northern Alps mostly show bigger areas than
,
Pelecopsis alpica, Scotophaeus nanus, Troglohyphantes south-alpineones.Concerningthefaunaofthewhole
novicordis, Troglohyphantes tauriscus) and 38 suben- Alpine arc this is definitively correct. With respect
demicspecies (table 1,appendix2).Therefore atotal to the distribution maps ofAustrian (sub)endemics
of57subendemic andendemicharvestman (11) and it could hardlybe verified, as the politicalborders of
spider (46) species canbe foundwithintheAustrian AustriacompriseamuchbiggerareaoftheNorthern,
Republic. Regarding the main vertical distribution as opposed to the Southern,Alps.
of Opiliones and Araneae in the Eastern Alps the
collinezone (115uptoca.250-400/500m) harbours Discussion
2 harvestmen and 4 spider species, the submontane The number ofendemic and subendemic arachnids
(up to ca. 350-500/700 m) 3 / 9,the montane (up to withinAustriais remarkablyhigh and differswidely
ca. 1500-2000 m) 10 / 21, the subalpine (up to ca. in the nine federal states (Bundesländer). Centres of
1800-2100m) 8/23,thealpine(uptoca.2500-2800 arachnologicalandzoologicaldiversityandendemism
m) 3 / 18, and the nivale zone (up to 3798 m) 1 / 6 are, within the entire Alps, the Southern Calcare-
species. Ofthe (sub)endemic taxa, 39 spider species ous Alps with their peak in the south-western parts
(85%)are“CriticallyEndangered”upto“Vulnerable” (Mercantour National Park and Alpi Marittime
andtwospecies(4%)areplacedinthecategory“Data NP) (Maurer 5cThaler 1988). The hotspot of
deficient” (KOMPOSCH in press b). All 11 harvest- arachnologicalendemisminAustriaissituatedinthe
man taxa are vulnerable or endangered in Austria Eastern Alps. Followingthe definitions ofsubende-
(KOMPOSCH 2009d). mismofRABITSCH5cESSL(2009)thearachnological
The horizontal distribution of arachnids shows hotspots inAustria are the central HoheTauern (C,
majordifferencesbetweenthe differentnaturalareas S,T) and the GurktalerAlps (C, S, St),but also the
68 CKomposch
Table1:Listofendemic(E),subendemic(S),and pseudoendemic(P) harvestmen (Opiliones)andspider(Araneae)speciesof
Austria,relatedtothealtitudinalzonesoftheirmainoccurrenceinthearea(collinetonivale).RLA=Red Listofendangered
harvestmenandspidersofAustria (Komposch2009d,Komposchinpress).Categoriesofendangermentused:LC=LeastConcern,
NT= NearThreatened,DD=Data Deficient,VU=Vulnerable,EN=Endangered,CR=CriticallyEndangered.*Tapinocybaaffinis
isendemictothealpinemountainoussystem(Thaler 1999).Thesubspeciesorientalis,although notclearlyshown uptonow,
seemstohaveawiderdistribution inSlovakia,Czech RepublicandGermany(Miludge 1979,Komposch2009b,Blickin litt.);in
thiscaseitwould losethesubendemic-statusinAustria.
g c .5
RLA a~ §g c g .2 T3
family taxon E/S
U CA
Opiliones (harvestmen)
1 Cladonychiidae Holoscotolemon unicolorRoewer, 1915 S EN 1 1 1
2 Nemastomatidae Mitostomaalpinum (Hadzi, 1931) S EN 1 1
3 NemastomabidentatumrelictumGruber&Martens, 1968 E EN 1 1
4 NemastomaschnellenGruber&Martens, 1968 E EN 1 1 1
5 Paranemastomabicuspidatum (C.L. Koch, 1835) S EN 1 1
6 Ischyropsalididae IschyropsalishadziiRoewer, 1950 S EN 1
7 IschyropsaliskollariC. L. Koch, 1839 S VU 1 1111 111
8 Phalangiidae Megabunusarmatus(Kulczynski, 1887) S EN
9 MegabunuslessertiSchenkel, 1927 S VU 1 1
