Encyclopedia of Human Nutrition, Third Edition PDF
Preview Encyclopedia of Human Nutrition, Third Edition
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF HUMAN NUTRITION THIRD EDITION ENCYCLOPEDIA OF HUMAN NUTRITION THIRD EDITION EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Benjamin Caballero Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA VOLUME 1 AcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier Radarweg29,POBox211,1000AEAmsterdam,TheNetherlands TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,Oxford,OX51GB,UK Firstedition1998 Secondedition2005 Copyrightr2013ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved ThefollowingarticlesareUSgovernmentworksinthepublicdomainandarenotsubjecttocopyright: Adolescents:NutritionalProblemsofAdolescents BreastFeeding Copper DietaryGuidelines,InternationalPerspectives Eggs FoodFortification:Programs Fructose:AbsorptionandMetabolism LycopenesandRelatedCompounds NutritionalSurveillance:DevelopedCountries Refugees:NutritionalImplications Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystemortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeanselectronic, mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwisewithoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofthepublisher PermissionsmaybesoughtdirectlyfromElsevier’sScience&TechnologyRightsDepartmentinOxford,UK:phone(+44)(0)1865 843830;fax(+44)(0)1865853333;email:permissions@elsevier.com.Alternativelyyoucansubmityourrequestonlinebyvisiting theElsevierwebsiteathttp://elsevier.com/locate/permissions,andselectingObtainingpermissiontouseElseviermaterial Notice Noresponsibilityisassumedbythepublisherforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproductsliability, negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofanymethods,products,instructionsorideascontainedinthematerialherein, Becauseofrapidadvancesinthemedicalsciences,inparticular,independentverificationofdiagnosesanddrugdosagesshouldbemade. AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress. ISBN978-0-12-375083-9 ForinformationonallElsevierpublications visitourwebsiteatbooks.elsevier.com PrintedandboundinItaly 13 14 15 16 17 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 Editorial:AshlieJackman Production:KarenEastandKirstyHalterman CONTENTS VOLUME 1 1A Adipose Tissue: Structure, Function and Metabolism 1 G Fru¨hbeck and J Go´mez-Ambrosi Adolescents: Nutritional Problems of Adolescents 14 EW Evans and C Lo Adolescents: Requirements for Growth and Optimal Health 23 CHS Ruxton and E Derbyshire Aging 33 P Hyland, Y Barnett, and LH Allen Alcohol: Absorption, Metabolism, and Physiological Effects 40 R Rajendram, R Hunter, and V Preedy Alcohol: Effects of Consumption on Diet and Nutritional Status 50 CH Halsted and V Medici Aluminum 57 RAYokel Amino Acids: Chemistry and Classification 64 PW Emery Amino Acids: Metabolism 72 PW Emery Amino Acids: Specific Functions 79 MCG van de Poll, YC Luiking, CHC Dejong, and PB Soeters Antioxidants 88 S Stanner and E Weichselbaum Appetite: Physiological and Neurobiological Aspects 100 JA Harrold and JCG Halford Appetite: Psychobiological and Behavioral Aspects 108 RJ Stubbs and JE Blundell Arthritis 116 LA Coleman and R Roubenoff Asthma 122 GU Schuster, NJ Kenyon, and CB Stephensen 1B Behavior: Effects of Diet on Behavior 129 EL Gibson, MW Green, and SC Dyall Beverages and Health 142 L Chen Bioavailability 149 L Davidsson and SATanumihardjo Biochemical Indices v vi Contents 156 CM Pfeiffer, RL Schleicher, and KL Caldwell Biofortification 175 C Hotz Biotin: Physiology, Dietary Sources, and Requirements 182 DM Mock Body Composition 191 D Gallagher, S Chung, and M Akram Brain and Nervous System: Biology, Metabolism, and Nutritional Requirements 200 JD Fernstrom and MH Fenstrom Breast Feeding 207 C Lutter Burns Patients 213 SA Hill 1C Caffenine 221 DP Evatt and RR Griffiths Calcium 228 KJ Schulze Cancer: Carcinogenic Substances in Food 235 D Anderson and JC Phillips Cancer: Dietary Management 242 C Shaw Cancer: Epidemiology