Educational Administration: Concepts and Practices

273 Pages·2011·158.6 MB·English

by  Fred C. Lunenburg

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Fred C. Lunenburg
Sam Houston State University
Allan C. Ornstein
St. John's University
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Contents
EducationalA dministration: © 2012, 2008, 2004 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning
Conceptsa nd Practices,S ixth Edition
All RIGHTS RESERVED.N o part of this work covered by the copyright ~ -;,. ~
Fred C. Lunenburga nd Allan C. Ornstein
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Rights Acquisition Specialist, Image: Dean ISBN-13: 978-1-111-30124-8 PARTI Fundamental Principles
Dauphinais ISBN-10: 1-111-30124-7 and Concepts 1 The Learning Organization 22
Content Project Management: Summary 24
PreMediaGlobal
Wadsworth l Development of Administrative Key Terms 25
Production Service: PreMediaGlobal
20 Davis Dr. Theory l
Cover Designer: lee Friedman Belmont, CA 94002 Discussion Questions 25
Production House/Compositor: USA Focusing Questions 1 Suggested Readings 25
PreMediaGlobal
What Is Theory?
2
Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions
with office locations around the globe, including Singapore, the United Theory and Research 2 2 Organizational Structure 27
Kingdom, Australia, Mexico, Brazil, and Japan. locate your local office at:
international.cengage.com/region Uses of Theory 3
Focusing Questions 27
Development of Administrative Thought
6 What is Organizational Structure? 28
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I. Scientific Management 6 Departmentalization 28
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Administrative Management 7 Chain of Command 29
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preferred online store www.cengagebrain.com Human Relations Approach 8 Authority and Responsibility 29
The Hawthorne Studies 8 Centralization/Decentralization 29
Other Contributors to the Human Line and Staff Authority 29
Relations Approach 9
I Span of Management 30
Behavioral Science Approach 10 The Bureaucratic Model 30
Post-Behavioral Science Era 13
Bureaucratic Characteristics 30
School Improvement 13 Bureaucratic Dysfunctions 32
Printed in the United States of America
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 15 14 13 12 11 J
V
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Contents
Contents
vii
The Participatory Management Model 32 Theory Z 63 Discussion Questions 98
6 Decision Making 135
Theory X and Theory Y 33 A Typology of Organizational Culture 65 Suggested Readings 98
Individual versus Organization 34 Organizational Climate 67 Focusing Questions 135
5 Leadership
System 4 Organization 34 Open and Closed Climates 67 99 The Nature of Decision Making 135
Moral Leadership 37 Healthy and Sick Schools 69 Focusing Questions 99 Types of Decisions 136
School-Based Management 37 Comprehensive Assessment of School The Nature of Leadership 99 How Are Decisions Made? 137
Environments (CASE) 70
Frames of Organization 38 Leadership Defined 100 The Rational Model 137
Pupil Control Ideology 72
Alternative Models of Organizational Structure 40 Leadership and Management 101 The Bounded Rationality Model 139
Summary 76
Compliance Theory 40 Trait Theories 102 Road Map to Decision Making:
Key Terms 77 The Decision Tree 142
Mechanistic-Organic Organizations 41 Emotional Intelligence 104
Discussion Questions 77 Benefits of Group Decision Making 145
Behavior Theories
Strategy-Structure Typology 44 106
Suggested Readings 77 Problems with Group Decision Making 147
The Iowa Studies: Authoritarian,
The School as a Social System 48
Democratic, and Laissez-Faire Leadership 106 Groupthink 147
Dimensions of a Social System 48
The Ohio State Studies: Initiating Risky Shift 149
Expanded Model: Cultural Dimensions 49 PARTI I Administrative Processes 79 Structure and Consideration 107 Escalation of Commitment 149
Getzels's Latest Model: Communities The Michigan Studies: Production
