Electrical and Electronic Principles and Technology, Fourth Edition

441 Pages·2010·32.31 MB·English

Electrical and Electronic Principles and Technology
To Sue
Electrical and Electronic Principles
and Technology
Fourth edition
John Bird
,BSc(Hons), CEng, CSci, CMath, MIEE, FIIE,FIET, FIMA,FCollT

AMSTERDAM(cid:129)BOSTON(cid:129)HEIDELBERG(cid:129)LONDON(cid:129)NEWYORK(cid:129)OXFORD
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10 11 12 13 14 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Preface ix 4.4 Corrosion 32
4.5 E.m.f.andinternalresistanceofacell 32
Section 1 BasicElectricalandElectronic 4.6 Primarycells 35
4.7 Secondarycells 36
Engineering Principles 1
4.8 Cellcapacity 38
4.9 Safedisposalofbatteries 38
1 Unitsassociatedwithbasicelectricalquantities 3
4.10 Fuelcells 38
1.1 SIunits 3
4.11 Alternativeandrenewable
1.2 Charge 4
energysources 39
1.3 Force 4
1.4 Work 4
RevisionTest1 42
1.5 Power 4
1.6 Electricalpotentialande.m.f. 5
5 Seriesandparallelnetworks 43
1.7 Resistanceandconductance 5
5.1 Seriescircuits 43
1.8 Electricalpowerandenergy 6
5.2 Potentialdivider 44
1.9 Summaryofterms,unitsand
5.3 Parallelnetworks 46
theirsymbols 7
5.4 Currentdivision 49
2 Anintroductiontoelectriccircuits 9 5.5 Loadingeffect 53
2.1 Electrical/electronicsystem 5.6 Potentiometersandrheostats 53
blockdiagrams 9 5.7 Relativeandabsolutevoltages 56
2.2 Standardsymbolsforelectricalcomponents 10 5.8 Earthpotentialandshortcircuits 57
2.3 Electriccurrentandquantityofelectricity 11 5.9 Wiringlampsinseriesandinparallel 57
2.4 Potentialdifferenceandresistance 11
6 Capacitorsandcapacitance 61
2.5 Basicelectricalmeasuringinstruments 12
6.1 Introductiontocapacitors 61
2.6 Linearandnon-lineardevices 12
6.2 Electrostaticfield 62
2.7 Ohm’slaw 13
6.3 Electricfieldstrength 62
2.8 Multiplesandsub-multiples 13
6.4 Capacitance 63
2.9 Conductorsandinsulators 15
6.5 Capacitors 63
2.10 Electricalpowerandenergy 15
6.6 Electricfluxdensity 64
2.11 Maineffectsofelectriccurrent 17
2.12 Fuses 18 6.7 Permittivity 64
6.8 Theparallelplatecapacitor 66
2.13 Insulationandthedangersofconstant
6.9 Capacitorsconnectedinparallelandseries 67
highcurrentflow 18
6.10 Dielectricstrength 72
3 Resistancevariation 21 6.11 Energystoredincapacitors 72
3.1 Resistorconstruction 21 6.12 Practicaltypesofcapacitor 73
3.2 Resistanceandresistivity 21 6.13 Dischargingcapacitors 75
3.3 Temperaturecoefficientof
7 Magneticcircuits 77
resistance 24
7.1 Introductiontomagnetismandmagnetic
3.4 Resistorcolourcodingand
circuits 77
ohmicvalues 26
7.2 Magneticfields 78
4 Batteriesandalternativesourcesofenergy 30 7.3 Magneticfluxandfluxdensity 78
4.1 Introductiontobatteries 30 7.4 Magnetomotiveforceandmagneticfield
4.2 Somechemicaleffectsofelectricity 31 strength 79
4.3 Thesimplecell 31 7.5 PermeabilityandB–Hcurves 80
vi Contents
7.6 Reluctance 83 11 Semiconductordiodes 143
7.7 Compositeseriesmagneticcircuits 83 11.1 Typesofmaterial 143
7.8 Comparisonbetweenelectricaland 11.2 Semiconductormaterials 144
magneticquantities 87 11.3 Conductioninsemiconductormaterials 145
7.9 Hysteresisandhysteresisloss 87 11.4 Thep-njunction 146
11.5 Forwardandreversebias 147
RevisionTest2 90 11.6 Semiconductordiodes 150
11.7 Characteristicsandmaximumratings 151
8 Electromagnetism 91 11.8 Rectification 151
8.1 Magneticfieldduetoanelectriccurrent 91 11.9 Zenerdiodes 151
8.2 Electromagnets 93 11.10 Siliconcontrolledrectifiers 152
8.3 Forceonacurrent-carryingconductor 94 11.11 Lightemittingdiodes 153
8.4 Principleofoperationofasimple 11.12 Varactordiodes 153
d.c.motor 97 11.13 Schottkydiodes 153
