Early Contacts between Uralic and Indo-European: Linguistic and Archaeological Considerations

456 Pages·2007·12.72 MB·English

by  Christian Carpelan

SUOMALAIS-UGRILAISEN SEURAN TOIMITUKSIA
MEMOIRES DE LA SOCIETE FINNO-OUGRIENNE
* *
242
Early Contacts between
Uralic and Indo-European:
Linguistic and Archaeological
Considerations
Papers presented at an international symposium
held at the Tvärminne Research Station of the University of Helsinki
81- 0 January, 1999
Edited by Christian Carpelan, Asko Parpola and Petteri Koskikallio
SUOMALAIS-UGRILAINEN SEURA
HELSINKI 2007
Early Contacts between Uralic and lndo-European: Linguistic and Archaeological Considera­
tions. Papers presented at an intemational symposium held at the Tvärminne Research Station
ofthe University af.Helsinki 8-10 January, 1999. Edited by Christian Carpelan, Asko Parpola
and Petteri Kosldkallio. M6moires de la Societe Finno-Ougrienne 242.
Copyright© The Finno-Ugrian Society & authors
2nd edition
(1st edition: Vammala 2001)
Orders:
Tiedekirja
Kirkkokatu 14
FfN-00170 HELSINKI
Fax [phone]
[email protected]
www.tiedekirja.fi
This publication is abstracted/indexed in the ARTO databa,ie (citation index URBIS) and in
Bibliographie Linguistique/Linguistic Bibliography.
ISBN 952-5150-59-3
ISSN 0355-0230
Vammalan Kirjapaino Oy, Vammala 2007
CONTENTS
Foreword .............................................................................. 8
DAVID W. .ÅNTI-IONY
Persistent identity and Indo-European archaeology in the western steppes ... 11
CHRISTIAN CARPELAN
Late Palaeolithic and Mesolithic settlement af the European north
-possible linguistic implications ................................................. 37
CHRISTIAN CARPELAN & ASKO PARPOLA
Emergence, contacts and dispersal of Proto-lndo-European, Proto-Uralic
and Proto-Aryan in archaeological perspective ................................. 55
H.-P. FRANCFORT
The archaeology of protohistodc Central Asia and the problems of
identifying Indo-European and Uralic-speaking populations .................. 151
KAISA HÄKKINEN
Prehistoric Finno-U gric culture in the light of historical lexicology .......... 169
EUGENE HELIMSKI
Early lndo-Uralic linguistic relationships:
Real kinship and imagined contacts .............................................. 187
JUHA JANHUNEN
Indo-Uralic and Ural-Altaic: On the diachronic implications
of areal typology ................................................................... 207
6
Contents
PETRI KALLIO
Phonetic Uralisms in lndo-European? .......................................... 221
JOIU..1A KOIVULEHID
The earliest contacts between Indo-European and Uralic speakers
in the light of lexical loans . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 235
L. L. KOSINSKAYA
The Neolithic period of north-westem Siberia: The question of
southern connections 265
E. E. Kuz'MINA
Contacts between Finno-Ugric and lndo-lranian speakers in the light
of archaeological, linguistic and mythological data ............................ 289
ÅLEXANDERLUBOTSKY
The Indo-Iranian substratum ..................................................... 301
J. MAKKAY
The earliest Proto-Indo-European-Proto-Uralic contacts;
An Upper Palaeolitpic model .............. , ...................................... 319
J. P. MALLORY
Uralics and Indo-Europeans: Problems of time and space .................... 345
VLADIMIR NAPOL'SKIKH
Tocharisch-uralische Berilhrungen: Sprache und Archäologie ............... 367
TAPANI SALM.INEN
The rise ofthe FinnoU- gric language family ................................. 385
PEKKA SAMMALLAHTI
The Indo-European loanwords in Saarni ........................................ 397
PEIBR SCHRUVER
Lost languages in northern Europe .............................................. 417
Contents 7
.....................................................................
ABSTRACTS: 427
s.
E.N. CHERNYKH& V. Kuz'MINYKH
Ancient metallurgy in northem Eurasia: On the problem of contacts
429
between the Indo-European-and Uralic-speaking peoples ...................
ASYAENGOVATOVA
Chronology ofthe Volga-Oka valley Neolithic and
431
theLyalovomigrations ............, ................................................
V.I. TIMOFEEV
Migrations, diffusion and uninterrupted development in the Stone Age
of the forest zone of eastem Europe: Some remarks
433
KONSTANTIN V. VORONIN
The problem of interaction of cultural traditions in the Bronze Age
in central Russia (Volga-Oka basin) ....................., ....................... 437
439
Contributors ......................... ., .............................................
Index. ..............................., ................................................ 442
FOREWORD
In Finland, such research topics as the origins of the Finnish language, the his­
tory and prehistory of peoples speaking Uralic languages, and the questions
conceming genetic relationships and areal contacts between the Uralle Ianguages
and the other languages of Eurasia, have had great national interest ever since the
early 19th century. Starting with Matthias AleX:ander Castren, many Finnish
scholars have made linguistic, ethnological and archaeological explorations in
Siberia. A large number of important linguistic and ethnological studies on these
topics have been publlshed in Finland, especially in the several series of the
Finno-Ugrian Society, while the once well known Finnish archaeological series
Eurasia Septentrionalis Antiqua was unfortunately interrupted in the wake of
World War II and could not be revived after the death of its founder and editor,
A. M. Tallgren.
