Encyclopedia Of American Political Parties And Elections (Facts on File Library of American History) PDF
Preview Encyclopedia Of American Political Parties And Elections (Facts on File Library of American History)
Encyclopedia of American political parties and elections Updated Edition Encyclopedia of American political parties and elections Updated Edition Larry J. Sabato Howard R. Ernst Encyclopedia of American Political Parties and Elections, Updated Edition Copyright © 2007, 2006 by Larry J. Sabato and Howard R. Ernst All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information contact: Facts On File, Inc. An imprint of Infobase Publishing 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 ISBN-10: 0-8160-5875-X ISBN-13:978-0-8160-5875-4 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Sabato, Larry. Encyclopedia of American political parties and elections / Larry J. Sabato, Howard R. Ernst. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8160-5875-X (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Political parties—United States— Encyclopedias. 2. Elections—United States—Encyclopedias. 3. United States—Politics and government—Encyclopedias. I. Ernst, Howard R., 1970- II. Title. JK2261.S218 2006 324.273'03—dc22 2005013377 Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions. Please call our Special Sales Department in New York at (212) 967-8800 or (800) 322-8755. You can find Facts On File on the World Wide Web at http://www.factsonfile.com Text design by Joan M. McEvoy Cover design by Cathy Rincon Printed in the United States of America VB DS 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 This book is printed on acid-free paper. Contents ★ LIST OF ENTRIES vi CONTRIBUTOR LIST ix INTRODUCTION xi ENTRIES A toZ 1 BIBLIOGRAPHY 499 INDEX 525 List of Entries ★ absentee voting benchmark poll Christian Coalition demagoguery advertisements (political), Blue Dog Democrats citizenship democracy, direct all types blue states Citizens Party democracy, representative advertisements (political), Buckley v. Valeo424 U.S. 1 civil rights legislation Democratic Leadership negative bullet voting Civil Rights movement Council Alien and Sedition Acts Bull Moose Party coalition Democratic National American Association of Bullock v. Carter405 U.S. coattails Committee Retired Persons 134 Commission on Democratic National American Independent bundling Presidential Debates Committee chair Party Bush v. Gore531 U.S. 98 Committee on Political Democratic National American Labor Party butterfly ballot Education Convention Anti-Federalists campaign, general election Common Cause Democratic Party Anti-Masonic Party campaign, Internet Communications Act of Democratic Party approval rating campaign, media 1934 platforms Article I, U.S. Constitution campaign, nomination Communist Party of the Democratic Party symbol Article II, U.S. Constitution campaign, political United States Democratic-Republican Article III, U.S. campaign buttons competitive election Party Constitution campaign consultant Congressional Black Caucus Democratic Senatorial Articles of Confederation campaign consultant, media congressional campaign Campaign Committee at-large elections campaign contribution limits committees direct mail Australian ballot campaign contributions congressional district direct primary Baker v. Carr369 U.S. 186 campaign ethics congressional elections dirty campaign tricks ballot campaign expenditures Connecticut Plan disenfranchisement ballot access campaign finance laws constituency Dixiecrats ballot initiative campaign literature Contract with America doctrine of responsible ballot initiatives, affirmative campaign manager convention bounce parties action campaign organization coordinated expenditures Dorr Rebellion ballot initiatives, campaign campaign pollster county chairperson Dunn v. Blumstein405 U.S. reform campaign slogans credentials committee 330 ballot initiatives, candidate critical elections Duverger’s Law environmental issues candidate-centered elections cross-filing early voting ballot initiatives, tax issues casework crossover voting earned media ballot initiatives, term limits caucus cumulative voting election cycle bandwagon effect census dark-horse candidate election day barnstorm chad dealignment election fraud bellwether challenger delegate elections vi List of Entries vii elections, gubernatorial hard money matching funds party boss elections, House of Hatch Act McCain-Feingold Campaign party identification Representatives Help America Vote Act of Finance Reform party in office elections, judicial 2002 McCarthyism party in the electorate elections, local and state home rule media and elections party leadership, House of elections, U.S. Senate horse race journalism media and elections, AM Representatives elector House of Representatives, talk radio party leadership, Senate elector, faithless qualifications media and elections, cable party organization