Encyclopedia of the Supreme Court

577 Pages·2005·15.911 MB·English

by  Schultz, David Andrew

Encyclopedia of the
Supreme court
David Schultz
Encyclopedia of the Supreme Court
Copyright © 2005 by David Schultz
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Schultz, David–
Encyclopedia of the Supreme Court/ David Schultz—1st ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8160-5086-4 (hardcover: alk. paper)
1. United States. Supreme Court—Encyclopedias. 2. United States.
Supreme Court—Biography. I. Title.
KF8742.A35S54 2005
347.73’26’03—dc22
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This book is printed on acid-free paper.
Contents
(cid:2)
LIST OF ENTRIES
iv
CONTRIBUTOR LIST
viii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
xi
INTRODUCTION
xii
ENTRIES A TO Z
1
CHRONOLOGY
536
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
541
INDEX
544
List of Entries
(cid:2)
Abood v. Detroit Board of Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Brennan, William civil rights
Education Baker v. Carr Breyer, Stephen Gerald Civil Rights Act of 1964
abortion rights bankruptcy brief Civil Rights Acts
Abrams v. United States Barenblatt v. United States Brown v. Board of civil rights of people with
abstention Barnes v. Glen Theatre Education of Topeka disabilities
actual innocence Barron v. Baltimore Buchanan v. Warley Clark, Thomas
Adamson v. California Batson v. Kentucky Buck v. Bell class action
Adarand Constructors, Beauharnais v. Illinois Burger, Warren Earl City of Cleburne v.
Inc. v. Pena Belle Terre v. Boraas Burson v. Freeman Cleburne Living Center
Adkins v. Children’s Berman v. Parker Burton, Harold Clinton v. City of New
Hospital of District of Betts v. Brady Bush v. Gore York
Columbia bill of attainder Calder v. Bull Clinton v. Jones
administrative law and Bill of Rights Cantwell v. Connecticut Cohens v. Virginia
decision making Black, Hugo Lafayette capital punishment Cohen v. California
affirmative action Blackmun, Harry Cardozo, Benjamin Coker v. Georgia
Afroyim v. Rusk Board of County Nathan Colegrove v. Green
age discrimination Commissioners, Carey v. Population Collector v. Day
Alabama v. Shelton Wabaunsee County, Services International Colorado Republican
alienage Kansas v. Keen A. case or controversy Federal Campaign
Allegheny County v. Umbehr certification Committee et al. v.
ACLU Board of Education v. Pico Chaplinsky v. New Federal Election
Allgeyer v. Louisiana Board of Regents of State Hampshire Commission
Ambach v. Norwich Colleges et al. v. Roth Chase, Salmon comity
Anderson v. Celebrezze Board of Regents of Chase, Samuel commercial speech
anonymous political University of Wisconsin Cherokee decisions communists, rights of
speech v. Southworth Chevron Inc., USA v. commutation
antitrust law Bob Jones University v. Natural Resources compelling state interest
appeal United States Defense Council Complete Auto Transit v.
