Encyclopedia of Dietary Supplements

918 Pages·2015·28.805 MB·\918

by  Paul M. Coates (Editor), Joseph M. Betz (Editor), Marc R. Blackman (Editor), Gordon M. Cragg (Editor), Mark Levine (Editor), Joel Moss (Editor), Jeffrey D. White (Editor)

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Encyclopedia of Dietary Supplements Encyclopedia of Dietary Supplements
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Editorial Advisory Board Editorial Advisory Board
StephenBarnes RobertM.Russell StephenBarnes RobertM.Russell
DepartmentofPharmacologyandToxicology,Universityof OfficeofDietarySupplements,NationalInstitutesofHealth, DepartmentofPharmacologyandToxicology,Universityof OfficeofDietarySupplements,NationalInstitutesofHealth,
AlabamaatBirmingham,Birmingham,Alabama, Bethesda,Maryland,andJeanMayerUSDAHuman AlabamaatBirmingham,Birmingham,Alabama, Bethesda,Maryland,andJeanMayerUSDAHuman
U.S.A. NutritionResearchCenteronAging,TuftsUniversity, U.S.A. NutritionResearchCenteronAging,TuftsUniversity,
Boston,Massachusetts,U.S.A. Boston,Massachusetts,U.S.A.
JohnH.CardellinaII JohnH.CardellinaII
ReevesGroupConsultations,Walkersville,Maryland, NoelW.Solomons ReevesGroupConsultations,Walkersville,Maryland, NoelW.Solomons
U.S.A. CenterforStudiesofSensoryImpairment,Aging,and U.S.A. CenterforStudiesofSensoryImpairment,Aging,and
Metabolism(CeSSIAM),GuatemalaCity,Guatemala Metabolism(CeSSIAM),GuatemalaCity,Guatemala
NormanH.Farnsworth NormanH.Farnsworth
UIC/NIHCenterforBotanicalDietarySupplementsResearch RoyUpton UIC/NIHCenterforBotanicalDietarySupplementsResearch RoyUpton
(cid:1) (cid:1)
forWomen’sHealth,ProgramforCollaborativeResearchinthe AmericanHerbalPharmacopoeiaR,ScottsValley,California, forWomen’sHealth,ProgramforCollaborativeResearchinthe AmericanHerbalPharmacopoeiaR,ScottsValley,California,
PharmaceuticalSciences,CollegeofPharmacy,Universityof U.S.A. PharmaceuticalSciences,CollegeofPharmacy,Universityof U.S.A.
IllinoisatChicago,Chicago,Illinois,U.S.A. IllinoisatChicago,Chicago,Illinois,U.S.A.
StevenH.Zeisel StevenH.Zeisel
DonaldB.McCormick Director,NutritionResearchInstitute,andDirector,Nutrition DonaldB.McCormick Director,NutritionResearchInstitute,andDirector,Nutrition
DepartmentofBiochemistry,SchoolofMedicine,andProgram andObesityResearchCenter,UNCGillingsSchoolofPublic DepartmentofBiochemistry,SchoolofMedicine,andProgram andObesityResearchCenter,UNCGillingsSchoolofPublic
inNutritionandHealthSciences,DivisionofBiological Health,UniversityofNorthCarolina,ChapelHill,North inNutritionandHealthSciences,DivisionofBiological Health,UniversityofNorthCarolina,ChapelHill,North
Sciences,EmoryUniversity,Atlanta,Georgia,U.S.A. Carolina,U.S.A. Sciences,EmoryUniversity,Atlanta,Georgia,U.S.A. Carolina,U.S.A.
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Encyclopedia of Dietary Supplements Encyclopedia of Dietary Supplements
Second Edition Second Edition
Editedby Editedby
Paul M. Coates Paul M. Coates
Director,OfficeofDietarySupplements Director,OfficeofDietarySupplements
NationalInstitutesofHealth,Bethesda,Maryland,U.S.A. NationalInstitutesofHealth,Bethesda,Maryland,U.S.A.
Joseph M. Betz Joseph M. Betz
OfficeofDietarySupplements OfficeofDietarySupplements
NationalInstitutesofHealth,Bethesda,Maryland,U.S.A. NationalInstitutesofHealth,Bethesda,Maryland,U.S.A.
Marc R. Blackman Marc R. Blackman
ResearchService,VeteransAffairsMedicalCenter ResearchService,VeteransAffairsMedicalCenter
Washington,D.C.,U.S.A. Washington,D.C.,U.S.A.
DepartmentsofMedicine,GeorgeWashingtonUniversity DepartmentsofMedicine,GeorgeWashingtonUniversity
JohnsHopkinsUniversityandUniversityofMarylandSchoolsofMedicine JohnsHopkinsUniversityandUniversityofMarylandSchoolsofMedicine
Gordon M. Cragg Gordon M. Cragg
NIHSpecialVolunteer,NaturalProductsBranch NIHSpecialVolunteer,NaturalProductsBranch
DevelopmentalTherapeuticsProgram DevelopmentalTherapeuticsProgram
DivisionofCancerTreatmentandDiagnosis DivisionofCancerTreatmentandDiagnosis
NationalCancerInstitute,NationalInstitutesofHealth,Bethesda,Maryland,U.S.A. NationalCancerInstitute,NationalInstitutesofHealth,Bethesda,Maryland,U.S.A.
