Encyclopedia of Journalism PDF
Preview Encyclopedia of Journalism
Encyclopedia of JOURNALISM Editorial Board General Editor Christopher H. Sterling The George Washington University Advisory Board Members Maurine Beasley Philip Meyer University of Maryland University of North Carolina Diane Borden Christine Ogan San Diego State University Indiana University Donald Browne Tom Rosenstiel University of Minnesota Project for Excellence in Journalism Robert Entman Janet Steele The George Washington University The George Washington University James Ettema Robert Trager Northwestern University University of Colorado Mark Feldstein Silvio Waisbord The George Washington University The George Washington University Stephen Hess Brookings Institution and The George D. Charles Whitney Washington University University of California, Riverside James Hoyt Barbie Zelizer University of Wisconsin University of Pennsylvania Encyclopedia of JOURNALISM Christopher H. Sterling School of Media and Public Affairs, The George Washington University General Editor Copyright © 2009 by SAGE Publications, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information: SAGE Publications, Inc. 2455 Teller Road Thousand Oaks, California 91320 E-mail: [email protected] SAGE Publications Ltd. 1 Oliver’s Yard 55 City Road London EC1Y 1SP United Kingdom SAGE Publications India Pvt. Ltd. B 1/I 1 Mohan Cooperative Industrial Area Mathura Road, New Delhi 110 044 India SAGE Publications Asia-Pacific Pte. Ltd. 33 Pekin Street #02-01 Far East Square Singapore 048763 Printed in the United States of America. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Encyclopedia of journalism/general editor, Christopher H. Sterling. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-7619-2957-4 (cloth: set, vols. 1-6) 1. Journalism—Encyclopedias. I. Sterling, Christopher H., 1943-PN4728.E48 2009 070.403—dc22 2009015074 This book is printed on acid-free paper. 09 10 11 12 13 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 SAGE REfEREncE MTM PUBLISHInG Publisher: Rolf A. Janke (Project Development, Editing, and Management, Assistant to the Publisher: Michele Thompson New York City) Production Editor: Tracy Buyan Publisher: Valerie Tomaselli Typesetter: C&M Digitals (P) Ltd. Project Editors: Tim Anderson, Hilary Poole Proofreaders: Wendy Jo Dymond, Andrea Martin Project Coordinator: Zach Gajewski Indexer: Julie Sherman Grayson Cover Designer: Ravi Balasuriya Marketing Manager: Amberlyn McKay contents List of Entries xi Reader’s Guide xvii About the General Editor xxiii About the Key Doc u m e n t s E d i t o r xxiv Contributors xxv Introduction xxxi K e y Documents Introduction xxxiii Entries A 1 M 863 B 151 N 927 C 235 O 1025 D 387 P 1037 E 467 Q 1173 F 567 R 1179 G 653 S 1239 H 687 T 1361 I 733 U 1411 J 809 V 1423 K 821 W 1433 L 825 Key Documents 1473 Appendix A. Journalism Awards and Prizes 1871 Appendix B. Journalism Freedom: 1980–2008 (Country Ratings From Freedom House) 1907 Appendix C. Journalism: A Guide to Recent Literature 2105 Index I-1 Key Documents About the Editor xxiv Introduction xxxiii Section I. Journalism, Media, and the Law 1473 Section I Introduction 1474 constitutional Amendments Bill of Rights (1791) 1475 Antigovernment Issues and national Security The Alien and Sedition Acts (July 14, 1798) 1477 clear and Present Danger Speech Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969)—Includes Brandenburg Incitement Test 1484 Prior Restraint Near v. Minnesota (1931)—Upheld prior restraint principal 1487 New York Times Co. v. United States (1971)—Pentagon Papers case majority opinion and Justice Brennan concurring 1497 Libel Issues New York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964)—Raised bar to “actual malice” in defamation charges 1501 Ollman v. Evans (1979)—“Ollman Test” separates fact from fiction in libel cases 1515 Privacy Protection The Florida Star v. B. J. F. (1989)—Story topic not person named determines “public interest” 1518 Access to Public Records Freedom of Information Act Guide (May 2004) 1525 Reporter’s Privilege to Withhold Information Branzburg v. Hayes (1972)—“Branzburg Test” determines reporter’s privilege to withhold information/confidential sources—majority opinion and Justice Stewart landmark dissent 1529 Intellectual Property Protection Eldred v. Ashcroft (2003)—Allowed extension of copyright period 1549 New York Times Co., Inc., et al. v. Tasini et al. (2001)—Established that online publication rights are retained/held separately by writer from print rights 1559 Digital Millennium Copyright Act (1998)—Brings Internet and digital media into copyright law 1567 Regulating Electronic Media Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC (1969)—Court upheld FCC ruling requiring stations to offer free time to people attacked on air 1578 Janet Reno, Attorney General of the United States, et al., Appellants v. American Civil Liberties Union et al. (1997)—Established First Amendment protection for the Internet that surpasses broadcast and at least equals print 1589 further Readings 1603 Section II. codes of Ethics/newsroom Policies and Standards 1605 Section II Introduction 1608 General Professional Associations Introduction 1608 Society of Professional Journalists (SPJ)—Code of Ethics 1609 National Association of Black Journalists (NABJ)—Code of Ethics 1610 National Association of Hispanic Journalists (NAHJ)—Code of Ethics 1612 Coalition of Journalists for Open Government—Principles 1613 National Lesbian and Gay Journalists Association (NLGJA)— Fourteen Steps to Fairness: A