Dimension 51 4 Motivation 79 Centered and Employee Centered 108 Group Decision-Making Techniques 150
Brainstorming
150
Summary 52 Leadership Grid: A Contemporary
Focusing Questions 79
Extension 109 Nominal Group Technique 151
Key Terms 52
Defining Motivation 79
Contingency Theories 111 Delphi Technique 152
Discussion Questions 52
Content Theories 80
Fiedler's Contingency Theory 111 Devil's Advocacy 153
Suggested Readings 53
Need Hierarchy Theory 81
I Path-Goal Theory 114 Dialectical Inquiry 153
Existence Relatedness Growth Theory 83
Leadership Styles Summary 154
117
3 Organizational Culture 54 Motivation-Hygiene Theory 84
Leadership Style Continuum 117 Key Terms 155
Learned Needs Theory 87
Focusing Questions 54 Three-Dimensional Leadership Styles 119 Discussion Questions 155
What is Organizational Culture? 54 Content Motivation Theories: Situational Leadership Styles 120 Suggested Readings 155
Similarities and Conclusions 88
Definition of Organizational Culture 55 Other Contemporary Perspectives 123
Process Theories 89
Uniformity of Culture 56 Synergistic Leadership Theory 123 7 Communication 157
Self-Efficacy Theory 89
Creating, Maintaining, and Changing Leader-Member Exchange Theory 125 Focusing Questions 157
Sources of Self-Efficacy 90
Organizational Culture 57
Reciprocal Influence Theory 125
Creating Organizational Culture 57 Expectancy Theorx 91 The Importance of Communication 158
Substitutes for Leadership
Values 57 Basic Expectancy Model 91 Transformational Leadership 112267 The Communication Process 158
Maintaining Organizational Culture 59 Equity Theory 92 Summary 132 Develop an Idea 158
Encode
159
Changing Organizational Culture 61 Goal-Setting Theory 94 Key Terms 132
Transmit
159
Effects of Organizational Culture 62 Summary 97 Discussion Questions 132
Receive
159
Views of Excellence 62 Key Terms 97 Suggested Readings 133
Decode
159
Contents Contents
Accept 159 Understanding 177 Kotter's Eight-Step Plan 192 Title 218
Use 159 Feedback 177 Harris's Five-Phase Model 193 Bilingual Education 218
Feedback 159 Listening 178 Organizational Development 194 Education for the Handicapped 219
Nonverbal Communication 160 Summary 180 Total Quality Management 194 The Call for Excellence 221
Kinesics 160 Key Terms 180 Strategic Planning 196 Racial and Class Implications 223
Proxemics 161 Discussion Questions 181 Survey Feedback 199 Reform Reports on Excellence 224
Paralanguage 162 Suggested Readings 181 Job Enrichment 200 Need for Caution 225
Chronemics 162 Laboratory Training 202 State Government and Education 226
Direction of Communication 162 8 Organizational Change 183 Behavioral Performance State Hierarchy of Education 226
Management 203
Downward Communication 163 The Governor 227
Focusing Questions 183 Summary 206
Upward Communication 164 State Legislatures 227
Forces for Change 184 Key Terms 207
Horizontal Communication 165 State Courts 228
Accountability 184 Discussion Questions 207
Diagonal Communication 166 State Education Agencies 229
Changing Demographics 184 Suggested Readings 207
The Grapevine 166 The State Board of Education 229
Staffing Shortages 185
Communication Networks 166 Chief State School Officer 230
Technological Changes and Knowledge
Network Patterns 167 Explosion 185 PART Ill The Structural Framework State Departments of Education 231
Network Analysis 168 Processes and People 185 for Education 209 State Reform Movements 232
Communication and Technology 171 Resistance to Change 186 9, Government and Education 209 Lessons to Be Learned 234
Electronic Mail (e-mail) 171 Interference with Need Fulfillment 187 Organization of School Districts 234
Instant Messaging 171 Fear of the Unknown 187 Focusing Questions 209 Size of School Districts 236
The Federal Role in Education 210 Number of School Districts 237
Social Networking 172 Threats to Power and Influence 187
Changing Roles in the Federal Government Students and Schools 238
Web Logs (Blogs) 172 Knowledge and Skill Obsolescence 187
and Education 210
Consolidation of School Districts 239
Presentation Technology 172 Organizational Structure 188