Mark Levine Mark Levine
MolecularandClinicalNutritionSection MolecularandClinicalNutritionSection
DigestiveDiseasesBranch DigestiveDiseasesBranch
NationalInstituteofDiabetesandDigestiveandKidneyDiseases NationalInstituteofDiabetesandDigestiveandKidneyDiseases
NationalInstitutesofHealth,Bethesda,Maryland,U.S.A. NationalInstitutesofHealth,Bethesda,Maryland,U.S.A.
Joel Moss Joel Moss
TranslationalMedicineBranch TranslationalMedicineBranch
NationalHeart,Lung,andBloodInstitute NationalHeart,Lung,andBloodInstitute
NationalInstitutesofHealth,Bethesda,Maryland,U.S.A. NationalInstitutesofHealth,Bethesda,Maryland,U.S.A.
Jeffrey D. White Jeffrey D. White
Director,OfficeofCancerComplementaryandAlternativeMedicine Director,OfficeofCancerComplementaryandAlternativeMedicine
DivisionofCancerTreatmentandDiagnosis DivisionofCancerTreatmentandDiagnosis
NationalCancerInstitute,NationalInstitutesofHealth NationalCancerInstitute,NationalInstitutesofHealth
Bethesda,Maryland,U.S.A. Bethesda,Maryland,U.S.A.
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Preface Preface
Welcome to the second edition of Encyclopedia of Dietary Giventhelargenumberofdietarysupplementprod- Welcome to the second edition of Encyclopedia of Dietary Giventhelargenumberofdietarysupplementprod-
Supplements,reflectingthecombinedeffortsofmorethan ucts in commerce, this book covers only a small frac- Supplements,reflectingthecombinedeffortsofmorethan ucts in commerce, this book covers only a small frac-
100 authors from 13 countries on 97 topics. Response to tion of them, with selection based primarily on the fre- 100 authors from 13 countries on 97 topics. Response to tion of them, with selection based primarily on the fre-
thefirstedition,publishedin2005andthensupplemented quencyoftheiruseandtheavailabilityofasufficientsci- thefirstedition,publishedin2005andthensupplemented quencyoftheiruseandtheavailabilityofasufficientsci-
byaseriesofonlinechapters,promptedustoreviseand ence base to discuss their efficacy and safety. It is clear byaseriesofonlinechapters,promptedustoreviseand ence base to discuss their efficacy and safety. It is clear
expand the Encyclopedia. There has been considerable that the level of scientific information available differs expand the Encyclopedia. There has been considerable that the level of scientific information available differs
expansioninresearchonmanydietarysupplementsand markedly among the various entries. For many ingredi- expansioninresearchonmanydietarysupplementsand markedly among the various entries. For many ingredi-
their ingredients. We expect that this Encyclopedia will ents,thechemistryandphysiology,preclinicalandclinical their ingredients. We expect that this Encyclopedia will ents,thechemistryandphysiology,preclinicalandclinical
continue to be a valuable reference for students and re- information,andmechanismofactionarewellknown.For continue to be a valuable reference for students and re- information,andmechanismofactionarewellknown.For
searchers in physiology and chemistry, for health care others,bycontrast,someormanypiecesofthesedataare searchers in physiology and chemistry, for health care others,bycontrast,someormanypiecesofthesedataare
providers, and for consumers who are interested in un- missing. The preparation of some commercial products providers, and for consumers who are interested in un- missing. The preparation of some commercial products
derstandingthekindofsciencethatis—orisnot—behind is of high quality and follows good agricultural, labo- derstandingthekindofsciencethatis—orisnot—behind is of high quality and follows good agricultural, labo-
theclaimsthataremadefordietarysupplementsthatare ratory, and manufacturing practices. Again, by contrast, theclaimsthataremadefordietarysupplementsthatare ratory, and manufacturing practices. Again, by contrast,
sold throughout the world, where standards of govern- the preparations for others have not been reliable, mak- sold throughout the world, where standards of govern- the preparations for others have not been reliable, mak-
ment regulation differ from country to country. In the ing them subject to high variability in content and pos- ment regulation differ from country to country. In the ing them subject to high variability in content and pos-
United States, sales of products in the dietary supple- siblecontamination.Asdietarysupplementusebecomes United States, sales of products in the dietary supple- siblecontamination.Asdietarysupplementusebecomes
ment market approached $25 billion in 2009. Their form morewidespread,therearegrowingconcernsaboutsafety ment market approached $25 billion in 2009. Their form morewidespread,therearegrowingconcernsaboutsafety
and their labeling are regulated by the Food and Drug of some ingredients, including possible harmful interac- and their labeling are regulated by the Food and Drug of some ingredients, including possible harmful interac-
Administration(FDA)asaresultoflegislationpassedin tionsbetweensupplementsandprescribeddrugs.When Administration(FDA)asaresultoflegislationpassedin tionsbetweensupplementsandprescribeddrugs.When
1994 called the Dietary Supplement Health and Educa- known, this information is included in the chapters of 1994 called the Dietary Supplement Health and Educa- known, this information is included in the chapters of
tion Act (DSHEA). The dietary supplement category in this book. These issues should form the basis for future tion Act (DSHEA). The dietary supplement category in this book. These issues should form the basis for future
the United States includes vitamins, minerals, and other research. the United States includes vitamins, minerals, and other research.
