Emerging and Re-emerging Viral Infections: Advances in Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Public Health Volume 6

149 Pages·2017·3.6 MB·English

by  Giovanni Rezza

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 972
Advances in Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Public Health
Giovanni Rezza
Giuseppe Ippolito E ditors
Emerging and
Re-emerging
Viral Infections
Advances in Microbiology, Infectious Diseases
and Public Health Volume 6
Advances in Experimental Medicine
and Biology
Advances in Microbiology, Infectious Diseases
and Public Health
Volume 972
Editorial Board
Irun R. Cohen, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
N.S.AbelLajtha,KlineInstituteforPsychiatricResearch,Orangeburg,NY,USA
John D. Lambris, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Rodolfo Paoletti, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
Subseries Editor
GianfrancoDonelli,MicrobialBiofilmLaboratory,FondazioneSantaLucia
IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Giovanni Rezza (cid:129) Giuseppe Ippolito
Editors
Emerging and
Re-emerging Viral
Infections
Advances in Microbiology, Infectious
Diseases and Public Health Volume 6
Editors
GiovanniRezza GiuseppeIppolito
IstitutoSuperiorediSanita`IRCCS IRCCS
Roma,Italy NationalInstituteforInfectious
Diseases
Roma,Italy
ISSN0065-2598 ISSN2214-8019 (electronic)
AdvancesinExperimentalMedicineandBiology
ISSN2365-2675 ISSN2365-2683 (electronic)
AdvancesinMicrobiology,InfectiousDiseasesandPublicHealth
ISBN978-3-319-52484-9 ISBN978-3-319-52485-6 (eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-3-319-52485-6
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Contents
Preface–EmergingViruses:FromEarlyDetection
toIntervention. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
GiuseppeIppolitoandGiovanniRezza
HowtoTackleNaturalFocalInfections:FromRisk
AssessmenttoVaccinationStrategies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
LucaBusani,AlexanderE.Platonov,OnderErgonul,
andGiovanniRezza
Human–AnimalInterface:TheCaseforInfluenza
InterspeciesTransmission. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
IsabellaDonatelli,MariaR.Castrucci,MariaA.DeMarco,
MauroDelogu,andRobertG.Webster
BatsandEmergingInfections:AnEcologicalandVirological
Puzzle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
JordiSerra-CoboandMarcLo´pez-Roig
TheMiddleEastRespiratorySyndromeCoronavirus–A
ContinuingRisktoGlobalHealthSecurity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
EsamI. Azhar, SimoneLanini, Giuseppe Ippolito,
andAlimuddinZumla
EmergingZikaVirusInfection:ARapidlyEvolvingSituation. . . . . 61
Licia Bordi, TatjanaAvsic-Zupanc,EleonoraLalle,
Francesco Vairo,MariaRosaria Capobianchi,
andPedro FernandodaCosta Vasconcelos
SyrianHamstersasaSmallAnimalModelforEmerging
InfectiousDiseases:AdvancesinImmunologicMethods. . . . . . . . 87
BryceM.Warner,DavidSafronetz,andGaryP.Kobinger
EnablingRapidResponsetothe2014–2016EbolaEpidemic:
TheExperienceandtheResultsoftheNationalInstitute
forInfectiousDiseasesLazzaroSpallanzani. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
EmanueleNicastri,ConcettaCastilletti,MirellaBiava,
FrancescoMariaFusco,NicolaPetrosillo,VincenzoPuro,
FrancescoNicolaLauria,MariaRosariaCapobianchi,
AntoninoDiCaro,andGiuseppeIppolito
v
vi Contents
PrioritizationofHighConsequenceVirusestoImprove
EuropeanLaboratoryPreparednessforCross-Border
HealthThreats. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
CarlaNisii,RolandGrunow,AndreasBrave,GiuseppeIppolito,
DanielaJacob,PontusJureen,BarbaraBartolini,AntoninoDiCaro,
andtheEMERGEViralPathogensWorkingGroup
ThePotentialofSocialMediaandInternet-BasedData
inPreventingandFightingInfectiousDiseases:FromInternet
toTwitter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
KhaledAl-Surimi,MohammedKhalifa,SalwaBahkali,
AshrafEL-Metwally,andMowafaHouseh
Erratum:EmergingZikaVirusInfection:ARapidly
EvolvingSituation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Licia Bordi, TatjanaAvsic-Zupanc,EleonoraLalle,
Francesco Vairo,MariaRosaria Capobianchi,
andPedro FernandodaCosta Vasconcelos
Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
AdvExpMedBiol-AdvancesinMicrobiology,InfectiousDiseasesandPublicHealth(2017)6:1–5
DOI10.1007/5584_2017_33
#SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2017
Publishedonline:1April2017
Preface – Emerging Viruses: From Early
Detection to Intervention
Giuseppe Ippolito and Giovanni Rezza
Keywords
Diagnostics(cid:129)Emergence(cid:129)Emerginginfections(cid:129)Quarantine(cid:129)Vaccine
Inthelastdecades,severalvirusesemerged,after wefindseveralagentstransmittedbyAedesspp.