Current Period: 1980s to 2010 211
Decentralization of School Districts 240
Videoconferencing 172 Limited Resources 188
Clarifying the Federal Role in
Local School Boards 240
Barriers to Communication 173 Collective Bargaining Agreements 188 Education 213
School Board-Public Problems 242
Frames of Reference 173 Overcoming Resistance to Change 188 The Department of Education 213
School Board Meetings 243
Filtering 174 Participation 188 Federal Programs and Activities in Education 214
School Board Responsibilities 244
Structure 174 Communication 188 Grants for Schools 215
School Board Views on School Reform 246
Information Overload 175 Support 189 Grants for Colleges 215
Effective School Reform 248
Semantics 175 Rewards 189 Vocational Education Acts 215
The School Superintendent 250
Status Differences 176 Planning 189 Relief Acts 216
The Superintendent's Job 250
Overcoming Barriers to Communication 176 Coercion 190 War Acts 216
Up the Professional Ladder 251
Repetition 176 Managing Change 190 National Defense Education Act 217
Superintendents' Problems and
Empathy 176 Lewin's Three-Step Model 190 Compensatory Education Acts 217 Performance 254
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Contents Contents
The Central Staff 255 Summary 288 Summary 324 PARTI V Administration of Programs
Key Terms 290 Key Terms 324 and Services 366
Large Districts: Increased Central
Offices 256 Discussion Questions 290 Discussion Questions 324
13 Curriculum Development and
Small Districts: Understaffed Central Suggested Readings 290 Suggested Readings 325
Offices 257 Implementation 366
Organizational Hierarchy 258 11 School Finance and Focusing Questions 366
12 Legal Considerations and
Efficiency Ratios 258 Productivity 291 Education 326 Curriculum Definitions anc:lA pproaches 367
The Principal and the School 259 Focusing Questions 291 Behavioral Approach 367
Focusing Questions 326
Conditions, Employment, and Trends 259 Education and Economics 292 Managerial Approach 369
Legal Framework for Public Education 327
Summary 262 Tax Sources of School Revenues 293 Systems Approach 370
Key Terms 263 Local Financing of Public Schools 294 Federal Role in Education 327 Humanistic Approach 371
Discussion Questions 263 Property Tax 294 State Role in Education 329 Curriculum Development 373
Suggested Readings 263 User Fees 295 American Judicial System 329 Tyler: Behavioral Model 373
Tobacco Settlement 295 The Law and Professional Personnel 331 Saylor, Alexander, and Lewis:
l O Excellence, Equality, and Urban/Suburban Disparities 296 Certification 331 Managerial Model 376
Education 264 Municipal and Educational Overburden 297 Contracts 332 Macdonald: Systems Model 377
Spending versus Outcomes 298 Weinstein and Fantini: Humanistic
Focusing Questions 264 Termination of Employment 333
Model 378
Definitions and Labels 265 State Financing of Public Schools 298 Discrimination in Employment 335
Scientific-Aesthetic Model 379
299
Sales Tax
The Role of the Schools 266 Tort Liability 339
Curriculum Overview 380
Personal Income Tax 300
The Conservative Slant 268 Lotteries and Other State Taxes 300 The Law and Students 342 Nontechnical Model 381
Sputnik and Post-Sputnik 269 School Improvement 342 Components of Curriculum Development 384
The States' Ability to Finance
Educational and Economic Opportunity 271 Education 301 School Attendance 343 Criteria for Selecting Content 384
Do Schools Make a Difference? Large-Scale State Financial Responsibility 302 Student Discipline 346 Criteria for Selecting Learning
Studies 273 State Funding Methods 302 Freedom of Expression 349 Experiences 385
The Coleman Report 273
School Budgeting 303 Balance in Determining the Curriculum 386
Classification Practices 351
The Jencks Study 276 School Effectiveness and Productivity 305 Leadership Considerations 388
Students with Disabilities 352
The Duncan Model 278 Size of Schools 306 What Knowledge Is of Most Worth? 389
The Law and State Issues 356
Unaccounted Factors: Luck 279 Effective Schools "308 Knowledge as Facts 389
School Desegregation 356