ingredientsthatarefoundinfoods,aswellasingredients The field of dietary supplements is a rich one, and ingredientsthatarefoundinfoods,aswellasingredients The field of dietary supplements is a rich one, and
not ordinarily found in foods—such as extracts of herbs thesciencerelatedtothislargeclassofingredientsisex- not ordinarily found in foods—such as extracts of herbs thesciencerelatedtothislargeclassofingredientsisex-
andothernaturalproducts—thatareusedbyconsumers panding all the time. All the chapters that appeared in andothernaturalproducts—thatareusedbyconsumers panding all the time. All the chapters that appeared in
for their potential health-promoting, disease-preventing, the first edition have been revised and updated for this for their potential health-promoting, disease-preventing, the first edition have been revised and updated for this
orperformance-enhancingproperties.Manyoftheseare edition.Inadditiontoprovidingtheseupdatedchapters, orperformance-enhancingproperties.Manyoftheseare edition.Inadditiontoprovidingtheseupdatedchapters,
representedinthechaptersofthisbook. we have included 12 additional chapters on topics not representedinthechaptersofthisbook. we have included 12 additional chapters on topics not
The Encyclopedia is not just for consumers in the previously covered, reflecting the emergence of dietary The Encyclopedia is not just for consumers in the previously covered, reflecting the emergence of dietary
U.S.market,althoughweacknowledgethattheterm“di- supplementsinthemarketplace,aswellasthesciencebe- U.S.market,althoughweacknowledgethattheterm“di- supplementsinthemarketplace,aswellasthesciencebe-
etary supplements” is an American expression. We are hindthem.Thereisalsoanewchapteronthechallengesof etary supplements” is an American expression. We are hindthem.Thereisalsoanewchapteronthechallengesof
notawareofanyothersingletermthatdescribesallofthe dietarysupplementresearch.Additionalchangesinvolve notawareofanyothersingletermthatdescribesallofthe dietarysupplementresearch.Additionalchangesinvolve
substancesthatwewishtoincludeinthisEncyclopedia, gatheringseveralrelatedchaptersunder“umbrella”top- substancesthatwewishtoincludeinthisEncyclopedia, gatheringseveralrelatedchaptersunder“umbrella”top-
althoughtermssuchasfoodsupplements,nutritionalsup- ics:CarotenoidsandPolyphenols.Twoofthechaptersinthis althoughtermssuchasfoodsupplements,nutritionalsup- ics:CarotenoidsandPolyphenols.Twoofthechaptersinthis
plements,ornaturalhealthproductshavebeenappliedas edition of the Encyclopedia, on Ephedra and Androstene- plements,ornaturalhealthproductshavebeenappliedas edition of the Encyclopedia, on Ephedra and Androstene-
well.Sometimestheclaimsforbenefitofspecificproducts dione, were commissioned before their status as dietary well.Sometimestheclaimsforbenefitofspecificproducts dione, were commissioned before their status as dietary
are borne out by well-documented scientific studies. In supplements in the U.S. market was changed. In 2004, are borne out by well-documented scientific studies. In supplements in the U.S. market was changed. In 2004,
other cases, they are not, or the science to support their the FDA banned ephedra-containing products from the other cases, they are not, or the science to support their the FDA banned ephedra-containing products from the
useisstillatanearlystage.Enthusiasmfortheirusemay dietary supplement market in the United States. Also in useisstillatanearlystage.Enthusiasmfortheirusemay dietary supplement market in the United States. Also in
bebasedonpopularlegendoronlongstandingpatterns 2004, the FDA issued warning letters to companies then bebasedonpopularlegendoronlongstandingpatterns 2004, the FDA issued warning letters to companies then
ofuseintraditionalhealingsystems.Inthisbook,wehope marketingproductscontainingandrostenedione;thereg- ofuseintraditionalhealingsystems.Inthisbook,wehope marketingproductscontainingandrostenedione;thereg-
thatreaderswillbeabletoexaminethetypesofevidence ulatory status of these products as dietary supplements thatreaderswillbeabletoexaminethetypesofevidence ulatory status of these products as dietary supplements
thathavebeenusedtosupportclaimsofbenefitandsafety. has therefore changed. Nevertheless, until recently, both thathavebeenusedtosupportclaimsofbenefitandsafety. has therefore changed. Nevertheless, until recently, both
The goal of this book is to provide readers with ephedraandandrostenedionewerewidelyconsumedin The goal of this book is to provide readers with ephedraandandrostenedionewerewidelyconsumedin
comprehensive,yetaccessible,informationonthecurrent theUnitedStates.Wefelt,therefore,thatdiscussionofthe comprehensive,yetaccessible,informationonthecurrent theUnitedStates.Wefelt,therefore,thatdiscussionofthe
stateofscienceforindividualsupplementingredientsor scienceoftheseingredientswasimportant.Thechapters stateofscienceforindividualsupplementingredientsor scienceoftheseingredientswasimportant.Thechapters
extracts. To this end, each entry reviews basic informa- havebeenupdatedtoreflectthenewregulatorystatusof extracts. To this end, each entry reviews basic informa- havebeenupdatedtoreflectthenewregulatorystatusof
tion available about the ingredient including, where ap- theseingredients. tion available about the ingredient including, where ap- theseingredients.