8.5 Principleofoperationofamoving-coil
instrument 98 12 Transistors 157
12.1 Transistorclassification 157
8.6 Forceonacharge 99
12.2 Bipolarjunctiontransistors(BJT) 158
9 Electromagneticinduction 101 12.3 Transistoraction 158
9.1 Introductiontoelectromagneticinduction 101 12.4 Leakagecurrent 159
9.2 Lawsofelectromagneticinduction 102 12.5 Biasandcurrentflow 160
9.3 Rotationofaloopinamagneticfield 105 12.6 Transistoroperatingconfigurations 161
9.4 Inductance 106 12.7 Bipolartransistorcharacteristics 161
9.5 Inductors 107 12.8 Transistorparameters 162
9.6 Energystored 108 12.9 Currentgain 164
9.7 Inductanceofacoil 108 12.10 TypicalBJTcharacteristicsandmaximum
9.8 Mutualinductance 110 ratings 164
12.11 Fieldeffecttransistors 166
10 Electricalmeasuringinstrumentsand
12.12 Fieldeffecttransistorcharacteristics 166
measurements 114
12.13 TypicalFETcharacteristicsandmaximum
10.1 Introduction 115
ratings 168
10.2 Analogueinstruments 115
12.14 Transistoramplifiers 168
10.3 Moving-ironinstrument 115
12.15 Loadlines 171
10.4 Themoving-coilrectifierinstrument 116
10.5 Comparisonofmoving-coil,moving-iron
andmoving-coilrectifierinstruments 116 RevisionTest3 178
10.6 Shuntsandmultipliers 116
10.7 Electronicinstruments 118
10.8 Theohmmeter 119 Formulaeforbasicelectricalandelectronic
principles 179
10.9 Multimeters 119
10.10 Wattmeters 119
10.11 Instrument‘loading’effect 119
Section 2 Further Electricaland
10.12 Theoscilloscope 121
Electronic Principles 181
10.13 Virtualtestandmeasuringinstruments 126
10.14 Virtualdigitalstorageoscilloscopes 127
10.15 Waveformharmonics 130 13 D.C.circuittheory 183
10.16 Logarithmicratios 131 13.1 Introduction 183
10.17 Nullmethodofmeasurement 134 13.2 Kirchhoff’slaws 183
10.18 Wheatstonebridge 134 13.3 Thesuperpositiontheorem 187
10.19 D.C.potentiometer 135 13.4 Generald.c.circuittheory 190
10.20 A.C.bridges 136 13.5 Thévenin’stheorem 192
10.21 Q-meter 137 13.6 Constant-currentsource 197
10.22 Measurementerrors 138 13.7 Norton’stheorem 197
Contents vii
13.8 ThéveninandNortonequivalentnetworks 200 18.7 CurrentgrowthinanL–Rcircuit 286
13.9 Maximumpowertransfertheorem 204 18.8 TimeconstantforanL–Rcircuit 287
18.9 TransientcurvesforanL–Rcircuit 287
14 Alternatingvoltagesandcurrents 209
18.10 CurrentdecayinanL–Rcircuit 288
14.1 Introduction 209
18.11 Switchinginductivecircuits 291
14.2 Thea.c.generator 209
18.12 Theeffectsoftimeconstantona
14.3 Waveforms 210
rectangularwaveform 291
14.4 A.C.values 211
19 Operationalamplifiers 295
14.5 Electricalsafety–insulationandfuses 215
19.1 Introductiontooperationalamplifiers 295
14.6 Theequationofasinusoidalwaveform 215
19.2 Someopampparameters 297
14.7 Combinationofwaveforms 218
19.3 Opampinvertingamplifier 298
14.8 Rectification 221
19.4 Opampnon-invertingamplifier 300
14.9 Smoothingoftherectifiedoutput
19.5 Opampvoltage-follower 301
waveform 222
19.6 Opampsummingamplifier 302
RevisionTest4 225 19.7 Opampvoltagecomparator 303
19.8 Opampintegrator 303
19.9 Opampdifferentialamplifier 304
15 Single-phaseseriesa.c.circuits 226
19.10 Digitaltoanalogue(D/A)conversion 306
15.1 Purelyresistivea.c.circuit 226
19.11 Analoguetodigital(A/D)conversion 307
15.2 Purelyinductivea.c.circuit 226
15.3 Purelycapacitivea.c.circuit 227
15.4 R–Lseriesa.c.circuit 229 RevisionTest5 311
15.5 R–C seriesa.c.circuit 232
15.6 R–L–Cseriesa.c.circuit 234 Formulaeforfurtherelectricalandelectronic
15.7 Seriesresonance 238 principles 312
15.8 Q-factor 239
15.9 Bandwidthandselectivity 241
Section 3 Electrical PowerTechnology 315
15.10 Powerina.c.circuits 241
15.11 Powertriangleandpowerfactor 242
20 Three-phasesystems 317
