Encyclopedia Of North American Immigration (Facts on File Library of American History)

481 Pages·2005·10.5 MB·English

by  John Powell

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
NORTH AMERICAN
IMMIGRATION
}
JOHN POWELL
Encyclopedia of North American Immigration
Copyright © 2005 by John Powell
Maps and graphs copyright © 2005 by Facts On File
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or
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or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher.
For information contact:
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Powell, John, 1954–
Encyclopedia of North American immigration / John Powell.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8160-4658-1
1. United States—Emigration and immigration—Encyclopedias. I. Title.
JV6465.P68 2005
304.8′7′003—dc22 2004007361200300
612
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Text design by Erika K. Arroyo
Cover design by Cathy Rincon
Maps and graphs by Jeremy Eagle and Dale Williams
Printed in the United States of America
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This book is printed on acid-free paper
}
To the Martel Clan

Contents
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LISTOFENTRIES
vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
ix
AUTHOR’SPREFACE
x
ATOZENTRIES
1
GLOSSARY
329
APPENDIXA: DOCUMENTS
335
APPENDIXB: MAPS,GRAPHS,ANDTABLES
371
BIBLIOGRAPHY
425
ENTRIESBYSUBJECT
442
INDEX
446
List of Entries
}
Acadia Belgian immigration Chinese Immigration Act (Canada)
Addams, Jane Bill C-55 (Canada) (1989) (1885)
Afghan immigration Bill C-86 (Canada) (1992) Civil Rights Act (United States)
African forced migration B’nai B’rith (1964)
Aheong, Samuel P. Border Patrol, U.S. Coast Guard, U.S.
Albanian immigration Bosnian immigration Colbert, Jean-Baptiste
Alien and Sedition Acts (United Boston, Massachusetts cold war
States) (1798) Bracero Program Colombian immigration
Alien Contract Labor Act (United Bradford, William Columbus, Christopher
States) (1885) Brazilian immigration
Compagnie de la Nouvelle France
Alien Labor Act (Canada) (1897) British immigration
Connecticut colony
Alien Land Act (United States) Bulgarian immigration
Croatian immigration
(1913) Bulosan, Carlos
Cuban immigration
American Federation of Labor and Burlingame Treaty
Customs and Border Protection
Congress of Industrial Cabot, John
Czech immigration
Organizations California gold rush
Danish immigration
American immigration to Canada Cambodian immigration
Delaware colony
American Protective Association Canada—immigration survey and
Department of Homeland Security
American Revolution and policy overview
Department of Manpower and
immigration Canadian immigration to the United
Immigration
Amish immigration States
Detroit, Michigan
Angel Island Cape Verdean immigration
Dillingham Commission
Anti-Defamation League Carolina colonies
Displaced Persons Act (United
Antin, Mary Carriage of Passengers Act (United
States) (1948)
Arab immigration States) (1855)
Dominican immigration
Argentinean immigration Cartier,Jacques
Dominion Lands Act (Canada)
Armenian immigration Castle Garden
(1872)
Australian immigration census and immigration
Austrian immigration Champlain, Samuel de Douglas, Thomas
Austro-Hungarian immigration Chavez, Cesar Durham Report
Baltimore, Maryland Chicago, Illinois Dutch immigration
Bangladeshi immigration Chicano Ecuadorean immigration
Barbadian immigration Chilean immigration Egyptian immigration
Barnardo, Thomas John Chinese Exclusion Act (United Ellis Island
Barr colony States) (1882) Emergency Quota Act (United
Basque immigration Chinese immigration States) (1921)
vi
LIST OF ENTRIES vii
Empire Settlement Act (Canada) Immigration Act (Canada) (1952) Korematsu v. United States(1944)
(1922) Immigration Act (Canada) (1976) labor organization and immigration
enclosure movement Immigration Act (United States) Laotian immigration
entertainment and immigration (1864) La Raza Unida Party
Estonian immigration Immigration Act (United States) Latvian immigration
Ethiopian immigration (1882) Lebanese immigration
Evian Conference Immigration Act (United States) Liberian immigration
Fairclough, Ellen Louks (1903) Lithuanian immigration
Filipino immigration Immigration Act (United States) Los Angeles, California
Finnish immigration (1907) Louisiana
Fourteenth Amendment (United Immigration Act (United States) Macdonald, Sir John Alexander
States) (1868) (1917) Macedonian immigration
French immigration Immigration Act (United States) mafia
Gentlemen’s Agreement (1990) Manifest of Immigrants Act (United
Georgia colony Immigration and Customs States) (1819)
German immigration Enforcement Mann Act (United States) (1910)
Ghanaian immigration Immigration and Nationality Act Mariel Boatlift
Gompers, Samuel (United States) (1965) Maryland colony
Gonzales, Corky Immigration and Naturalization Massachusetts colony