plicable,itschemistryandfunctions,beforedetailingthe Where possible and applicable, chapter names for plicable,itschemistryandfunctions,beforedetailingthe Where possible and applicable, chapter names for
preclinical and clinical literature. Articles conclude with botanical ingredients have been adapted to conform to preclinical and clinical literature. Articles conclude with botanical ingredients have been adapted to conform to
referencestotherelevantliterature. thestandardizedcommonnamesintheAmericanHerbal referencestotherelevantliterature. thestandardizedcommonnamesintheAmericanHerbal
v v
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vi Preface vi Preface
Products Association’s Herbs of Commerce, Second Edi- Finally,wewishtoemphasizethattheinclusionof Products Association’s Herbs of Commerce, Second Edi- Finally,wewishtoemphasizethattheinclusionof
tion(2000).Theacceptedscientificnames(withauthority) chaptersonparticulardietarysupplementsinthisEncy- tion(2000).Theacceptedscientificnames(withauthority) chaptersonparticulardietarysupplementsinthisEncy-
andadditionalsynonymsmaybefoundintheindividual clopediadoesnotimplythatweendorsethem. andadditionalsynonymsmaybefoundintheindividual clopediadoesnotimplythatweendorsethem.
chapters. chapters.
Weexpressourthankstotheauthorsoftheindivid- PaulM.Coates Weexpressourthankstotheauthorsoftheindivid- PaulM.Coates
ualchapters.Thisisachallengingandsomewhatcontro- JosephM.Betz ualchapters.Thisisachallengingandsomewhatcontro- JosephM.Betz
versial field, but we believe that our authors have pro- MarcR.Blackman versial field, but we believe that our authors have pro- MarcR.Blackman
vided a balanced and current view of the literature. We GordonM.Cragg vided a balanced and current view of the literature. We GordonM.Cragg
alsoacknowledgewithgratitudethehardworkandguid- MarkLevine alsoacknowledgewithgratitudethehardworkandguid- MarkLevine
ance of Informa Healthcare’s editorial staff, particularly JoelMoss ance of Informa Healthcare’s editorial staff, particularly JoelMoss
theprojecteditor,TimothyDeWerff. JeffreyD.White theprojecteditor,TimothyDeWerff. JeffreyD.White
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Contents Contents
Preface .... v L-Carnitine,Acetyl-L-Carnitine,and Preface .... v L-Carnitine,Acetyl-L-Carnitine,and
Contributors .... x Propionyl-L-Carnitine 107 Contributors .... x Propionyl-L-Carnitine 107
TheChallengesofDietarySupplementResearchand CharlesJ.Rebouche TheChallengesofDietarySupplementResearchand CharlesJ.Rebouche
ConsiderationsforFutureStudies .... xvi ConsiderationsforFutureStudies .... xvi
β-Carotene 115 β-Carotene 115
S-Adenosylmethionine 1 ElizabethJ.JohnsonandRobertM.Russell S-Adenosylmethionine 1 ElizabethJ.JohnsonandRobertM.Russell
Jose´ M.MatoandShellyC.Lu Jose´ M.MatoandShellyC.Lu
CarotenoidsOverview 121 CarotenoidsOverview 121
AloeVera 7 ElizabethJ.JohnsonandRobertM.Russell AloeVera 7 ElizabethJ.JohnsonandRobertM.Russell
SantiagoRodriguez,StevenDentali,and SantiagoRodriguez,StevenDentali,and
DevonPowell CascaraSagrada 124 DevonPowell CascaraSagrada 124
KapilK.SoniandGailB.Mahady KapilK.SoniandGailB.Mahady
Androstenedione 15 Androstenedione 15
BenjaminZ.Leder ChasteTree 129 BenjaminZ.Leder ChasteTree 129
GailB.Mahady,JoannaL.Michel,andKapilK.Soni GailB.Mahady,JoannaL.Michel,andKapilK.Soni
L-Arginine 21 L-Arginine 21
MauroMaccario,GuglielmoBeccuti,ValentinaGasco, Choline 136 MauroMaccario,GuglielmoBeccuti,ValentinaGasco, Choline 136
MariangelaSeardo,GianlucaAimaretti,Emanuela StevenH.Zeisel MariangelaSeardo,GianlucaAimaretti,Emanuela StevenH.Zeisel
Arvat,FabioLanfranco,andEzioGhigo Arvat,FabioLanfranco,andEzioGhigo
ChondroitinSulfate 144 ChondroitinSulfate 144
Astragalus 29 KarlaL.MillerandDanielO.Clegg Astragalus 29 KarlaL.MillerandDanielO.Clegg
RoyUpton RoyUpton
Chromium 149 Chromium 149
Bilberry 37 RichardA.AndersonandWilliamT.Cefalu Bilberry 37 RichardA.AndersonandWilliamT.Cefalu
MarilynBarrett MarilynBarrett
CoenzymeQ 157 CoenzymeQ 157
10 10
Biotin 43 GustavDallnerandRolandStocker Biotin 43 GustavDallnerandRolandStocker
DonaldM.Mock DonaldM.Mock
ConjugatedLinoleicAcid 166 ConjugatedLinoleicAcid 166
BitterOrange 52 KristinaB.Martinez,ArionJ.Kennedy,and BitterOrange 52 KristinaB.Martinez,ArionJ.Kennedy,and
SteffanyHaaz,K.Y.Williams,KevinR.Fontaine,and MichaelK.McIntosh SteffanyHaaz,K.Y.Williams,KevinR.Fontaine,and MichaelK.McIntosh
DavidB.Allison DavidB.Allison
Copper 175 Copper 175
BlackCohosh 60 LeslieM.Klevay BlackCohosh 60 LeslieM.Klevay
DanielS.Fabricant,ElizabethC.Krause,and DanielS.Fabricant,ElizabethC.Krause,and
NormanR.Farnsworth Cordyceps 185 NormanR.Farnsworth Cordyceps 185
JohnHolliday,MattCleaver,MojcaTajnik,JosephM. JohnHolliday,MattCleaver,MojcaTajnik,JosephM.