Arizona v. Fulminante Boerne v. Flores chief justice of the United Brady
Arlington Heights v. Bolling v. Sharpe States Supreme Court Congress and the Supreme
Metropolitan Housing Bork, Robert H. Chimel v. California Court
Development Corp. Bowers v. Hardwick Chisholm v. Georgia constitutional interpreta-
Ashwander v. Tennessee Bowsher v. Synar cigarette advertising tion
Valley Authority Bradley, Joseph Cipollone v. Liggett Continental TV v. GTE
Atkins v. Virginia Bradwell v. Illinois Group, Inc. Sylvania
Austin v. Michigan State Brandeis, Louis Dembitz citizenship contraceptives
Chamber of Commerce Brandeis brief City of Chicago v. Morales Cooley v. Board of
automobile stops and Branzburg v. Hayes City of Richmond v. J. A. Wardens
searches Bray v. Alexandria Croson Company Cooper v. Aaron
bail, right to Women’s Health Clinic civil liberties Coppage v. Kansas
iv
List of Entries v
corporate speech Ewing v. California Gibbons v. Ogden illegal aliens
Court of Appeals, U.S. exclusionary rule Gideon v. Wainwright income tax
court-packing plan executive privilege Ginsburg, Ruth Bader incorporation
Coyle v. Smith Ex parte Milligan Gitlow v. New York Indian rights
Coy v. Iowa Ex parte Young Goldwater v. Carter inherent powers
Craig v. Boren ex post facto law Good News Club v. In re Debs
cross burning Fairness Doctrine Milford Central School In re Gault
Cruzan v. Director, Federal Communications District In re Neagle
Missouri Department of Commission v. Pacifica Goss v. Lopez intermediate scrutiny
Health Foundation Gratz v. Bollinger International Society for
curator, office of the federal court system Gravel v. United States Krishna Consciousness,
Dartmouth College v. Federal Election Gray v. Sanders Inc. v. Lee
Woodward Commission v. Colorado Green v. County School International Union, UAW
Daubert v. Merrell-Dow Republican Federal Board of New Kent v. Johnson Controls
Pharmaceuticals Campaign Committee County, Virginia Internet and censorship
declaratory judgment Federal Election Gregg v. Georgia Internet and the
Dennis v. United States Commission v. Griggs v. Duke Power Worldwide Web
Department of Justice Massachusetts Citizens Griswold v. Connecticut Internet taxation
Deshaney v. Winnebago for Life, Inc. Grove City College v. Bell interstate commerce
County Social Services federalism Grutter v. Bollinger Interstate Commerce
Department Ferguson v. Skrupa Haig v. Agee Commission
Dickerson v. United States fighting words Hammer v. Dagenhart Jackson, Robert
dicta First English Lutheran J. W. Hampton, Jr. & Co. v. Jay, John
die, right to Church v. County of Los United States J.E.B. v. Alabama
disability rights Angeles Harlan, John Marshall Jehovah’s Witnesses and
docket first Monday in October Harmelin v. Michigan the Supreme Court
dormant commerce clause flag burning harmless error Jim Crow laws
double jeopardy flag salute Harper v. Virginia State Johnson v. Transportation
Douglas, William Orville Flast v. Cohen Board of Elections Agency of Santa Clara
Dred Scott v. Sandford Fletcher v. Peck Harris v. Forklift Systems, County
drug testing Florida v. Bostick Inc. judicial activism and
EEOC v. Arabian Food and Drug Harris v. McRae restraint
American Oil Co. Administration v. Brown Hawaii Housing Authority judicial review
Eisenstadt v. Baird & Williamson Tobacco v. Midkiff Judiciary Act of 1789
Ellsworth, Oliver Corp. Hazelwood School District jury size and voting
eminent domain Forsyth County v. v. Kuhlmeier justiciability
Employment Division, Nationalist Movement Heart of Atlanta Motel v. juvenile death penalty
Department of Human Fortas, Abe United States juvenile rights
Resources of Oregon v. Frankfurter, Felix Herrera v. Collins Katzenbach v. Morgan
Smith freedom of assembly and Hodgson et al. v. Katz v. United States
Engel v. Vitale association Minnesota et al. Kennedy, Anthony M.
Equal Employment Frontiero v. Richardson Hoke v. United States Kimel v. Board of Regents
Opportunity Frothingham v. Mellon Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Jr. Korematsu v. United States
Commission Fuller, Melville Weston Home Building and Loan labor union rights
equal protection clause Fullilove v. Klutznick Association v. Blaisdell Lamb’s Chapel v. Center
Equal Rights Amendment fundamental rights H. P. Hood & Sons v. Moriches School District
Erie Railroad Co. v. Furman v. Georgia DuMond land use
Tompkins Garcia v. San Antonio Hughes, Charles Evans Lawrence v. Texas
Escobedo v. Illinois Metropolitan Transit Humphrey’s Executor v. lawyer advertising
establishment clause of the Authority United States Lee v. Weisman
Constitution gay and lesbian rights Hurtado v. California Legal Services Corporation
Everson v. Board of (same-sex discrimination) Hustler Magazine v. v. Velazquez
Education Geduldig v. Aiello Falwell legislative standing
vi List of Entries
Lemon v. Kurtzman Missouri v. Holland pardon Ragsdale et al. v.