10 Sclerosomatidae Leiobunumroseum C.L. Koch, 1839 S EN 1 1
11 Leiobunumsubalpinum Komposch, 1998 S VU 1 1
Araneae (spiders)
1 Linyphiidae AbacoproecesmolestusThaler, 1973 E CR 1
EN
2 Centrophantesroeweri(Wiehle, 1961) S 1 1
3 Collinsia(caliginosa) nemenzianaThaler, 1980 E VU 1
4 DiplocephalusrostratusSchenkel, 1934 S EN
VU
5 Incestophanteskotulai(Kulczynski, 1904) s 1
DD
6 Meionetaalpica(Tanasevitch,2000) s 1
7 MeionetaressliWunderlich, 1973 s VU 1
8 MetopobactrusnodicornisSchenkel, 1927 s EN 1
9 MicrargusalpinusRelys&Weiss, 1997 s VU 1
VU
10 Mughiphantesarmatus(Kulczynski, 1905) s
CR
11 Mughiphantesrupium (Thaler, 1984) s 1
12 Mughiphantesseverus(Thaler, 1990) E CR 1
13 Mughiphantesstyriacus(Thaler, 1984) E CR 1
& EN
14 Mughiphantestriglavensis(Miller Polenec, 1975) s 1 1
NT
15 Mughiphantesvariabilis(Kulczynski, 1887) s 1 1
16 Palliduphantesmontanus(Kulczynski, 1898) s LC 1 1
17 PelecopsisalpicaThaler, 1991 E CR 1
EN
18 Scotinotylusclavatus(Schenkel, 1927) s 1 1
VU
19 SilometopusrosemariaeWunderlich, 1969 s 1 1
20 Styloctetorausterus(L. Koch, 1884) s VU 1
CR
21 SyedraapetlonensisWunderlich, 1992 s 1
NT
22 TapinocybaaffinisorientalisMillidge, 1979 s* 1 1
NT
23 Tenuiphantesjacksonoides(VanHelsdingen, 1977) s 1 1 1
24 TroglohyphantesfageiRoewer, 1931 s VU 1 1
EndemieharvestmenandspidersinAustria 69
submontane
montane subalpine
family taxon E/S RLA colline alpine nival
25 TroglohyphanteskarawankorumDeeleman-Reinhold,1978 S CR 1 1
26 TroglohyphanteslatzeliThaler, 1986 S CR 1 1
VU
27 Troglohyphantesnoricus(Thaler8cPolenec, 1974) S 1 1 1
28 TroglohyphantesnovicordisThaler, 1978 E CR 1
29 TroglohyphantessubalpinusThaler, 1967 S VU 1 1 1
30 TroglohyphantestauriscusThaler, 1982 E EN 1 1
31 TroglohyphantesthaleriMiller8cPolenec, 1975 S VU 1 1 1
CR
32 TroglohyphantestyphlonetiformisAbsolon8cKratochvil,1932 S 1 1
33 Tetragnathidae PachygnathaterilisThaler, 1991 s EN 1 1
34 Lycosidae ArctosarenidescensBuchar&Thaler, 1995 s EN 1 1
VU
35 Pardosagiebeli(Pavesi, 1873) s 1 1
36 PardosasaturatiorSimon, 1937 s VU 1 1 1
37 Agelenidae TegenariamirificaThaler, 1987 s CR 1
NT
38 Hahniidae Cryphoecalichenum lichenumL.Koch, 1876 s 1 1
39 Cryphoecalichenum. nigerrimaThaler, 1978 s EN 1 1
40 Gnaphosidae HaplodrassusaenusThaler, 1984 s EN 1 1
41 HaplodrassusbohemicusMiller8cBuchar, 1977 s CR 1
42 ScotophaeusnanusWunderlich, 1995 E? EN 1
43 ZeloteszellensisGrimm, 1982 s VU 1 1
DD
44 Philodromidae PhilodromusdepriesteriBraun, 1965 s 1
45 ThanatusfirmetorumMuster8cThaler,2003 s VU 1 1 1
46 Thomisidae XysticussecendensL. Koch, 1876 s VU 1 1 1
ÖtztalerandStubaierAlps (T) aswellastheKoralpe CalcareousAlps (Styria,Upper and LowerAustria).
(C,St) (allCentralAlps),the GesäuseNationalPark Regarding a wider definition of subendemism the
(EnnstalerAlps, Northern Calcareous Alps, St) and Austrian number one would be the Southeastern
in particular the Karawanken (Southern Calcareous Calcareous Alps with the Karawanken and Steiner
Alps, C) with their massifs de refuge, marking the AlpsattheborderlinebetweenCarinthia/Austriaand
margin of the Wiirm-ice-shields (Fig. 3). Regions Slovenia,followedbytheKarnischeAlps,markingthe
outside the Alps are poor in endemics. For spiders borderbetween Carinthia/Austria and Italy.