Blue-GreenAlgae(Cyanobacteria) 75 Cerecedes,andSolomonP.Wasser Blue-GreenAlgae(Cyanobacteria) 75 Cerecedes,andSolomonP.Wasser
WayneW.CarmichaelandMaryStukenbergwith WayneW.CarmichaelandMaryStukenbergwith
JosephM.Betz Cranberry 193 JosephM.Betz Cranberry 193
MargueriteA.Klein MargueriteA.Klein
Boron 82 Boron 82
CurtissHunt Creatine 202 CurtissHunt Creatine 202
G.S.Salomons,C.Jakobs,andM.Wyss G.S.Salomons,C.Jakobs,andM.Wyss
Caffeine 90 Caffeine 90
HarrisR.Lieberman,ChristinaE.Carvey,and DongQuai 208 HarrisR.Lieberman,ChristinaE.Carvey,and DongQuai 208
LaurenA.Thompson RoyUpton LaurenA.Thompson RoyUpton
Calcium 101 Dehydroepiandrosterone 217 Calcium 101 Dehydroepiandrosterone 217
RobertP.Heaney SalvatoreAlesci,IriniManoli,andMarcR.Blackman RobertP.Heaney SalvatoreAlesci,IriniManoli,andMarcR.Blackman
vii vii
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viii Contents viii Contents
EchinaceaSpecies 226 Hawthorn 411 EchinaceaSpecies 226 Hawthorn 411
RudolfBauerandKarinWoelkart EgonKoch,WernerR.Busse,WiltrudJuretzek,and RudolfBauerandKarinWoelkart EgonKoch,WernerR.Busse,WiltrudJuretzek,and
VitaliChevts VitaliChevts
Elderberry 235 Elderberry 235
MadeleineMumcuoglu,DanielSafirman,and 5-Hydroxytryptophan 423 MadeleineMumcuoglu,DanielSafirman,and 5-Hydroxytryptophan 423
MinaFerne PedroDelCorral,KathrynS.King,andKarelPacak MinaFerne PedroDelCorral,KathrynS.King,andKarelPacak
Eleuthero 241 Iron 432 Eleuthero 241 Iron 432
JosefA.Brinckmann LauraE.Murray-KolbandJohnBeard JosefA.Brinckmann LauraE.Murray-KolbandJohnBeard
Ephedra 250 Isoflavones 439 Ephedra 250 Isoflavones 439
AnneL.ThurnwithJosephM.Betz MarkMessina AnneL.ThurnwithJosephM.Betz MarkMessina
EveningPrimrose 256 Isothiocyanates 450 EveningPrimrose 256 Isothiocyanates 450
FereidoonShahidiandHomanMiraliakbari ElizabethH.JefferyandAnna-SigridKeck FereidoonShahidiandHomanMiraliakbari ElizabethH.JefferyandAnna-SigridKeck
Feverfew 267 Kava 459 Feverfew 267 Kava 459
DennisV.C.Awang MichaelJ.Balick,KatherineHerrera,and DennisV.C.Awang MichaelJ.Balick,KatherineHerrera,and
StevenM.Musser StevenM.Musser
Flaxseed 274 Flaxseed 274
LilianU.ThompsonandJulieK.Mason LactobacilliandBifidobacteria 469 LilianU.ThompsonandJulieK.Mason LactobacilliandBifidobacteria 469
LindaC.Duffy,StephenSporn,PatriciaHibberd, LindaC.Duffy,StephenSporn,PatriciaHibberd,
Folate 288 CarolPontzer,GloriaSolano-Aguilar,SusanV.Lynch, Folate 288 CarolPontzer,GloriaSolano-Aguilar,SusanV.Lynch,
PamelaBagleyandBarryShane andCrystalMcDade-Ngutter PamelaBagleyandBarryShane andCrystalMcDade-Ngutter
FrenchMaritimePine 298 Licorice 479 FrenchMaritimePine 298 Licorice 479
PeterJ.Rohdewald DecioArmanini,CristinaFiore,JensBielenberg,and PeterJ.Rohdewald DecioArmanini,CristinaFiore,JensBielenberg,and
EugenioRagazzi EugenioRagazzi
Garcinia 307 Garcinia 307
FrankGreenway α-LipoicAcid/ThiocticAcid 487 FrankGreenway α-LipoicAcid/ThiocticAcid 487
DonaldB.McCormick DonaldB.McCormick
Garlic 314 Garlic 314
J.A.Milner Lutein 493 J.A.Milner Lutein 493
JohnPaulSanGiovanni,EmilyY.Chew,and JohnPaulSanGiovanni,EmilyY.Chew,and
Ginger 325 ElizabethJ.Johnson Ginger 325 ElizabethJ.Johnson
TieraonaLowDog TieraonaLowDog
Lycopene 504 Lycopene 504
Ginkgo 332 RachelKopec,StevenJ.Schwartz,andCraigHadley Ginkgo 332 RachelKopec,StevenJ.Schwartz,andCraigHadley
KristianStrømgaard,StineB.Vogensen,JosephSteet, KristianStrømgaard,StineB.Vogensen,JosephSteet,
andKojiNakanishi Maca 518 andKojiNakanishi Maca 518
IliasMuhammad,JianpingZhao,andIkhlasA.Khan IliasMuhammad,JianpingZhao,andIkhlasA.Khan