liberty of contract Mistretta v. United States parental rights Wolverine World Wide,
lie detector tests Mitchell v. Helms Paris Adult Theatre I v. Inc.
Lochner v. New York Mobile v. Bolden Slaton rape and the death penalty
Locke v. Davey moot Payne v. Tennessee rational basis
Loving v. Virginia Morrison v. Olson Penn Central reapportionment and
Lucas v. South Carolina Mueller v. Allen Transportation Co. v. redistricting
Coastal Council Muller v. Oregon New York City Red Lion Broadcasting v.
Lujan v. Defenders of Munn v. Illinois Penry v. Lynaugh FCC
Wildlife Murphy, Frank peremptory challenges Regents of the University
Lynch v. Donnelly music censorship Personnel Administrator of of California v. Bakke
Madsen v. Women’s Health Muskrat v. United States Massachusetts et al. v. Rehnquist, William Hubbs
Center, Inc. National Association for Feeney religion
Mapp v. Ohio the Advancement of PGA Tour, Inc. v. Casey religion, public displays of
Marbury v. Madison Colored People v. Martin Renton v. Playtime
marriage, right to Alabama Pierce v. Society of the Theaters
Marshal, office of the National Labor Relations Sisters Republican Party of
Marshall, John Board (NLRB) v. Jones plain view doctrine Minnesota v. White
Marshall, Secretary of & Laughlin Steel Planned Parenthood of Reynolds v. Sims
Labor, et al. v. Barlow’s, Corporation Missouri v. Danforth Reynolds v. United States
Inc. National League of Cities Planned Parenthood of Richardson v. McKnight
Marshall, Thurgood v. Usery Southeastern RICO and abortion
Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee National Organization for Pennsylvania v. Casey Ring v. Arizona
Masson v. New Yorker Women v. Scheidler “plenary power” doctrine ripeness
Mathews v. Eldridge Nebbia v. New York Plessy v. Ferguson Rochin v. California
McCleskey v. Kemp Nebraska Press Association Plyler v. Doe Roe v. Wade
McConnell v. Federal v. Stuart Poe v. Ullman Romer v. Evans
Election Commission necessary and proper police powers Rosenberger v. Rector and
McCulloch v. Maryland clause political parties, rights of Visitors of the Univ. of
McIntyre v. Ohio New Deal constitutionality political question doctrine Virginia
Meritor Savings Bank v. new federalism political speech Rostker v. Goldberg
Vinson New Jersey v. T.L.O. Pollock v. Farmer’s Loan & rule of four
Metro Broadcasting, Inc. New State Ice Company v. Trust Rust v. Sullivan
v. Federal Liebmann pornography and obscenity Rutledge, John
Communications New York Times Co. v. Powell, Lewis F., Jr. Saenz v. Roe
Commission Sullivan prayer in school San Antonio Independent
Meyer v. Nebraska New York v. Ferber precedent School District v.
Miami Herald Publishing New York v. United States preemption Rodriguez
Co. v. Tornillo 1983 lawsuits Pregnancy Discrimination Santa Clara County v.