cross-speciespassagefromanimalreservoirsand mosquitoes, from dengue to chikungunya and
then spreading in human populations; the Ebola Zika(McCloskeyetal.2014).
virus, two different coronaviruses causing the Vector-borne viruses are not the only
severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV) emerging agent which represent a threat for
and the Middle-east respiratory syndrome human health, and other zoonotic viruses are
(MERS-CoV), and the Nipah virus, are increasingly impacting on the burden of disease
paradigmatic examples of biological agents at the global level (Morens andFauci 2013). To
completelynewforhumans,withhighepidemic this regard, zoonoses account for nearly
potential, but also prone to disappear in case two-thirds of human infectious diseases, in part
early detection and intervention are ensured duetotheincreasinganthropogenicpressureson
(Morse1993;FauciandMorens2012). the environment. Leading drivers of infectious
Other viruses expanded their geographical disease emergence in humans from wildlife are
area of activity from the original ecological multiple and complex, and broad and novel
niche to new lands and continents, as recently approaches are required to tackle them. The
demonstrated by the large outbreaks of Zika or “One Health” approach, for example, considers
Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in Spain, the human-animal-environment interface with a
and dengue in Madeira (Portugal). Several single perspective (IOM 2015). The aim is to
arboviruses represent paradigmatic examples of promotesynergiesamongpublichealth,informa-
microorganisms which found the conditions for tion and communication, human and animal
their spread in previously unaffected areas health,veterinaryandmedicalapproaches,envi-
inhabitedbycompletelysusceptiblepopulations, ronmentalandecologicalsciences,mathematical
increasingtheirepidemicpotential.Inthisgroup, modeling and geographic information systems,
G.Ippolito(*) G.Rezza
NationalInstituteforInfectiousDiseasesLazzaro DepartmentofInfectiousDiseases,IstitutoSuperioredi
Spallanzani,Rome,Italy Sanita`,Rome,Italy
e-mail:[email protected] e-mail:[email protected]
1
2 G.IppolitoandG.Rezza
anthropologicalandbehavioralexpertise(Zumla of the infection to na¨ıve areas are likely to suc-
etal.2015). ceed when complemented by correct informa-
Emergingvirusesrepresentanimportantchal- tion, lab evidence based decision making for
lengeforglobalpublichealth,andpromptinter- keeping patients under isolation, high quality
ventionisneededinordertoputoutbreaksunder careandtreatmentofconfirmedpatients.
control (McCloskey et al. 2014). First of all, With mosquito-transmitted diseases, which
early diagnosis of the agent is extremely impor- recently caused several large outbreaks in many
tanttorapidlyidentifytheviralthreatandtostart poor resource countries, prevention also play a
the intervention as soon as possible (Memish major role. A paradigmatic example is
et al. 2014). To this end, a syndromic approach represented by the spread of chikungunya and
andtheuseofanappropriatecase-definitionmay Zika in Latin America and Caribbean, where
beusefultohypothesizethenatureofthedisease. denguewasalreadypresent.However,mosquito
However, as demonstrated with Ebola in the control activities may be successful in
large outbreak occurred in West Africa in 2014, controlling local outbreaks occurring in temper-
onlyasmallproportionofcaseshadhemorrhagic ateareasbutdonotappearabletomitigatelarge
manifestations, thus relying on bleeding did not epidemics in tropical areas. For this reason, the
provide a valid clue to diagnosis. Laboratory availability of safe and effective vaccines is
diagnosis is more specific and represents the essentialinordertokeepviruscirculationunder
gold standard for the diagnosis of an emergent control.
virus. However, in certain contexts, it may be There are no vaccines available against most
difficult to perform relatively sophisticated tests emerging infections, and this may be explained
under adverse environmental conditions. More- byaseriesoffactors.First,fortheirownnature,
over, the lack of protective equipment and high emerginginfectionshaveoftenepidemicpatterns
security level laboratories is an obstacle to that minimize the feasibility of large efficacy
handling potentially infected samples. To over- trials, which are now considered the gold stan-
comethisproblem,mobileBSL4labshavebeen dard for vaccine evaluation. Infact, theconduc-
extensively provided by the international com- tion of large studies is limited by the
munity to allow Ebola virus infection diagnosis unpredictability of large outbreaks where
during the recent outbreak of Ebola in West vaccines may be tested on large population
Africa. groups; secondly, for the same reason, vaccine
Response capacity, especially by resource demand may be difficult to assess; thirdly, lim-
poorcountries,andrapidinterventioninthecon- ited resources are allocated to vaccine research
text of explosive outbreaks is key to mitigate or and development when economic return is not
control epidemic events (Anema et al. 2014). ensured.