Model of Parity in the Journalism Workplace 1616 General Broadcast Organizations Introduction 1617 Radio-Television News Directors Association (RTNDA)—Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct 1618 National Public Radio (NPR) News—Code of Ethics and Practices 1620 International Association of Broadcast Monitors (IABM)—Code of Ethics 1629 Association of Independents in Radio (AIR)—Code of Fair Practices 1629 Print Organizations Introduction 1633 American Society of News Editors (ASNE)—Statement of Principles 1633 American Society of Magazine Editors (ASME)—Guidelines for Editors and Publishers 1633 The New York Times Company—Policy on Ethics in Journalism 1636 Hearst Newspapers—Statement of Professional Principles 1651 The Washington Post—Standards and Ethics 1652 news Wire Services Introduction 1655 The Associated Press—Statement of News Values and Principles 1655 Dow Jones—Code of Ethics 1664 Thomson Reuters—Editorial Policy 1668 Interactive Media Organizations Introduction 1670 CyberJournalist.net—A Bloggers’ Code of Ethics 1671 Poynter Institute—Online Journalism Ethics: Guidelines from the Conference 1671 Reporting Specializations Business Reporting: Introduction 1675 American Business Media (ABM)—Editorial Code of Ethics 1676 Society of American Business Editors and Writers, Inc. (SABEW)—Code of Ethics 1678 Health, Medical, and Science Reporting: Introduction 1680 Association of Health Care Journalists (AHCJ)—Statement of Principles 1681 National Association of Medical Communicators (NAMC)—Code of Ethics 1684 National Association of Science Writers (NASW)—Code of Ethics 1685 Education Reporting: Introduction 1686 Education Writers Association (EWA)—Standards for Education Reporters 1686 Photojournalism: Introduction 1694 Committee of Concerned Journalists (CCJ)—Photojournalism Ethics Guidelines 1695 National Press Photographers Association (NPPA)—Code of Ethics 1697 Sports Reporting: Introduction 1699 Associated Press Sports Editors (APSE)—Ethics Guidelines 1699 Food Reporting: Introduction 1701 Association of Food Journalists (AFJ)—Code of Ethics 1701 further Readings 1703 Section III. Journalism Education: Preparation for change 1705 Section III Introduction 1706 Accreditation Standards in Journalism Education Introduction 1707 Accrediting Council on Education in Journalism and Mass Communications (ACEJMC)—Accrediting Standards 1707 Schools of Journalism: Values and curriculum Introduction 1714 University of California, Berkeley, Graduate School of Journalism— Goals Statement and Journalism Graduate Degree Curriculum 1715 Columbia University, The Journalism School—Mission Statement and Journalism Graduate Degree Curricula 1717 University of Georgia, The Grady College—Mission Statement and Journalism Graduate Degree Curriculum 1717 University of Kansas, William Allen White School of Journalism and Mass Communications—Mission Statement and Journalism Graduate Degree Curriculum 1721 University of Missouri–Columbia, Missouri, School of Journalism—Mission Statement and Two-Year Master’s Program Handbook—Curricular Models (2006–2007) 1723 Northwestern University, Medill School of Journalism—Values Statement and Graduate Degree Requirements 1750 Ohio University, E. W. Scripps School of Journalism—Mission Statement and Master’s of Science in Journalism Curriculum 1751 University of Oregon, School of Journalism and Communication— Mission Statement and Master’s Programs Curricula 1752 University of Southern California, Annenberg School for Communication— Mission Statement and Master’s Degree in Journalism Requirements 1772 Journalism White Papers on changes in Education and Media Pulitzer, Joseph. 1904. “The College of Journalism.” North American Review, no. 570: 641–680. 1774 Carnegie Corporation of New York. Improving the Education of Tomorrow’s Journalists. New York: Carnegie Corporation, 2005. 1796 Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania/Geneva Overholser—“On Behalf of Journalism: A Manifesto for Change” 1802 further Readings 1805 Section IV. Data on the Status and Practice of Journalism 1807 Section IV Introduction 1808 Audience Research The Pew Research Center Biennial News Consumption Survey: Overview (2008) 1810 The Radio-Television News Directors Foundation (RTNDF)/Ford Foundation— Future of the News Survey (2006): Executive Summary 1815 The Magazine Publishers of America—The Magazine Handbook 2009–2010: Magazine Reach and Reader Characteristics 1830 Public Opinion Project for Excellence in Journalism—State of the News Media 2008: Public Attitudes 1823 Internet Impact on Media The Magazine Publishers of America—The Magazine Handbook 2009–2010: Magazine Readership, Numbers of Titles, and Website Growth 1830 The Pew Research Center 2008 Journalist Survey: Summary of Findings 1834 newsroom Diversity American Society of News Editors—The Newsroom Employment Census (2008) 1838 Radio-Television News Directors Association (RTNDA)/Hofstra University— Annual Women and Minorities Survey 2008 (RTNDA Communicator) 1841 Journalism Employment/careers Radio-Television News Directors Association/Hofstra University Survey— The Real Story of TV News Staffing and Other Numbers for TV and Radio in 2008 1850 Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor—Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2008–09 Edition: News Analysts, Reporters, and Correspondents 1862 Key Trends in Journalism Project for Excellence in Journalism—State of the News Media 2008: Overview of Major Trends 1867 further Readings 1870
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