Michael H. et al. v. Ninth Amendment Act of 1978 Southern Pacific
Gerald D. nude dancing prior restraint Railroad
Michael M. v. Superior O’Connor, Sandra Day prisoners, rights of Santa Fe Independent
Court of Sonoma County O’Hare Truck Service, Inc. privacy, right to School District v. Doe
Michigan v. Long v. City of Northlake Prize Cases Scalia, Antonin
Miller v. Johnson Olim v. Wakinekona procedural due process Schenck v. United States
Milliken v. Bradley one person, one vote public forum Schlup v. Delo
Minnesota v. Cloverleaf opinion writing public trial Schmerber v. California
Creamery Company oral argument punitive damages school prayer
minors, rights of original jurisdiction pure speech school vouchers
Miranda v. Arizona overbreadth racial discrimination scientific evidence
Mississippi University for overturning Supreme Racketeer Influenced and Scottsboro cases
Women v. Hogan Court decisions Corrupt Organizations search warrant
Mississippi v. Johnson Palko v. Connecticut Act (RICO) Second Amendment
List of Entries vii
selected exclusiveness summary judgment United States Constitution, Waite, Morrison Remick
Selective Service Supreme Court and for- application overseas Wallace v. Jaffree
Selective Service eign policy U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Walz v. Tax Commission of
Commission v. Supreme Court and the Thornton the City of New York
Minnesota Public constitutional amending United States Trust Co. v. Ward’s Cove Packing
Interest Research Group process New Jersey Company v. Atonio
self-incrimination, right Supreme Court building United States v. American Ward v. Rock Against
against Supreme Court confirma- Library Association Racism
Sell v. United States tion United States v. Belmont war powers
separation of powers suspect classification United States v. Butler Warren, Earl
sexual discrimination Sutherland, George United States v. Carolene Warth v. Seldin
sexual harassment Swann v. Charlotte- Products Co. Washington, Bushrod
Shapiro, Commissioner of Mecklenburg Board of United States v. Curtiss Washington v. Davis
Welfare of Connecticut Education Wright Export Watchtower Bible & Tract
v. Thompson Swift and Company v. Corporation Society v. Village of
Shaw v. Reno United States United States v. Darby Stratton
Shelley v. Kraemer Swift v. Tyson United States v. E. C. Webster v. Reproductive
Skinner v. Oklahoma symbolic speech Knight Co. Health Services
slander and libel Taft, William Howard United States v. Eichman Weeks v. United States
Slaughter-House Cases takings clause United States v. Leon welfare benefit rights
Smith v. Doe Taney, Roger Brooke United States v. Libellants Wesberry v. Sanders
Souter, David H. tax and spend powers and Claimants of the West Coast Hotel Co. v.
South Carolina v. Baker taxpayer suits Schooner Amistad Parrish
South Dakota v. Dole Terminiello v. Chicago United States v. Morrison White, Byron
sovereign immunity Terry v. Ohio United States, et al. v. White, Edward Douglass
speedy trial Texas v. Johnson National Treasury Whren v. United States
Standard Oil Co. of New Thomas, Clarence Employees Union Wickard v. Filburn
Jersey v. United States Thornburg v. Gingles United States v. O’Brien wiretapping
standing Timmons v. Twin Cities United States v. Pink Wisconsin v. Yoder
stare decisis Area New Party United States v. Schechter women and the
Stevens, John Paul Tinker et al. v. Des Moines Poultry Corporation Constitution
Stewart, Potter Independent School United States v. Virginia writ of certiorari
Stone, Harlan Fiske District United Steelworkers of Wyman v. James
stop and frisk Title IX America v. Weber Yates v. United States