and harvestmen a maximum of12 taxa pergrid-cell
was found in Austria. Concerning all animals, the Withoutattemptingtoexplaintheoriginoftheseen-
maximum was 46 taxa in a grid cell in the Gesäuse demicsindetail,Iwouldliketopointoutthree main
NP (St).The Hochobir (Fig. 4) in the Karawanken reasonsfortherichnessofthesmall-scaledistributed
(Southern CalcareousAlps,C) came secondwith41 species in theAlps:
A
endemic taxa. comparison between the arachno-
logicalhotspots (Fig.5) andtheseofthewholefauna 1) Therecentclimatehistorywithlarge-scaleexpansi-
(RABITSCH8cESSL2009:882)revealsaquitesimilar onofthelastice-shields(Fig.3isofimportanceto
picture.Differencescanbefoundinthearaneological understandtoday'sdistributionranges.Likeother
hotspotintheÖtztalerandStubaierAlps,intensively zoogeographers, DE LATTIN (1967) previously
explored by Konrad Thaler and his students, and pointed out that the geological event with the
-probablyamethodicalartefact—the comparatively strongest influence on the Holarctic faunas was
low frequency in the eastern parts ofthe Northern irruptionbythePleistoceneice-ages.HOLDHAUS
-
70 C.Komposch
(1954)wroteaboutthe“rettungsloseVernichtung” highAlpine andmountainous areas forbuildingand
[desperatedevastation] oftheAlpinefaunabythe expandingski-regions;abigproblemistheenormous
glaciations. need for water for ski cannons, which leads to the
2) TheAlpineinhabitantswerepushedtowardsrefu- construction ofwaterreservoirs,waterdiversion and
giabytheglaciations(e.g.BRIGNOLI 1983,WEISS the destruction of spring communities, brooklets
6eFERRAND2007),thenunderwentevolutionary and brooks). Furthermore climate warming leads to
processes and post-glacial re-immigration over habitatloss andendangers coldstenothermicspecies
both shortandlongdistances (HOLDHAUS 1954, inhabiting rather low peripheral mountain chains
JANETSCHEK 1956,THALER2003). of the Alps, which were not glaciated during the
3) Survivalwaspossible in massifs de refuge,i.e.un- Pleistocene;DlRNBÖCKetal.inpress).Despitethese
glaciatedmassifsattheperipheryoftheiceshields various hazardous impacts on sensitive habitats and
(e.g. Fig. 3), in caves and-quite rarely—on inner theirspecies,endemicarachnidsandinsectsaresofar
Alpine nunataks (MAURER 6c HÄNGGI 1990, not protected byAustrian laws.The coverage ofthe
Holderegger6cThiel-Egenter2009).Nu- distribution ofendemics by nature reserves is rather
nataks are steep mountainpeaksfree ofice,which poor.FirstlynoneoftheAustriannatureconservation
appearthrough the ice crust. areasorNationalParkshasbeenestablisheduptonow
in response to a high or even outstanding diversity
Due to the particular forms of glaciation (Fig. 3), amongendemicinvertebrates.Notmorethan10%of
survivalandre-wanderingprocesses
in the EasternAlps the diversityof
endemic and subendemic spiders
and harvestmen shows a South-
North and an East-West decline
(cf. Muster2001,2002).
Most ofthe endemic arachnid
speciesoccurfromthe alpinedown
to the montanezone (table l).The
most important habitats are rocky
areas, caves and woodlands. High
absolute numbers and percentages
ofendemicscanbefoundwithinthe
soil-inhabitingharvestman-families
Cladonychiidae, Ischyropsalididae
and Nemastomatidae and the spi- Figure3:TheeasternAlpsatmaximumglaciationduringthelastIceAge(Würm):
orographyand political bordersofAustria (modifiedaftervanHusen 1987,
der-familyLinyphiidae (Lepthyph Rabitsch&Essl2009)
antes spp. s. 1. and Troglohyphantes
spp.). Beyond these linyphiid taxa
Maurer 6c Hänggi (1990) list
Coelotes Cryphoeca, Cybaeus Nesti-
, ,
cus dysderids andleptonetids.
,
The threat status of endemic
spider- and harvestman-species
in Austria is in general high. The
major threats are caused by fore-
stry (old-growth forests are being
replaced by common spruce mo-
nocultures), hydraulic engineering
(large Alpine valleys are flooded
and changed to hostile reservoirs),
agriculture (intensification and bi- Figure4:TheHochobir,an impressivepeakand massifderefugewithintheKara-
ocideuse)andtourism(devastating wanken (SouthernAlps,Carinthia),isawell known hotspotofendemicarachnids.