International Achievement Gaps Effective School Indicators 309 Explosion of Knowledge 390
in Education 280 Church-State Relations 357
School Finance Trends 310 Essential Knowledge 391
The International Report Card 281 Financing Education 360
Streamlining Budgets 311 Returning to the Liberal Arts 392
The Economics of Schooling 283 Summary 363
Environmental Hazards 313 Modern Languages 392
Pulling It Together 283 School Infrastructure Costs 317 Key Terms 364 Computer Knowledge and Technology 394 -
Excuses and More Excuses 284 Financing School Construction 320 Discussion Questions 3 65 Moral Knowledge 395
Brain Drain Counts 286 International Comparisons of Education Suggested Readings 365
Moral Character 396
Centers of Creativity 288 Spending 321
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Contents
Contents
The Roles of the Curriculum Worker 397 The Master Teacher 421 Recruitment 454 Performance Appraisal 466
Responsibilities of the Curriculum Cautions and Criticisms 423 Internal Sources 454 Performance Appraisal Methods 466
Worker 397
Teacher Contexts: New Research, External Sources 455 Rating Errors 470
Leadership Role of the Principal 398 New Paradigms 424
Internal versus External Recruitment 456 Compensation 471
Managerial Role of the Principal 399 Metaphors 424
Selection 457 Wages and Salaries 471
Curriculum-Instructional Role of the Stories 425
Principal 400 Biographical Information 457 Benefits 473
Biographies and Autobiographies 425
The Teacher and the Curriculum 401 Reference Checks 459 Union-Management Relations 473
The Expert Teacher 427
Union Membership 473
The Central (District) Office 402 Written Tests 460
Voice 428 Collective Bargaining 473
The Team Collaborative Approach 402 Performance Simulations 461
Reconceptualizing Teaching 428 Summary 481
Implementation as a Change Process 403 Interviews 461
The Need for Humanistic Teaching 430 Key Terms 481
Incrementalism for Change 403 Hiring Decision 463
Examples of Humanistic Teaching 431 Discussion Questions 482
Resistance to Change 404 Moral and Civic Virtues 433 Professional Development 463 Suggested Readings 482
Improving Receptivity to Change 405 Assessment of Professional Development
Teaching, Testing, and the Achievement Needs 464
Summary 407 Gap 436 Name Index 485
Professional Development Techniques 465
Key Terms 409 Teaching and Learning 437 Subject Index 494
Evaluating the Professional Development
Discussion Questions 409 Aptitude, Achievement and Human Capital 438 Program 465 Case Index 515
Suggested Readings 409 NAEP/State Standards and Test
Scores 439
14 Analyzing and Improving Race and Class 442
Teaching 410
Another Option 443
Focusing Questions 410 Summary 445
Review of the Research on Teaching 411 Key Terms 446
Teacher Styles 412 Discussion Questions 446
Research on Teacher Styles 412 Suggested Readings 446
Teacher Interaction 414
15 Human Resources
Verbal Communication 414
Administration 447
Nonverbal Communication 415
Teacher Expectations 417 Focusing Questions 447
Teacher Characteristics 418 The Human Resource Management Process 448
Research on Teacher Characteristics 418 Human Resource Planning 448
Teacher Effects 419 Job Analysis 449
The Gage Model 419 Forecasting Demand and Supply 450
The Good and Brophy Model 420 Legal Constraints 451
The Evertson-Emmer Model 421 Affirmative Action Programs 453
Admin.istrative Advice
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1-1 Methods of Research Used by Behavioral 9-2 Making Board Meetings More Meaningful 245
Scientists 4
9-3 Considering a Promotion
1-2 The Seven Action Imperatives of a to the Central Office? 256
Learning Organization 23
', 10-1 Principles for Improving Schools 281
2-1 Restructuring Schools: Changing
11-1 Checklist for Developing a School Budget 304
How the Bureaucracy Works 33
11-2 Dealing with Asbestos Abatement
2-2 Strategic Questions 44
Contractors 315
3-1 How Leaders Influence the Culture of Schools 59
12-1 Positive Approaches to Sexual Harassment
3-2 Characteristics to Measure School Quality 73 for the Workplace 338