Story, Joseph Title VII of the Civil Vacco v. Quill Yick Wo v. Hopkins
strict scrutiny Rights Act of 1964 Van Devanter, Willis Younger v. Harris
structure of the Supreme tobacco liability Village of Euclid, Ohio v. Youngstown Co. v. Sawyer
Court Toyota Motors v. Williams Ambler Realty Co. Zadvydas v. Davis
student activity fees treaties Vinson, Fred M. Zobrest v. Catalina
student newspapers unenumerated rights Violence Against Women Foothills School District
students, rights of United Public Workers of Act of 1994 zoning
student searches America v. Mitchell Virginia v. Hicks Zorach v. Clauson
substantive due process United States Constitution Voting Rights Act
Contributor List
(cid:2)
Abraham, Jill, University of Virginia Chilton, Bradley Stewart, University of North Texas
Aichinger, Karen, freelance grants writer and administrator Christensen, Michelle D., Northwestern University
Aichinger, Alex, Northwestern State University of Claborn, David, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
Louisiana Clark, Tom, Princeton University
Alcorn, Mark, Avon, Minnesota Clouatre, Douglas, Kennesaw State University
Allen, Mahalley D., University of Kansas Cocca, Carolyn E., SUNY, College at Old Westbury
Altman, Micah, Harvard University Cody, Scott, University of Iowa
Atwell, Mary Welek, Radford University Coogan, William H., University of Southern Maine
Baier, Gerald, University of British Columbia Colucci, Frank J., Purdue University, Calumet
Baker, William D., Arkansas School for Mathematics and Covington, Jaeryl, University of Louisville
Science Coyle, Dennis, Catholic University of America
Baracskay, Daniel, Cleveland State University Cressman, Derek, USPIRG
Bardos, Andy V., University of Florida, Levin College of Crowe, Justin, Princeton University
Law Culver, Amy-Marie, Boston College Law School
Baumeier, Charlsey T., Greenbaum Doll & McDonald Davis, Jeffrey, University of Maryland, Baltimore County
Bierman, Luke, American Bar Association Deardorff, Michelle Donaldson, Jackson State University
Bishop, Sarah, Muskingum College Dehnel, David, Augustana College, Illinois
Bitzer, J. Michael, Catawba College DeMichael, Jen, Dickinson School of Law
Bleich, Jeffrey, Munger, Tolles & Olson, San Francisco, Dempsey, Michelle L., Muskingum College
California den Dulk, Kevin R., Grand Valley State University
Bowen, Rachel, Georgetown University Dennehy, Susan M., University of California, Berkeley
Bowers, Michael W., University of Nevada, Las Vegas Dickman, Joshua M.
Brown, Greg, University of Texas, Austin Dimino, Michael Richard, Sr., Widener School of Law
Brown, Scott M., Indiana University–Southeast Donaghy, Ryan, Muskingum College
Byrd, Mason, Virginia Commonwealth University Doyle, Matthew R., University of Louisville
Campbell, Patrick F., University of Massachusetts, Dupuis, Martin
Amherst Dynia, Philip A., Loyola University, New Orleans
Campie, Patricia E., University of Arizona Eakins, Keith Rollin, University of Central Oklahoma
Carey, Henry F., Georgia State University Erickson, Erick-Woods, Sell & Melton
Carobine, John P., Northern Michigan University Escoffier, Wendy, Northern Arizona University
Charles, Robert, University of Louisville Festa, Matt, Houston, Texas
Chasin, Andy, Baker & Hostetler, LLP, Washington, D.C. Fisher, James Daniel, Edinboro University of
Cheit, Ross E., Brown University Pennsylvania
Chen, Jowei, Yale Law School Fowles, Jacob, University of Louisville
Chernyavskaya, Mariya, University of Louisville Flannery, Richard, University of Wisconsin Colleges
Childs, Scott, University of North Carolina School of Law Fulks, Mark A.
