effects of acoustic disturbance caused by ship traffic on common fish species in the high arctic PDF
Preview effects of acoustic disturbance caused by ship traffic on common fish species in the high arctic
UUnniivveerrssiittyy ooff WWiinnddssoorr SScchhoollaarrsshhiipp aatt UUWWiinnddssoorr Electronic Theses and Dissertations Theses, Dissertations, and Major Papers 2016 EEFFFFEECCTTSS OOFF AACCOOUUSSTTIICC DDIISSTTUURRBBAANNCCEE CCAAUUSSEEDD BBYY SSHHIIPP TTRRAAFFFFIICC OONN CCOOMMMMOONN FFIISSHH SSPPEECCIIEESS IINN TTHHEE HHIIGGHH AARRCCTTIICC Silviya Vasileva Ivanova University of Windsor Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd RReeccoommmmeennddeedd CCiittaattiioonn Ivanova, Silviya Vasileva, "EFFECTS OF ACOUSTIC DISTURBANCE CAUSED BY SHIP TRAFFIC ON COMMON FISH SPECIES IN THE HIGH ARCTIC" (2016). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 5829. https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd/5829 This online database contains the full-text of PhD dissertations and Masters’ theses of University of Windsor students from 1954 forward. These documents are made available for personal study and research purposes only, in accordance with the Canadian Copyright Act and the Creative Commons license—CC BY-NC-ND (Attribution, Non-Commercial, No Derivative Works). Under this license, works must always be attributed to the copyright holder (original author), cannot be used for any commercial purposes, and may not be altered. Any other use would require the permission of the copyright holder. Students may inquire about withdrawing their dissertation and/or thesis from this database. For additional inquiries, please contact the repository administrator via email ([email protected]) or by telephone at 519-253-3000ext. 3208. EFFECTS OF ACOUSTIC DISTURBANCE CAUSED BY SHIP TRAFFIC ON COMMON FISH SPECIES IN THE HIGH ARCTIC By Silviya Vasileva Ivanova A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies through the Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science at the University of Windsor Windsor, Ontario, Canada 2016 © 2016 Silviya Vasileva Ivanova EFFECTS OF ACOUSTIC DISTURBANCE CAUSED BY SHIP TRAFFIC ON COMMON FISH SPECIES IN THE HIGH ARCTIC by Silviya Vasileva Ivanova APPROVED BY: ______________________________________________ T. Lau Communications, Media and Film ______________________________________________ O. Love Biological Sciences ______________________________________________ S. Kessel, Special Member Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research ______________________________________________ K. Nelson, Co-Advisor School of Creative Arts ______________________________________________ A. Fisk, Co-Advisor Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research August 18, 2016 DECLARATION OF CO-AUTHORSHIP I hereby declare that this thesis incorporates material that is the result of joint research, as follows: Chapter 2 contains material from a manuscript entitled “Shipping activity disturbs key fish species in the high Arctic” that will be submitted to Nature Journal. This manuscript is co-authored by S.T. Kessel, S.Vagle, M. Espinoza, M. McLean, C. O’Neill, J. Landry, N.E. Hussey and A.T. Fisk. In all cases, the first author performed key ideas, primary contributions, data analysis and interpretation, and the contribution by the co-authors was through assistance with data analysis and advice. I certify that, with the above qualification, this thesis, and the research to which it refers, is the product of my own work. Additionally, I am aware of the University of Windsor Senate Policy on Authorship and I certify that I have properly acknowledged the contribution of other researchers to my thesis, and have obtained written permission from each of the co-author to include the above-mentioned materials in my thesis. I declare that, to the best of my knowledge, my thesis does not infringe upon anyone’s copyrights nor violate any proprietary rights and that any ideas, techniques, quotations, or any other material that is the work of other people included in my thesis, published or otherwise, are fully acknowledged in accordance with the standard referencing practices. Furthermore, to the extent that I have included copyrighted material that surpasses the bounds of fair dealing iii within the meaning of the Canada Copyright Act, I certify that I have obtained a written permission from the copyright owner(s) to include such material(s) in my thesis (included in Appendix B). I declare that this is a true copy of my thesis, including any final revisions, as approved by my thesis committee and the Graduate Studies office, and that this thesis has not been submitted for a higher degree to any other university or institution. iv ABSTRACT Due to climate change the high Arctic is experiencing growth in acoustic anthropogenic disturbance that may affect aquatic species, such as Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida), and Inuit residents. To our knowledge, no studies have been conducted on this topic and species. Furthermore, there is urgent need for conservation action through much needed collaboration between Inuit and researchers, and an engagement of different audiences, and thus, a documentary film was added to the project as means of communication. Resolute Bay is a small Inuit community located just north of the Northwest Passage, where ships are often visitors in the summer and the bay is a home to Arctic cod, making this the perfect location to address this gap of knowledge and communication. In Chapter 2, we show that Arctic cod was horizontally displaced from its home range and individuals reduced the extent of their habitat use and changed their swimming patterns during vessel presence and movement. In Chapter 3, we describe and put into context the different techniques the film uses to accomplish the set objectives: highlighting the issues facing the Inuit and the arctic ecosystem, the value of Inuit traditional ecological knowledge and need for its incorporation into future studies in the region. Arctic cod spatial distribution and behavioral changes carry consequences for the whole Arctic ecosystem and need to be well understood by scientists as well as by a wide range of audiences to allow for sustainable management and timely conservation action. v DEDICATION I dedicate this thesis to my husband, Daniel Ure, who