Electoral College House of Representatives, TV party organization, local Electoral College reform size media and elections, party organization, national plans Hunt Commission Internet party organization, state electorate ideology media and elections, party switchers EMILY’s List ideology, type network television party unity score endorsement impeachment process midterm congressional patronage equal time rule incumbency advantage elections and the theory Pendleton Act of 1883 exit polls independent of “surge and decline” penny press exploratory committee independent expenditures midterm elections People’s Party faction interest groups Miller v. Johnson515 U.S. Philadelphia Convention fairness doctrine Internet voting 900 phone banks favorite son Iowa caucus minority party political action committee Federal Communications IRS checkoff Mississippi Freedom political action committees, Commission isolationism Democratic Party corporate Federal Corrupt Practices issue advocacy advertising Mississippi Plan political action committees, Acts of 1910, 1911, and Kennedy-Nixon debates Motor Voter Law ideological 1925 keynote address, party MoveOn.Org political action committees, Federal Election Campaign conventions muckraking leadership Act of 1971 Know-Nothing Party Mugwumps political action committees, Federal Election Ku Klux Klan multimember district single-issue groups Commission labor groups name recognition political action committees, Federalist Papers lame duck NASCAR dads union/labor groups Federalist Party Lane v. Wilson307 U.S. National Association for the political cartoons Fifteenth Amendment 268 Advancement of Colored political party fifty-fifty rule League of Conservation People political socialization first past the post Voters National Election Study politics focus groups League of Women Voters National Organization for poll tax Fourteenth Amendment Liberal Party Women poll watcher Free Soil Party Libertarian Party national party committees popular vote front-loading likely voter National Republican Populist Party frontrunner Lincoln-Douglas debates Senatorial Committee precinct fund-raising literacy test National Unity Campaign precinct committee officer fund-raising, Internet lobbyist Natural Law Party preprimary endorsements fund-raising, mail machine politics New Alliance Party presidency qualifications fusion ticket machine politics, Byrd New Deal Coalition presidential campaigns, gender gap in U.S. voting machine politics, Crump New Hampshire primary public financing general election machine politics, Daley New Jersey Plan presidential debates gerrymander machine politics, Tammany Nineteenth Amendment presidential elections get-out-the-vote Hall nomination presidential election GOPAC mail voting nonpartisan election 1788–89 grandfather clause majority-minority districts open seat elections presidential election 1792 Grand Old Party majority party opposition party presidential election 1796 grassroots malapportionment opposition research presidential election 1800 Greenback Party mandate paid media presidential election 1804 Green Party marginal district partisan voting in Congress presidential election 1808 viii List of Entries presidential election 1812 presidential polls Seneca Falls Convention uncontested election presidential election 1816 presidential primaries Seventeenth Amendment undecided voters presidential election 1820 presidential succession Shaw v. Reno509 U.S. 630 Uniformed and Overseas presidential election 1824 primary single-issue voter Citizens Absentee Voting presidential election 1828 primary, blanket single-member districts Act presidential election 1832 primary, mixed slate Union Party presidential election 1836 primary, nonpartisan Smith v. Allwright321 U.S. unit rule presidential election 1840 primary, open 649 U.S. Taxpayers Party presidential election 1844 primary, regional Socialist Party U.S. Term Limits v. presidential election 1848 primary, runoff soft money Thornton514 U.S. 779 presidential election 1852 Progressive movement sophomore surge vice presidency presidential election 1856 Progressive Party South Carolina Progressive qualifications presidential election 1860 Prohibition Party Democratic Party vice presidency selection presidential election 1864 proportional representation southern Democrats voter canvass presidential election 1868 public opinion polling southern strategy Voter News Service presidential election 1872 pundit Speaker of the House of voter registration presidential election 1876 push poll Representatives voter turnout presidential election 1880 racial districting special election voter turnout, age presidential election 1884 Rainbow/PUSH Coalition split-ticket voting voter turnout, economic presidential election 1888 random sample spoiler status presidential election 1892 Reagan Democrats state party committees voter turnout, education presidential election 1896 realignment straight-ticket voting voter turnout, gender