Ginseng,American 339 Ginseng,American 339
Chong-ZhiWangandChun-SuYuan Magnesium 527 Chong-ZhiWangandChun-SuYuan Magnesium 527
RobertK.Rude RobertK.Rude
Ginseng,Asian 348 Ginseng,Asian 348
LeeJiaandFabioSoldati Melatonin 538 LeeJiaandFabioSoldati Melatonin 538
AmnonBrzezinskiandRichardJ.Wurtman AmnonBrzezinskiandRichardJ.Wurtman
Glucosamine 363 Glucosamine 363
KarlaL.MillerandDanielO.Clegg MilkThistle 550 KarlaL.MillerandDanielO.Clegg MilkThistle 550
ElenaLadas,DavidJ.Kroll,andKaraM.Kelly ElenaLadas,DavidJ.Kroll,andKaraM.Kelly
Glutamine 370 Glutamine 370
StevenF.Abcouwer Niacin 562 StevenF.Abcouwer Niacin 562
ChristelleBourgeoisandJoelMoss ChristelleBourgeoisandJoelMoss
Goldenseal 379 Goldenseal 379
DennisJ.McKennaandGregoryA.Plotnikoff Noni 570 DennisJ.McKennaandGregoryA.Plotnikoff Noni 570
AlisonD.Pawlus,Bao-NingSu,YeDeng,and AlisonD.Pawlus,Bao-NingSu,YeDeng,and
GrapeSeedExtract 391 A.DouglasKinghorn GrapeSeedExtract 391 A.DouglasKinghorn
DallasL.Clouatre,ChithanKandaswami,and DallasL.Clouatre,ChithanKandaswami,and
KevinM.Connolly Omega-3FattyAcids 577 KevinM.Connolly Omega-3FattyAcids 577
WilliamS.Harris WilliamS.Harris
GreenTeaPolyphenols 402 GreenTeaPolyphenols 402
ShengminSang,JoshuaD.Lambert,Chi-TangHo,and ShengminSang,JoshuaD.Lambert,Chi-TangHo,and
ChungS.Yang ChungS.Yang
SPH SPH SPH SPH
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Contents ix Contents ix
Omega-6FattyAcids 587 St.John’sWort 727 Omega-6FattyAcids 587 St.John’sWort 727
WilliamL.SmithandBillLands JerryM.Cott WilliamL.SmithandBillLands JerryM.Cott
PancreaticEnzymes 598 Taurine 738 PancreaticEnzymes 598 Taurine 738
NareshSundaresan,UnwanaobongNseyo,and RobinJ.Marles,ValerieA.Assinewe,JuliaA.Fogg, NareshSundaresan,UnwanaobongNseyo,and RobinJ.Marles,ValerieA.Assinewe,JuliaA.Fogg,
JoelMoss MiloszKaczmarek,andMichaelC.W.Sek JoelMoss MiloszKaczmarek,andMichaelC.W.Sek
PantothenicAcid 604 Thiamin 748 PantothenicAcid 604 Thiamin 748
LawrenceSweetman HamidM.Said LawrenceSweetman HamidM.Said
Paud’Arco 612 Turmeric 754 Paud’Arco 612 Turmeric 754
MemoryP.F.Elvin-LewisandWalterH.Lewis JanetL.Funk MemoryP.F.Elvin-LewisandWalterH.Lewis JanetL.Funk
Phosphorus 626 Valerian 766 Phosphorus 626 Valerian 766
JohnJ.B.AndersonandSanfordC.Garner DennisV.C.Awang JohnJ.B.AndersonandSanfordC.Garner DennisV.C.Awang
PolyphenolsOverview 632 VitaminA 778 PolyphenolsOverview 632 VitaminA 778
NavindraP.Seeram A.CatharineRoss NavindraP.Seeram A.CatharineRoss
Proanthocyanidins 635 VitaminB 792 Proanthocyanidins 635 VitaminB 792
6 6
CatherineKwik-Uribe,RebeccaRobbins,and JamesE.Leklem CatherineKwik-Uribe,RebeccaRobbins,and JamesE.Leklem
GaryBeecher GaryBeecher
VitaminB 812 VitaminB 812
12 12
Pygeum 650 LindsayH.Allen Pygeum 650 LindsayH.Allen
Franc¸oisG.BrackmanandAlanEdgarwith Franc¸oisG.BrackmanandAlanEdgarwith
PaulM.Coates VitaminC 821 PaulM.Coates VitaminC 821
SebastianPadayatty,MichaelGrahamEspey,and SebastianPadayatty,MichaelGrahamEspey,and
Quercetin 656 MarkLevine Quercetin 656 MarkLevine
JaeB.Park JaeB.Park
VitaminD 832 VitaminD 832
RedClover 665 PatsyBrannon,MaryFrancesPicciano,and RedClover 665 PatsyBrannon,MaryFrancesPicciano,and
ElizabethC.Krause,NancyL.Booth,ColleenE. MichelleK.McGuire ElizabethC.Krause,NancyL.Booth,ColleenE. MichelleK.McGuire
Piersen,andNormanR.Farnsworth Piersen,andNormanR.Farnsworth
VitaminE 841 VitaminE 841
Reishi 680 MaretG.Traber Reishi 680 MaretG.Traber
SolomonP.Wasser SolomonP.Wasser
VitaminK 851 VitaminK 851
Riboflavin 691 J.W.Suttie Riboflavin 691 J.W.Suttie
RichardS.Rivlin RichardS.Rivlin