With diseases like Ebola, that are transmitted For example, identifying the target
through direct contact with diseased persons, populations for vaccination campaigns is not an
dead bodies, or bodily fluids, and are amplified easytask.ForEbola,healthcareworkersinhigh
by the family and the hospital setting or burial risk areas might be a target, as well as health
ceremonies, avoiding contact with physical professionalswhointerveneincaseofoutbreaks.
barriers is rather efficient and productive. Finally, ring vaccination of direct and indirect
Measures as the availability of a large number contactsofinfectedpatientsmightbevaccinated
of hospital beds to keep infected patients away toreducethe riskofdisease and transmissionin
from the community, protective equipment and anaffectedarea.
training of health care workers to avoid direct Vaccines against a few arboviral diseases,
contact with patient fluids, restriction of such as those against yellow fever and Japanese
movements to minimize the risk of introduction encephalitis, have been extensively used. In
Preface–EmergingViruses:FromEarlyDetectiontoIntervention 3
particular, the live attenuated vaccines against specific behaviour of different species. These
yellow fever, which was created in the 1930s, factors allow to assess the epidemiological risk
hascontributedtothecontrolofthediseaseboth for humansand to plan preventive measures
in Africa and in South America. However, a (Serra-CoboandLo´pez-Roig2016).
vaccine against dengue, whose target is InAzharetal. report,anoverviewofMiddle
representedbythelocalcommunitiesinaffected East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus
areaoftheworld,hasproventobeonlypartially (MERS-CoV) epidemiology and its clinical
effective,andvaccines againstchikungunyaand features is provided. The paper highlights the
Zikaarestilllacking. knowledge gaps and the epidemic risk potential
Nevertheless, making vaccines and effective for global spread of this emergent coronavirus
drugstobeusedasprophylaxisincaseofdetec- (Azharetal.2016).
tion of early chains oftransmission ofemerging The current Zika virus large outbreak occur-
viruses,asitmayhappenwithamutatedstrainof ring in Pacific Ocean and the Americas, includ-
avian influenza (i.e., a “humanized” H5N1 or ingthecriticalaspectforacoordinatedresponse,
H7N9 flu virus) would be very useful if isdescribedbyBordietal.Severalaspects,such
complemented by effective molecular surveil- asthemodeoftransmission,therisksassociated
lance(HuiandZumla2015;Marstonetal.2014). withpregnancyininfectedmothers,theassocia-
In this volume, we present a series of article tion of the virus with severe consequences,
on mechanisms and drivers of emergence of including fetal/newborn microcephaly and
novel virus infections in human population, Guillain-Barre´Syndromeinadults,arediscussed
trying to focus the attention on aspects which inthepaper(Bordietal.2016).
havenotfrequentlyaddressedbefore. Animal models are essential for the study of
For this special issue, the articles written by emerging infections, to improve disease knowl-
internationally renowned experts cover several edge and for developing therapeutic drugs.
areas of research. In the paper by Busani et al., Warner et al. describe the use of small animal
the application of the theory of focality of modelsforthestudyofinfectiousdiseases,with
diseases to infectious disease is discussed, special focus on the Syrian golden hamsters
providing paradigmatic examples of viral emerged as an ideal animal model, due to their
diseases (Busani et al. 2016). The proposed lowcost,smallsize,easeofhandling,andability
approach is represented by detailed mapping of to accurately reflect disease progression in
theareasofactivityofbiologicalagentscausing humans. In the paper, valuable information to
naturalfocaldiseasesalongwithevidence-based researchers who are deciding whether to use
interventions,suchastargetedvaccination. hamstersasananimalmodelisprovided(Warner
InCastruccireview,theHuman-animalinter- etal.2016).
face is discussed, with a a speficic focus on The2014–2015Ebolavirusoutbreakinwest-
influenza. The topic is particularly important, ern Africa illustrates the threat coming from
since“humanization”ofavianvirusesrepresents emerging infectious diseases and is perceived
a persistent threat to human health (Donatelli bythepublicasapreeminentglobalhealthprob-
etal.2016). lem. Nicastri et al. present the activities and the
IntheSerra-Cobo andLo´pez-Roigpaper,the challengingissuesencounteredintermsofmedi-
roles played by bats in emerging infections is cal management of the patients, preparedness
presented and discussed. Maintenance and response to the outbreaks, diagnostic and
mechanisms and transmission of bat viruses researchchallenges(Nicastrietal.2016).
were analyzed, taking into account the phyloge- Highly infectious diseases can spread rapidly
netic history, coevolution processes, bat adapta- acrossbordersthroughtravelortrade,andinter-
tion to live in different environments, and nationalcoordinationisessentialtoapromptand