16 Single-phaseparallela.c.circuits 247 20.1 Introduction 317
16.1 Introduction 247 20.2 Three-phasesupply 317
16.2 R–Lparallela.c.circuit 247 20.3 Starconnection 318
16.3 R–Cparallela.c.circuit 248 20.4 Deltaconnection 321
16.4 L–Cparallelcircuit 250 20.5 Powerinthree-phasesystems 323
16.5 LR–Cparallela.c.circuit 251 20.6 Measurementofpowerinthree-phase
16.6 ParallelresonanceandQ-factor 254 systems 325
16.7 Powerfactorimprovement 258 20.7 Comparisonofstaranddeltaconnections 330
17 Filternetworks 266 20.8 Advantagesofthree-phasesystems 330
17.1 Introduction 266 21 Transformers 333
17.2 Two-portnetworksandcharacteristic 21.1 Introduction 333
impedance 266 21.2 Transformerprincipleofoperation 334
17.3 Low-passfilters 267 21.3 Transformerno-loadphasordiagram 336
17.4 High-passfilters 270 21.4 E.m.f.equationofatransformer 337
17.5 Band-passfilters 274 21.5 Transformeron-loadphasordiagram 339
17.6 Band-stopfilters 275 21.6 Transformerconstruction 341
18 D.C.transients 278 21.7 Equivalentcircuitofatransformer 341
18.1 Introduction 278 21.8 Regulationofatransformer 343
18.2 Chargingacapacitor 278 21.9 Transformerlossesandefficiency 344
18.3 TimeconstantforaC–Rcircuit 279 21.10 Resistancematching 347
18.4 TransientcurvesforaC–Rcircuit 280 21.11 Autotransformers 349
18.5 Dischargingacapacitor 283 21.12 Isolatingtransformers 351
18.6 Cameraflash 286 21.13 Three-phasetransformers 351
viii Contents
21.14 Currenttransformers 352 23.10 Inductionmotorlossesandefficiency 390
21.15 Voltagetransformers 354 23.11 Torqueequationforaninductionmotor 392
23.12 Inductionmotortorque-speed
RevisionTest6 357 characteristics 395
23.13 Startingmethodsforinductionmotors 396
23.14 Advantagesofsquirrel-cage
22 D.C.machines 358
inductionmotors 396
22.1 Introduction 358
23.15 Advantagesofwoundrotor
22.2 Theactionofacommutator 358
inductionmotors 397
22.3 D.C.machineconstruction 359
23.16 Doublecageinductionmotor 397
22.4 Shunt,seriesandcompoundwindings 360
23.17 Usesofthree-phaseinductionmotors 398
22.5 E.m.f.generatedinanarmaturewinding 360
22.6 D.C.generators 362
22.7 Typesofd.c.generatorandtheir RevisionTest7 401
characteristics 362
22.8 D.C.machinelosses 366
Formulaeforelectricalpowertechnology 402
22.9 Efficiencyofad.c.generator 367
22.10 D.C.motors 368
22.11 Torqueofad.c.motor 368
Section 4 LaboratoryExperiments 403
22.12 Typesofd.c.motorandtheir
characteristics 370
24 Somepracticallaboratoryexperiments 405
22.13 Theefficiencyofad.c.motor 374
24.1 Ohm’slaw 406
22.14 D.C.motorstarter 376
24.2 Series-paralleld.c.circuit 407
22.15 Speedcontrolofd.c.motors 377
24.3 Superpositiontheorem 408
22.16 Motorcooling 379
24.4 Thévenin’stheorem 410
23 Three-phaseinductionmotors 383 24.5 UseofaCROtomeasurevoltage,
23.1 Introduction 383 frequencyandphase 412
23.2 Productionofarotatingmagneticfield 384 24.6 UseofaCROwithabridgerectifier
23.3 Synchronousspeed 385 circuit 413
23.4 Constructionofathree-phaseinduction 24.7 Measurementoftheinductanceofacoil 414
motor 386 24.8 Seriesa.c.circuitandresonance 415
23.5 Principleofoperationofathree-phase 24.9 Parallela.c.circuitandresonance 417
inductionmotor 387 24.10 Charginganddischargingacapacitor 419
23.6 Slip 387
23.7 Rotore.m.f.andfrequency 388 Answerstomultiple-choicequestions 420
23.8 Rotorimpedanceandcurrent 389
23.9 Rotorcopperloss 390 Index 423
Preface
‘ElectricalandElectronicPrinciplesandTechnology (vii) Any introductory/Access/Foundation course
4thEdition’introducestheprincipleswhichdescribethe involving Electrical and Electronic Engineering
operationofd.c.anda.c.circuits,coveringbothsteady Principles.