Yohimbe 861 Yohimbe 861
SawPalmetto 700 JosephM.Betz SawPalmetto 700 JosephM.Betz
EdwardM.CroomandMichaelChan EdwardM.CroomandMichaelChan
Zinc 869 Zinc 869
Selenium 711 CarolynS.ChungandJanetC.King Selenium 711 CarolynS.ChungandJanetC.King
RogerA.Sunde RogerA.Sunde
Index .... 877 Index .... 877
Shiitake 719 Shiitake 719
SolomonP.Wasser SolomonP.Wasser
SPH SPH SPH SPH
fm IHBK067-Coates June3,2010 10:54 Trim:11in×8.5in Series:8.5×11tight CharCount= fm IHBK067-Coates June3,2010 10:54 Trim:11in×8.5in Series:8.5×11tight CharCount=
Contributors Contributors
StevenF.Abcouwer DepartmentsofSurgery,Cellular GuglielmoBeccuti DivisionofEndocrinology, StevenF.Abcouwer DepartmentsofSurgery,Cellular GuglielmoBeccuti DivisionofEndocrinology,
andMolecularPhysiology,andOphthalmology,Penn DiabetesandMetabolism,DepartmentofInternal andMolecularPhysiology,andOphthalmology,Penn DiabetesandMetabolism,DepartmentofInternal
StateUniversityCollegeofMedicine,MiltonS.Hershey Medicine,UniversityofTurin,Turin,Italy StateUniversityCollegeofMedicine,MiltonS.Hershey Medicine,UniversityofTurin,Turin,Italy
MedicalCenter,Hershey,Pennsylvania,U.S.A. MedicalCenter,Hershey,Pennsylvania,U.S.A.
GaryBeecher Consultant,Lothian,Maryland,U.S.A. GaryBeecher Consultant,Lothian,Maryland,U.S.A.
GianlucaAimaretti DivisionofEndocrinology, GianlucaAimaretti DivisionofEndocrinology,
JosephM.Betz OfficeofDietarySupplements, JosephM.Betz OfficeofDietarySupplements,
DiabetesandMetabolism,DepartmentofInternal DiabetesandMetabolism,DepartmentofInternal
NationalInstitutesofHealth,Bethesda,Maryland, NationalInstitutesofHealth,Bethesda,Maryland,
Medicine,UniversityofTurin,Turin,Italy Medicine,UniversityofTurin,Turin,Italy
U.S.A. U.S.A.
SalvatoreAlesci DiscoveryTranslationalMedicine, SalvatoreAlesci DiscoveryTranslationalMedicine,
JensBielenberg DepartmentofMedicalandSurgical JensBielenberg DepartmentofMedicalandSurgical
Pfizer,Collegeville,Pennsylvania,U.S.A. Pfizer,Collegeville,Pennsylvania,U.S.A.
Sciences,UniversityofPadua,Padua,Italy Sciences,UniversityofPadua,Padua,Italy
LindsayH.Allen UnitedStatesDepartmentof LindsayH.Allen UnitedStatesDepartmentof
MarcR.Blackman ResearchService,VeteransAffairs MarcR.Blackman ResearchService,VeteransAffairs
Agriculture,AgriculturalResearchService—Western Agriculture,AgriculturalResearchService—Western
MedicalCenter,Washington,D.C.,U.S.A.,and MedicalCenter,Washington,D.C.,U.S.A.,and
HumanNutritionResearchCenter,Davis,California, HumanNutritionResearchCenter,Davis,California,
DepartmentsofMedicine,GeorgeWashington DepartmentsofMedicine,GeorgeWashington
U.S.A. U.S.A.
University,JohnsHopkinsUniversity,andUniversityof University,JohnsHopkinsUniversity,andUniversityof
DavidB.Allison DepartmentofBiostatistics/Nutrition MarylandSchoolsofMedicine DavidB.Allison DepartmentofBiostatistics/Nutrition MarylandSchoolsofMedicine
ObesityResearchCenter,TheUniversityofAlabamaat ObesityResearchCenter,TheUniversityofAlabamaat
NancyL.Booth SpherixConsulting,Inc,Bethesda, NancyL.Booth SpherixConsulting,Inc,Bethesda,
Birmingham,Birmingham,Alabama,U.S.A. Birmingham,Birmingham,Alabama,U.S.A.
Maryland,U.S.A. Maryland,U.S.A.
JohnJ.B.Anderson SchoolsofPublicHealthand JohnJ.B.Anderson SchoolsofPublicHealthand
ChristelleBourgeois MaxF.PerutzLaboratories, ChristelleBourgeois MaxF.PerutzLaboratories,
Medicine,UniversityofNorthCarolina,ChapelHill, Medicine,UniversityofNorthCarolina,ChapelHill,
InstituteofMedicalBiochemistry,MedicalUniversityof InstituteofMedicalBiochemistry,MedicalUniversityof
NorthCarolina,U.S.A. NorthCarolina,U.S.A.