viii
Contributor List ix
Gear, John McCarthy, Osler, Texas Supreme Court
Gerstmann, Evan, Loyola Marymount University McIntire, Andrew C., Muskingum College
Gibson, Tobias T., Washington University, St. Louis McLauchlan, Judithanne Scourfield, University of South
Gladstone-Sovell, Tracey L., University of Wisconsin, Florida, St. Petersburg
River Falls Mezey, Susan Gluck, Loyola University, Chicago
Goetz, Jamie, University of Louisville Miller, Banks
Gomez, Ernest Alexander, Chicago Miller, Kenneth P., Claremont McKenna College
Gordon, Elizabeth Ellen, Kennesaw State University Miller, Rochelle, Muskingum College
Goss, Robert P., Brigham Young University Mitchell, Christopher G., University of Louisville
Gossett, Charles W., California Polytechnic University, Monroe, Billy, University of Texas, Dallas
Pomona Moran, Mark, Abortion Debate Research Project
Greenspan, Rosann, University of California, Berkeley Morse, Adam H., Brennan Center, NYU School of Law
Groce, Wendy, University of Louisville Morris, Stanley M., Cortez, Colorado
Gruberg, Martin, University of Wisconsin, Oshkosh Mott, Kenneth F., Gettysburg College
Haas, Kenneth C., University of Delaware Nazaretian, R. Nanette, University of Louisville
Hagan, Colleen, University of Louisville Niehaus, Benjamin, University of Louisville
Halpern, Justin, Northeastern State University Oliver, Amy, University of Louisville
Hancock, Lauren, University of Minnesota O’Neill, Timothy J., Southwestern University
Hanratty, Kate, University of Louisville O’Sullivan, Deirdre, New York University
Harper, Tim, University of Louisville Owens, Ryan J., Washington University, St. Louis
Hayler, Barbara J., University of Illinois, Springfield Parrent, Blane, University of Louisville
Headley, James E., Eastern Washington University Peach, Brett, Muskingum College
Helfman, Tara, Yale Law School, New York University Pearce, Kevin G., Virginia Department of Health
Hemmens, Craig, Boise State University Perry, George
Henson, Amy M., Esquire Magazine Pender, Tassili, Claremont Graduate Center
Heumann, Milton, Rutgers University Pershing, Stephen B., United States Department of
Higgins, Temeka, University of Louisville Justice
Hoffman, Daniel N., Johnson C. Smith University Pesachowitz, Daniel J., Laura Margulies & Associates,
Holland, Kenneth, Kansas State University LLC
Howard, Charles C. Peters, Kylie, Muskingum College
Hundsdorfer, Tim, University of Colorado Peterson, Steven A., Pennsylvania State University,
Hunt, Andrea, University of Louisville Harrisburg
James, Nicole M., University of Florida Pinaire, Brian K., Lehigh University
Jarratt-Ziemski, Karen L., Northern Arizona University Pole, Antoinette, City University of New York, Graduate
Johnson, Lori A., Wellesley College School & University Center
Johnson, Matthew A., Washington University, St. Louis Provizer, Norman, Metropolitan State College of Denver
Jones, Steven, Brown University Purdy, Elizabeth
Kalhan, Anil, Cleary, Gottlieb, Steen & Hamilton, New Raines, Julie
York Ramos, Mitzi, University of Illinois, Chicago
Kawar, Leila Randazzo, Kirk A., University of Kentucky
Kersch, Ken I., Princeton University Reeves, Andrew, Harvard University
Knull, Garret M., Muskingum College Ricci, Elizabeth, Rambana & Ricci, Tallahassee, Florida
Kradel, Adam, University of Wisconsin Riggs, William W., Texas A & M International University
Kubicek, Laurie M. Roberts, Gayle F., Barry University
Lemieux, Scott, Hunter College Roberts, John L., North Carolina State University
Lichtman, Steven B., Dickinson College Roberts, Patrick K., Webster University
Malmsheimer, Robert W., SUNY College of Robinson, Robert
Environmental Science and Forestry Ross, Jason, Georgetown University
Manna, Sharon A., University of Buffalo Ruckman, P. S., Jr., Rock Valley College
Manweller, Mathew, Central Washington University Ruhl, Amber, University of Louisville
Mauldin, Marcus D., Florida State University Rush, Mark, Washington and Lee University
Maxwell, Jewerl, Miami University Ryan, Paul S., Campaign Legal Center
McCall, Michael, San Diego State University Sabatello, Maya, University of Southern California