In recent years a number of conferences and seminars have been arranged
in Finland on Uralic or Finno-Ugric ethnohistory. Most noteworthy among
them are those held at the two Zoological Research Statfons of the University of
Helsinkiin Tvärminne and Lammi, in 1980 and 1997 respectively, with the titles
"The prehistoric roots of the population in Finland" and "The roots of the Finns
in the light of present day research". Both were multidisciplinary, with partici­
pants -representing such fields as linguistics, history, archaeology, ethnology,
geology and genetics. The proceedings of these two conferences, Suomen väes­
tön esihistoriallisetjuuret (1984) and Pohjan poluilla edited by Paul Fogelberg
(1999), published in the series Bidrag tili kännedom av Finlands natur och folk
(volumes 131 & 153)-the latter containing as many as 37 contributions -have
become important reference works. Unfortunately they are not very accessible
outside Finland, because their languages are almost exclusively Finnish and
Swedish.
Foreword
9
These meetings have clearly establiShed the fact that Uralic antiquity cannot
be properly studied without reference to Indo-European studies, In Indo-Euro­
pean studies, too, the importance of Uralic contacts has been recognised. There
is a problem, however. Questions related to Indo-European antiquity are studied
at many universities in Europe and the United States; but the contacts between
Uralic and Indo-European peoples have mainly been studied by scholars special­
izing in Uralle studies, chiefly in Finland, Hungary, Estonia and Russia. Very
few scholarly meetings have föcused on the relationship between Uralle and
lndo-European languages and peoples.
Such a meeting_ seemed partieular1y called för now when new data and
conceptions are emerging in both archaeology and linguisties. We thereföre
proposed to arrange a three-day intemational symposium on "Contacts between
Indo-European and Uralle speakers in the Neolithic, Eneolithie and Bronze Age
in the light of linguistic and arehaeological evidence". The aim was to bring
together a number of eminent researchers to present fresh researeh and examine
the results from the point of view of Indo-European and Uralle contacts. Metho­
dolagy, tao, has ta be discussed: haw ta make archaealogical and linguistic en­
tities and sequences comparable?
The Academy af Finland accepted aur proposal, and made funds available
för its realization. The Department af Archaealogy and the fustitute för Asian
and African Studies at the University af Finland also supparted the project. Ten
archaeologists and ten linguists were invited to participate in the symposium.
One invited scholar had to cancel his participation at the last moment, but deliv­
ered the abstract ofhis proposed paper. Thus in ali 21 scholars took part in the
meeting, each presenting a paper and participating in fue lively discussions. The
symposium was held in the congenial and well-looked-after premises af the
Zoological Research Station at Tvärminne on the southernmost coast of Finland
from the 8th to the 10th af January, 1999. The isalated and peaceful place made
it possible to concentrate fully on the theme, while the scenic landscape, deli­
cious meals, sauna and apen fire in the evenings provided a relaxed atmosphere,
The Academy af Finland made additional funds: available för the publica­
tion af the Proceedings. Petteri Koskikallio, who assisted in the practical
arrangements at Tvärminne, could be hired to carry out the technical editing of
the Proceedings with his usual skill. The papers by authors whose native lan­
guage is not English were checked by Gerard McAlester, Robert Whiting and
Margaret Stout Whiting. The paperin German was checked by Volker Rybatzki.
We tao read the papers and made some suggestions för changes. The final
10 Foreword
version of each paper (e xcepting the abstracts) was subjected to the approval of
the author.
We thank:the Finno-Ugrian Society for accepting the work as a volume of
its Memoires series. This will guarantee that the book will find its way to many
libraries specializing in the topic ofi ts contents.
As all participants were not able to send their contributions for publication,
this left some space available in the Proceedings, and we have taken advantage
of this in our joint paper. It is a thoroughly revised and enlarged version of the
paper presented by AP at the symposium. There is also another paper that dif­
fers from that presented at the symposium. In the symposium, E. E. Kuz'mina
discussed the recent discovecy of a grave with highly significant contents in
Tajikistan. As this find has been published by S. Bobomulloev (1997) E. E.
Kuz'mina submitted för publication here another paper, a slightly edited transla�
tion of the chapter "lndo-irantsy i finno-ugry" (pp. 248-252) in her book Otkuda
prishli Indoarii? (Moscow, 1994).
We take the opportunity of thanking ali participants för their valuable con­
tributions. It was a great pleasure för us to have you aU here, and we are happy
if you enjoyed your stay and found the meeting worthwhile. It is the participants
who p1ay the chief role in symposia like ours, so if it was successful, it was
thanks to you. This also applies to the publication of the symposium, and we
cordially thank all the people and institutions who have helped and supported us.
CHRISTIAN CARPELAN
AsKOPARPOLA
P. S. As the reader will soon find out, there is at the moment no consensus con­
ceming many questions dealt with in this book. This fairly reflects the present
state of affairs in the field.