Vienna,Vienna,Austria Vienna,Vienna,Austria
RichardA.Anderson Diet,Genomics,and RichardA.Anderson Diet,Genomics,and
Franc¸oisG.Brackman FournierPharma,Garches, Franc¸oisG.Brackman FournierPharma,Garches,
ImmunologyLaboratory,BeltsvilleHumanNutrition ImmunologyLaboratory,BeltsvilleHumanNutrition
France France
ResearchCenter,Beltsville,Maryland,U.S.A. ResearchCenter,Beltsville,Maryland,U.S.A.
PatsyBrannon DivisionofNutritionalSciences, PatsyBrannon DivisionofNutritionalSciences,
DecioArmanini DepartmentofMedicalandSurgical DecioArmanini DepartmentofMedicalandSurgical
CornellUniversity,Ithaca,NewYork,U.S.A. CornellUniversity,Ithaca,NewYork,U.S.A.
Sciences,UniversityofPadua,Padua,Italy Sciences,UniversityofPadua,Padua,Italy
JosefA.Brinckmann TraditionalMedicinals, JosefA.Brinckmann TraditionalMedicinals,
EmanuelaArvat DivisionofEndocrinology,Diabetes EmanuelaArvat DivisionofEndocrinology,Diabetes
Sebastopol,California,U.S.A. Sebastopol,California,U.S.A.
andMetabolism,DepartmentofInternalMedicine, andMetabolism,DepartmentofInternalMedicine,
UniversityofTurin,Turin,Italy AmnonBrzezinski DepartmentofObstetricsand UniversityofTurin,Turin,Italy AmnonBrzezinski DepartmentofObstetricsand
Gynecology,TheHebrewUniversity–HadassahMedical Gynecology,TheHebrewUniversity–HadassahMedical
ValerieA.Assinewe NaturalHealthProducts ValerieA.Assinewe NaturalHealthProducts
School,Jerusalem,Israel School,Jerusalem,Israel
Directorate,HealthCanada,Ottawa,Ontario,Canada Directorate,HealthCanada,Ottawa,Ontario,Canada
WernerR.Busse Dr.WillmarSchwabeGmbH&Co. WernerR.Busse Dr.WillmarSchwabeGmbH&Co.
DennisV.C.Awang MediPlantConsultingServices, DennisV.C.Awang MediPlantConsultingServices,
KG,Karlsruhe,Germany KG,Karlsruhe,Germany
WhiteRock,BritishColumbia,Canada WhiteRock,BritishColumbia,Canada
WayneW.Carmichael DepartmentofBiological WayneW.Carmichael DepartmentofBiological
PamelaBagley BiomedicalLibraries,Dartmouth PamelaBagley BiomedicalLibraries,Dartmouth
Sciences,WrightStateUniversity,Dayton,Ohio,U.S.A. Sciences,WrightStateUniversity,Dayton,Ohio,U.S.A.
College,Hanover,NewHampshire,U.S.A. College,Hanover,NewHampshire,U.S.A.
ChristinaE.Carvey MilitaryNutritionDivision,U.S. ChristinaE.Carvey MilitaryNutritionDivision,U.S.
MichaelJ.Balick InstituteofEconomicBotany,The MichaelJ.Balick InstituteofEconomicBotany,The
ArmyResearchInstituteofEnvironmentalMedicine, ArmyResearchInstituteofEnvironmentalMedicine,
NewYorkBotanicalGarden,Bronx,NewYork,U.S.A. NewYorkBotanicalGarden,Bronx,NewYork,U.S.A.
Natick,Massachusetts,U.S.A. Natick,Massachusetts,U.S.A.
MarilynBarrett PharmacognosyConsulting,Mill MarilynBarrett PharmacognosyConsulting,Mill
WilliamT.Cefalu PenningtonBiomedicalResearch WilliamT.Cefalu PenningtonBiomedicalResearch
Valley,California,U.S.A. Valley,California,U.S.A.
Center,LouisianaStateUniversity,BatonRouge, Center,LouisianaStateUniversity,BatonRouge,
RudolfBauer InstituteofPharmaceuticalSciences, Louisiana,U.S.A. RudolfBauer InstituteofPharmaceuticalSciences, Louisiana,U.S.A.
DepartmentofPharmacognosy,Karl-Franzens- DepartmentofPharmacognosy,Karl-Franzens-
JosephM.Cerecedes MycoverseUnlimitedInc., JosephM.Cerecedes MycoverseUnlimitedInc.,
UniversityGraz,Graz,Austria UniversityGraz,Graz,Austria
Ashland,Oregon,U.S.A. Ashland,Oregon,U.S.A.
JohnBeard DepartmentofNutritionalSciences, JohnBeard DepartmentofNutritionalSciences,
MichaelChan BritishColumbiaInstituteof MichaelChan BritishColumbiaInstituteof
ThePennsylvaniaStateUniversity,UniversityPark, ThePennsylvaniaStateUniversity,UniversityPark,
Technology,Burnaby,BritishColumbia,Canada Technology,Burnaby,BritishColumbia,Canada
Pennsylvania,U.S.A.(Deceased). Pennsylvania,U.S.A.(Deceased).
x x