andtransientstates,andappliestheseprinciplestofilter
networks,operationalamplifiers,three-phase supplies, Thetextissetoutinfourmainsections:
transformers, d.c. machines and three-phase induction
Section1,comprisingChapters1to12,involvesessen-
motors.
tialBasicElectricalandElectronicEngineeringPrin-
Inthisedition,newmaterialhasbeenaddedonresistor ciples,withchaptersonelectricalunitsandquantities,
construction,theloadingeffectofinstruments,potentio- introduction to electric circuits, resistance variation,
metersandrheostats,earthpotentialandshortcircuits, batteries and alternative sources of energy, series and
andelectricalsafetywithinsulationandfuses.Inaddi- parallelnetworks,capacitorsandcapacitance,magnetic
tion,a new chapter detailingsome 10practical labo- circuits, electromagnetism, electromagnetic induction,
ratoryexperimentshasbeenincluded.(Thesemaybe electrical measuring instruments and measurements,
downloadedandeditedbytutorstosuitlocalavailability semiconductorsdiodesandtransistors.
ofequipmentandcomponents).
Section2,comprisingChapters13to19,involvesFur-
Thisfourtheditionofthetextbookprovidescoverage therElectricalandElectronicPrinciples,withchap-
ofthefollowinglatestsyllabuses: ters on d.c. circuit theorems, alternating voltages and
currents,single-phaseseriesandparallelnetworks,filter
(i) ‘Electrical and Electronic Principles’ (BTEC networks,d.c.transientsandoperationalamplifiers.
NationalCertificateandNationalDiploma,Unit
Section3,comprisingChapters20to23,involvesElec-
5)–seeChapters1–10,11(part),13(part),14,15
tricalPowerTechnology,withchaptersonthree-phase
(part),18(part),21(part),22(part).
systems, transformers, d.c. machines and three-phase
(ii) ‘FurtherElectricalPrinciples’(BTECNational inductionmotors.
CertificateandNationalDiploma,Unit67)–see
Section4,comprisingChapter24,detailing10practi-
Chapters13,15–18,20,22,23.
callaboratoryexperiments.
(iii) PartsofthefollowingBTECNationalsyllabuses:
Each topic considered in the text is presented in a
Electrical Applications, Three Phase Systems,
way that assumes in the reader little previous know-
PrinciplesandApplicationsofElectronicDevices
and Circuits, Aircraft Electric al Machines, and ledgeofthattopic.Theoryisintroducedineachchapter
by a reasonably brief outlineof essential information,
TelecommunicationsPrinciples.
definitions,formulae,procedures,etc.Thetheoryiskept
(iv) Electricalpartof‘AppliedElectricalandMechan-
toaminimum,forproblemsolvingisextensivelyused
icalScienceforTechnicians’(BTECFirstCertifi-
to establish and exemplify the theory. It is intended
cate).
that readers will gain real understanding through
(v) Various parts of City & Guilds Technician Cer- seeingproblemssolvedandthenthroughsolvingsimilar
tificate/Diploma in Electrical and Electronic problemsthemselves.
Principles/Telecommunication Systems, such as
To aid tutors/lecturers/instructors, the following free
Electrical Engineering Principles, Power, and
Internetdownloadsareavailablewiththisedition(see
ScienceandElectronics.
pagexforaccessdetails):
(vi) ‘Electrical and Electronic Principles’ (EAL
AdvancedDiplomainEngineeringandTechnol- (i) a sample of solutions (some 410) of the 540
ogy). furtherproblemscontainedinthebook.