EndemieharvestmenandspidersinAustria 71
10° 11° 12° 13° 14° 15° 16° 17°
9ft’ 3(Y 40' fin’ 10’ 90’ 30“ 40’ ace 10* ?0’ 3(T 40’ scr 10’ 20’ 30* 40’ 50* 10’ 90’ 30’ 40’ 50’ 10’ 90’ 30’ 40’ 50’ 10’ 20’ 30* 40' ace 10’ 20’ 30" 40’ ace 10’
20’ 30' 40’ 50* 10’ 20’ 30’ 40’ 50* 10’ 20’ 30’ 40’ 50* 10’ 20’ 30’ 40’ 50’ 10’ 20’ 30’ 40’ 50’ 10’ 20' 30' 40’ 50’ 10’ 20’ 30* 40’ 501 10* 20’ 3CT 40’ 50“ 10'
10° 11° 12° 13° 14° 15° 16° 17°
Figure5:Cumulativedistribution mapshowingallendemicandsubendemicspidersand harvestmeninAustria(modi-
fiedafterKomposch2009b).Themain hotspotsofarachnologicalendemismareencircled byringsandovals.
the 16quadrantswiththehighestnumberofendemic of the Caucasus, comprising Armenia, Azerbaijan
animalsinAustriaarecoveredbynatureconservation and Georgia as well as parts ofthe Iran,Turkey and
areas. Secondly the coverage oflarge parts of the Russia,ispoorlyknown;thevalueofendemicspiders
country by Natura-2000-areas rules out protection is22%(> 226endemicsfromatotalof1022 species)
ofthe endemic species inside these areas as they are (MARUSIKet al. 2006).
notregardedasconservationobjectsbytheEuropean
Union. Conclusions
It is quite astonishing that comparative data on Thepresentedresultsprovideavaluablebasisforboth
endemic arachnids from other central European zoogeographical inferences involving glacial refugia
countriesaremissingorweak.Thereforeacomparison and postglacial re-colonisation of the fauna of the
totheAustrianresultsishardlypossible.This highly Alps aswell as conservationplanninginAustria.
unsatisfactorysituation is in need ofchange. Although known from other animal groups, the
Availabledatareferto Romania:TATOLE (2006) high diversity of endemic spiders and harvestmen
carried out a zoogeographical analysis of the 961 from the Gurktaler Alps and the Gesäuse National
hitherto registered spider species and identifies Park (KOMPOSCH 2010) was surprising. Further
about 6 % as endemic.The spider fauna ofBulgaria faunisticandtaxonomicworkespeciallyintheseareas
is represented by 975 species, including “76 species should bring forward new and undescribed species.
(10%) establishedinBulgaria(35 species) andother As pointed out before, the status of subendemism
A
territories of the Balkan Peninsula (41 species)” stronglyrelatestoitsdefinition. secondsteptowards
(DELTSHEV 2005: 309). Following this author, this therecordinganddocumentationofthe subendemic
phenomenon can be attributed to the relative isola- faunaofAustria-andtheendemicfaunaoftheAlps
tion ofthe mountains compared with the lowlands -isurgentlyneeded.Fromtheconservationperspec-
in the contextofpaleo-environmental changes since tiveitisnotacceptabletopayattentionmerelytospe-
the Pliocene. MAURER &,HÄNGGI (1990) disclose cieswitha75%area-quotientwithinnationalborders.
%
in their catalogue ofSwiss spiders avalue of7 of Taking into account the fact that several rare, small
merely alpine species - i.e. just partly endemic or scale-distributed and endangered species share their
subendemic taxa of Switzerland. The spider fauna areaequallywithintwoorthreecountries(e.g.within
72 CKomposch
the south-easternAlps: Slovenia, ItalyandAustria), References
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Ackowledgements
EiszeitüberdauerungdurchTiere (EinBeitragzurGe-
For arachnological data and help I am deeplygrateful to schichtederNivalfauna).-ÖsterreichischeZoologische
KonradThaler (f),Jürgen Gruber and Albert Ausobsky. Zeitschrift6:421-506
Thanks for data, literature, fieldwork and intensive dis- KLAUSNITZER B. (2010): Entomologie - quo vadis?
cussions to FranzEssl,Thomas Frieß,WernerHolzinger, - Nachrichtenblatt der Bayerischen Entomologen 59:
Barbara Knoflach, Brigitte Komposch, Jochen Martens,
99-111
ChristophMuster,ToneandLjubaNovak,WolfgangPaill,
AxelSchönhoferandReinhartSchuster.Financialsupport KOMPOSCHC.(2009a):Weberknechte(Opiliones).In:RA-
came from the Umweltbundesamt Vienna (project-sup- BITSCHW.&F.ESSL(Red.):Endemiten.Kostbarkeiten
in Österreichs Tier- und Pflanzenwelt. Naturwissen-
port),theÖsterreichischeForschungsgemeinschaftandthe
StyrianGovernment(bothsupportofthecongresspartici- schaftlicherVerlagfürKärntenundUmweltbundesamt,
pationinAlexandroupolis2009)andtechnicalsupportfrom Wien,pp 476-496
Wolfgang Rabitsch. Bigthanks go to the two anonymous KOMPOSCHC.(2009b):Spinnen(Araneae).In:RABITSCH
&
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4904-8
Appendix1:Distributionpatternsforendemicandsubendemicharvestmen (Opiliones) inAustria- 11 maps.
!
74 C.Komposch
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vor1900
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