González, Elián Service McCarran-Walter Act
Gonzalez, HenryB. Immigration and Naturalization Mennonite immigration
Graham v. Richardson(1971) Service v. Chadha(1983) Mexican immigration
Greek immigration Immigration and Refugee Protection Miami, Florida
Guatemalan immigration Act (Canada) (2002) Mine War
guest children Immigration Appeal Board Act Molly Maguires
Gutiérrez, José Angel (Canada) (1967) Montreal, Quebec
Gypsy immigration Immigration Marriage Fraud Moroccan immigration
Haitian immigration amendments (United States) Morse, Samuel F. B.
Hakluyt, Richard (1986, 1990) nativism
Haldimand, Frederick Immigration Reform and Control Naturalization Act (United States)
Henderson v. Mayor of New York Act (United States) (1986) (1802)
(1876) immigration regulations (Canada) Naturalization Acts (United States)
Hispanic and related terms (1967) (1790 and 1795)
home children Immigration Restriction League navigation acts
Homestead Act (United States) indentured servitude NewBrunswick
(1862) Indian immigration Newfoundland
Honduran immigration Industrial Workers of the World New France
Houston, Texas Inouye, Daniel K. New Hampshire colony
Hudson, Henry International Ladies’ Garment new immigration
Hudson’s Bay Company Workers’ Union New Jersey colony
Hughes, John Joseph Iranian immigration New Orleans, Louisiana
Huguenot immigration Iraqi immigration New York, New York
Hungarian immigration Irish immigration New York colony
Hutterite immigration Italian immigration Nicaraguan immigration
Icelandic immigration Jamaican immigration Nigerian immigration
illegal immigration Japanese immigration North American Free Trade
Illegal Immigration Reform and Japanese internment, World War II Agreement
Immigrant Responsibility Act Jewish immigration North West Company
(United States) (1996) Johnson-Reed Act (United States) Norwegian immigration
Immigration Act (Canada) (1869) (1924) Nova Scotia
Immigration Act (Canada) (1906) Kennedy,John Fitzgerald Oregon Treaty
Immigration Act (Canada) (1910) King, William Lyon Mackenzie Oriental Exclusion Act (United
Immigration Act (Canada) (1919) Korean immigration States) (1924)
viii ENCYCLOPEDIA OF NORTH AMERICAN IMMIGRATION
Our Country: Its Possible Future and Riis, Jacob Thai immigration
Its Present Crisis Roanoke colony Tibetan immigration
Ozawa v. United States(1922) Rølvaag, Ole Edvart Tijerina, Reies Lopez
Pacific Islander immigration Romanian immigration Toronto, Ontario
padrone system Royal African Company Trinidadian and Tabagonian
Page Act (United States) (1875) Russian immigration immigration
Pakistani immigration Salvadoran immigration Turkish immigration
Palestinian immigration San Francisco, California Tydings-McDuffie Act (United
Pastore, John Orlando Schwenkfelder immigration States) (1934)
P.C. 695 (Canada) (1931) Scott Act Ukrainian immigration
Penn, William Scottish immigration Ulster
Pennsylvania colony September 11, 2001 United States—immigration survey
Peruvian immigration Serbian immigration and policy overview
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Seven Years’ War USA Patriot Act
picture brides Sifton, Clifford U.S. Citizenship and Immigration
Pilgrims and Puritans Simcoe, John Graves Services
Plyler v. Doe(1982) Singh v. Minister of Employment and U.S.-Mexican War
Polish immigration Immigration(1985) Vancouver Riot
Portuguese immigration slavery Vietnamese immigration
Prince Edward Island Slovakian immigration Virginia colony
Proposition 187 Slovenian immigration Voting Rights Act (United States)
Puerto Rican immigration Smith, Al (1965)
Quaker immigration Smith, Captain John Waipahu Plantation strike
Quebec South Asian immigration Wakefield, Edward Gibbon
Quebec Act (1774) Soviet immigration Wald, Lillian
racial and ethnic categories Spanish immigration War Brides Act (United States)
racism sports and immigration (1945)
railways and immigration Sri Lankan immigration Washington, D.C.
Raleigh, Sir Walter Statue of Liberty WelfareReform Act (United States)
Red River colony Swedish immigration (1996)
Refugee Act (United States) (1980) Swiss immigration West Indian immigration
Refugee Relief Act (United States) Syrian immigration Winnipeg general strike
(1953) Taiwanese immigration Winthrop, John
refugee status Talon, Jean World War I and immigration
religion and immigration Tejanos World War II and immigration
revolutions of 1848 terrorism and immigration Yugoslav immigration
Rhode Island colony Texas, Republic of
Acknowledgments
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From an early age I was inspired by the Martel clan, hardworking German
farmers who immigrated first to Russia, then to the prairies of South
Dakota in the 1870s. The immigration story needs to be known, and I am
grateful to the editors and staff at Facts On File who have helped me tell it. I
also wish to thank Eric Mattingly and Grady Powell for their assistance in
preparing the manuscript.
ix