4-1 Practical Motivational Strategies 82 12-2 Guidelines for Safer Playgrounds 341
4-2 Improving Teacher Job Satisfaction 86 12-3 CDC Guidelines for AIDS Education
5-1 The Big Five Dimensions of Personality Programs 345
Traits 103 13-1 Guidelines for Curriculum Development 375
5-2 Applying Situational Leadership 122 13-2 Dealing with the Physical and Health
6-1 Premises of Group Decision Making 147 Factors of the Environment 387
7-1 Guidelines for Readable Writing 160 13-3 Information Checklist for Implementing
7-2 Nonverbal Behaviors to Enhance Your Curriculum Change and Innovation 407
Leadership Image 163 14-1 Observing Other Teachers to Improve
7-3 Multi-Media Presentations 173 Teaching Patterns 415
7-4 Listening Styles 178 14-2 Improving Support for Beginning Teachers 423
8-1 Making Change Work 186 15-1 Recruiting the Next Generation of Teachers 458
8-2 Addressing Resistance to Change 190 15-2 Tips for Interviewing 464
8-3 The Four Pillars of Total Quality 197 15-3 Contrasts Between Industrial
and Professional Unionism 479
9-1 Questions to Consider When Your School
District Contemplates Consolidation
or Decentralization 241
xv
t
PRO/ 'CON Debates
Chapter 1 Training School Leaders 24
Chapter 2 School-Based Management 51
t\
Chapter 3 Recognizing Excellent Schools 7 5
l
Chapter 4 Merit Pay 96
Chapter 5 Leadership Style 131
Chapter 6 Principal Power 154
Chapter 7 Parent Involvement 179
Chapter 8 Mandated Staff Development 206
Chapter 9 The Politics of School Elections 261
Chapter 10 Balancing Excellence and Equality 287
Chapter 11 Financing Education 323
Chapter 12 Equal Access 364
Chapter 13 Teaching Values 408
Chapter 14 Teacher Accountability 444
Chapter 15 Superintendent Searches 480
xvii
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Adm'inistrator Profiles
*)_
Henry S. Bangser, Superintendent, Winnetka/Northfield, IL 15
Mirabelle Baptiste, Principal, Houston, TX 38
Richard (Rick) Earl Berry, Superintendent, Cypress-Fairbanks ISD, Houston, TX 67
James F. Causby, Superintendent, Smithfield, NC 83
Craig L. Elliott, Superintendent, Maize, KS 109
Pascal D. Forgione, Superintendent, Austin, TX 140
Barry Fried, Principal, Brooklyn, NY 167
Carlos A. Garcia, Superintendent, Las Vegas, NV 189
Joe A. Hairston, Superintendent, Towson, MD 221
David A. Kazakoff, Principal, Pacifica, CA 277
William G. Meuer, Principal, Chicago, IL 295
Joanna Miller, Principal, Great Neck, NY 337
Lonnie E. Palmer, Superintendent, Albany, NY 383
Art Rainwater, Superintendent, Madison, WI 426
Ron Saunders, Superintendent, Winder, GA 465
xix
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Foreword
During the past decade, the nation's attention has again educational change and the processes they feel are
been riveted on education. Numerous publications offer essential for improvement, and they have done it in
a myriad of recommendations focused on what must be a forthright and interesting manner. In addition, the
done to improve the quality of education in America. authors have discussed the fundamental principles of
This intense desire for a new and restructured education effective administrative leadership, including the need
process offers many windows of opportunity for positive to effectively manage the process of collaboration and
change. coordinate improvement efforts.
When school reform efforts have been directed to Creative, high quality leadership is essential to the
and given a sense of direction by those local leaders reform and restructuring of American education, as our
who are responsible for effective change in our nation's schools strive to meet the needs and challenges of our
schools, the results have been favorable. Educational society.
Administration: Concepts and Practices, Fifth Edition,
will serve as a valuable primer for prospective school Richard D. Miller
leaders as they work toward effecting change in an Former Executive Director
orderly, efficient, and effective manner. American Association of
Its authors, Fred Lunenburg and Allan Ornstein, School Administrators
have addressed both the concepts surrounding
xxi