supports all my endeavors and encouraged me to pursue my passion. Also, this work is dedicated to my mother, Margarita Ivanova, and my daughter, Isabelle Petrova, for their understanding, friendship and love, and my father Vasil and grandmother Elisaveta who nurtured my curiosity. vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank my co-advisors Dr. Aaron T. Fisk, Dr. Steven T. Kessel and Prof. Kim Nelson for their patience, support, guidance and encouragement; and my committee members Dr. Oliver Love and Tony Lau for their support, helpful comments and advice. Thank you to Justin Landry, Caitlin O’Neill, Dr. David Yurkowski, Meagan McCloskey, Cherry Theresanathan and Daniel Ure for their friendship and hard work during fieldwork in 2014 and 2015 in Resolute Bay; Dr. Mario Espinoza, Montana McLean and Dr. Svein Vagle for their help with data analysis and advice; Kevin Xu for his indispensable support in both filming and maintaining time-lapse equipment, and Min Bae for his help filming in Resolute in 2014. Additional thank you to Anna Hussey for her friendship and support; Dr. Nigel Hussey for many insights, sample collections and friendship; all Fisk lab members and GLIER faculty, administration and students for their continuing encouragement and support; John North from Canadian Coast Guard for his hard work, help and patience. Also, many thanks to all who participated in the making of the documentary film, both crew and participants. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION OF CO-AUTHORSHIP ........................................................................ iii ABSTRACT .........................................................................................................................v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................................. vii LIST OF TABLES ...............................................................................................................x LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... xi LIST OF APPENDICES .................................................................................................. xiii CHAPTER 1 ........................................................................................................................1 INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................1 Background ..........................................................................................................................2 Ecology ................................................................................................................................3 Communications ................................................................................................................13 Objectives and Rationale ...................................................................................................18 BIBLIOGRAPHY ..............................................................................................................24 CHAPTER 2 ......................................................................................................................36 SHIPPING ACTIVITY DISTURBS KEY FISH SPECIES IN THE HIGH ARCTIC .............................................................................................................................36 Introduction ........................................................................................................................37 Methods..............................................................................................................................40 Results and Discussion ......................................................................................................44 Broader implications of Arctic cod displacement for the high Arctic region ....................52 BIBLIOGRAPHY ..............................................................................................................54 CHAPTER 3 ......................................................................................................................77 “AN ICE-FREE SUMMER” .............................................................................................77 viii Synopsis .............................................................................................................................78 Methods..............................................................................................................................78 Film main topics, goals and impact ...................................................................................80 Description of film process ................................................................................................81 Description of film element choices ..................................................................................87 Rationale for editorial structure choices ............................................................................91 Reflections/Conclusion ......................................................................................................92 BIBLIOGRAPHY ..............................................................................................................94 CHAPTER 4 ....................................................................................................................103 CONCLUSIONS: CONTEXT AND RECOMMENDATIONS .....................................103 Arctic Ecosystem Changes ..............................................................................................106 Contributions ...................................................................................................................106 Suggestions for future research, social science and collectively .....................................107 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................110 APPENDICES .................................................................................................................112 Appendix A Supplementary material for Chapter 2 ................................................................ 112 Appendix B (Co-author letters of permission) ........................................................................ 115 VITA AUCTORIS ...........................................................................................................118 ix
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