presidential election 1900 reapportionment straw poll voter turnout, race presidential election 1904 recall suffrage voting requirements presidential election 1908 recall, California suffrage, African-American Voting Rights Act of 1965 presidential election 1912 Reconstruction suffrage, age requirements voting systems presidential election 1916 recount suffrage, District of voting trends, African- presidential election 1920 redistricting Columbia American presidential election 1924 red states suffrage, Native American voting trends, economic presidential election 1928 referendum suffrage, nonlandowners issues presidential election 1932 Reform Party suffrage, women voting trends, Hispanic presidential election 1936 Republican National superdelegate voting trends, religious presidential election 1940 Committee Super Tuesday voting trends, urban/ presidential election 1944 Republican National swing ratio suburban/rural presidential election 1948 Committee, chair swing vote voting trends, women presidential election 1952 Republican National targeting war chest presidential election 1956 Convention term limits wedge issues presidential election 1960 Republican Party third parties Whig Party presidential election 1964 Republican Party, platforms third rail issues white primary presidential election 1968 Republican Party, symbol three-fifths compromise Yellow Dog Democrat presidential election 1972 Republican revolution Tillman Act Young Democrats of presidential election 1976 retirement slump tracking poll America presidential election 1980 Revenue Acts Twelfth Amendment Young Republican Club presidential election 1984 Reynolds v. Sims377 U.S. Twentieth Amendment Zapple Doctrine presidential election 1988 533 Twenty-fourth Amendment presidential election 1992 Rock the Vote Twenty-second Amendment presidential election 1996 running mate Twenty-seventh presidential election 2000 runoff elections Amendment presidential election 2004 safe seat Twenty-sixth Amendment presidential nominating scandals Twenty-third Amendment process Senate, qualifications two-party system Contributor List ★ William Adler, City University of New York Celia M. Carroll, Washington and Lee University J. Mark Alcorn, Fond du Lac Community and Tribal College John W. Carter, United States Naval Academy Brad L. Alexander, Emory University Odul Celep, State University of New York–Binghamton Lawrence M. Anderson, University of Wisconsin–Whitewater Jamie Patrick Chandler, Hunter College Brook B. Andrews, Arlington, Virginia Molly Clancy, University of Virginia Center for Politics Brian K. Arbour, University of Texas–Austin Cal Clark, Auburn University Gayle R. Avant, Baylor University Janet Clark, State University of West Georgia Julia R. Azari, Yale University Justin P. Coffey, DePaul University Zachary Courser, University of Virginia Daniel Ballard, American University Richard P. Barberio, State University of New York–Oneonta Derrek M. Davis, Austin Community College William L. Barnes, Miami University Matthew DeSantis, University of Florida Andrew W. Barrett, Marquette University Robert E. Dewhirst, Northwest Missouri State University Jody Baumgartner, East Carolina University Brian DiSarro, University of Iowa Neil J. Beck, Harvard University Scott Dittloff, University of the Incarnate Word Marija Bekafigo, University of Florida Brendan J. Doherty, University of California–Berkeley Michael Billok, Georgetown University Law Center J. Michael Bitzer, Catawba College Michael B. Ernst, University of North Carolina–Greensboro Robert G. Boatright, Clark University Suzanne E. Evans, University of California–Berkeley Janet K. Boles, Marquette University Julio Borquez, University of Michigan–Dearborn Mary L. Fehler, Texas Christian University Shannon L. Bow, University of Florida Terri Susan Fine, University of Central Florida Matthew Bowman, University of Utah Ole J. Forsberg, University of Tennessee Kevin M. Brady, Texas Christian University Stephen E. Frantzich, United States Naval Academy F. Erik Brooks, Georgia Southern University Luis Fuentes-Rohwer, Indiana University–Bloomington Steven P. Brown, Auburn University Peter Brownfeld, political reporter based in Washington, D.C. Jason Gainous, University of Florida Brian J. Brox, University of Texas–Austin Sherry Walker Gainous, University of Florida Claudia Bryant, Western Carolina University Jessica Gerrity, Indiana University–Bloomington Jill M. Budny, Marquette University Edward. G. Carmines, Indiana University–Bloomington Gary Bugh, Nelson A. Rockefeller College Mark Givens, American University of Public Affairs and Policy Marcia L. Godwin, University of La Verne Robert Butts, Texas Christian University Michael W. Hail, Morehead State University John Cadigan, American University Mary Hallock Morris, University of Southern Indiana Damon M. Cann, Stony Brook University William Hardy, University of Tennessee ix
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