and Associations Between Diet and Cancer 247 GA Colditz and H Dart Cancer: Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Cancers Other than Colorectal Cancers 253 H-Y Huang Cancer: Epidemiology of Lung Cancer 259 AJ Alberg Carbohydrates: Chemistry and Classification 265 C Stylianopoulos Carbohydrates: Regulation of Metabolism 272 C Stylianopoulos Carbohydrates: Requirements and Dietary Importance 278 C Stylianopoulos Carotenoids: Chemistry, Sources and Physiology 283 BJ Burri Carotenoids: Health Effects 292 SATanumihardjo Celiac Disease 298 V Nehra, EV Marietta, and JA Murray Cereal Grains 307 RK Price and RW Welch Cerebral Palsy: Nutritional Aspects 317 J Krick and P Miller Contents vii Children: Nutritional Requirements 326 I Thorsdottir Cholesterol: Factors Determining Blood Levels 335 SM Grundy Cholesterol: Sources, Absorption, Function, and Metabolism 341 DJ McNamara Choline and Phosphatidylcholine 346 MD Niculescu Chromium 352 RA Anderson Cofactors: Inorganic 357 ED Harris Cofactors: Organic 366 ED Harris Colon: Structure, Function, and Disorders 378 A Maqbool Copper 397 PJ Aggett Coronary Heart Disease: Lipid Theory 404 D Kritchevsky Coronary Heart Disease: Prevention 409 KS Reddy Cystic Fibrosis 416 J Dowsett and OTully Cytokines: Nutritional Aspects 423 RF Grimble This page intentionally left blank EDITOR-IN-CHIEF BIOGRAPHY Dr.CaballeroisProfessorofInternationalHealthattheBloombergSchoolofPublicHealth and Professor of Pediatrics at the School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD,USA.Hehasover20yearsofexperienceasascholar,researcher,andleaderintheareaof child health and nutrition. He obtained his MD from the University of Buenos Aires, ArgentinaandhisPhD(inneuroendocrine regulation) fromMIT,Cambridge,MA,USA.He startedhisfacultycareeratHarvardMedicalSchool,andmovedtoJohnsHopkinsin1990to foundtheCenterforHumanNutrition. Dr.Caballeroisarecognizedexpertonthenutritionalneedsofchildrenandadults,andon nutrientrequirementsinundernourishedpopulations.Forthepast10years,hehasfocusedon the problem of childhood obesity in the US and in developing countries, and explored the impactofdietarytransitionandglobalizationonhealthindicators.Heisanactiveparticipant in key scientific committees advising the US government on issues of diet and health, includingtheDietaryReferenceIntakes(DRI)Committee;theExpertPanelonMacronutrient Requirements; and the Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine, National AcademyofSciences.HewasamemberoftheDietaryGuidelinesforAmericansAdvisoryCommittee,andiscurrentlyamember oftheScientificAdvisoryBoardoftheFoodandDrugAdministration(FDA)andoftheInternationalLifeSciencesInstitute(ILSI). Dr.Caballeroisanactiveleaderintheareaofglobalhealth,specificallyondiet,lifestyle,anddiseaserisk.HeisChairmanof the Board of the Pan American Health and Education Foundation, in Washington, DC, USA and member of the Board of Directors of the International Nutrition Foundation, Boston, MA, USA. Recent awards include the Ancel Keys Prize for achievementsininternationalpublichealthandtheThompson–BeaudetteLectureshipfromRutgersUniversity.In2011,hewas namedtotheSpanishAcademyofNutritionalSciences. Dr.CaballeroistheEditor-in-ChiefoftheEncyclopediaofFoodSciencesandNutrition,a10-volumeworkonfoodproduction, consumptionandbiologicaleffects.HeisalsoEditor-in-ChiefoftheEncyclopediaofHumanNutrition,whichreceivedtheBookof theYearAwardfromtheBritishMedicalAssociation.HisGuidetoDietarySupplementssummarizesthecurrentscientificbasisfor theuseofmineralandvitaminsupplements.HisbookTheNutritionTransition:DietandDiseaseintheDevelopingWorldexplored theimpactofdemographicandeconomicdevelopmentondiet-andlifestyle-relateddiseasesindevelopingcountries.Hisbook ObesityinChinasummarizesresearchconductedinruralandurbanChinatotracktheimpactofsocioeconomicdevelopmenton health outcomes. He is also co-editor of the most widely used textbook in human nutrition, Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease. cdxxxvii
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