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N A V A L W A R C O L L E NAVA L WA R C O L L E G E R EV I EW G E R E V I E Spring 2010 W Volume 63, Number 2 S p r ni g 2 0 1 0 NIUTEEDHTSTATES NAVALEWGEALRLOC VIRIBUSMARIVICTORIA 55443300__NNWWCCRReevviieeww__SSpprriinngg22001100__CCoovveerr..iinndddd 11 33//11//22001100 44::1144::5522 PPMM Report Documentation Page Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to a penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. 1. REPORT DATE 3. DATES COVERED 2010 2. REPORT TYPE 00-00-2010 to 00-00-2010 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER Naval War College Review, Spring 2010,Volume 63, Number 2 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER 5e. TASK NUMBER 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION Naval War College,,686 Cushing Rd.,,Newport,,RI,02841 REPORT NUMBER 9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S ACRONYM(S) 11. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S REPORT NUMBER(S) 12. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Approved for public release; distribution unlimited 13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 14. ABSTRACT 15. SUBJECT TERMS 16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 17. LIMITATION OF 18. NUMBER 19a. NAME OF ABSTRACT OF PAGES RESPONSIBLE PERSON a. REPORT b. ABSTRACT c. THIS PAGE Same as 163 unclassified unclassified unclassified Report (SAR) Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8-98) Prescribed by ANSI Std Z39-18 Cover A model from the Naval War College Museum collection of a Korean “turtle ship,” such as those that helped repulse the sixteenth-century Japanese invasion of Korea—a campaign vital to the spirit of the modern Republic of Korea Navy, as noted by Yoji Koda (Vice Admiral, Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force, Retired) in this issue’s lead article. The model, just over twenty-six inches long and almost nineteen tall, was do- nated to the Naval War College in 1993 by Rear Admiral Ha Jong-keun, president of the Korean Naval War College. The original ship was 113 feet long, thirty- four feet in beam; it displaced 150 tons, mounted fourteen guns, and carried a complement of 130. The spikes on the “turtleback” deterred boarding; the iron plates, which were bolted to wood sheath- ing up to a foot thick, made the turtle ship the world’s fi rst ironclad. The Mandarin Chinese character on the model’s fl ag signifi es “Turtle.” Naval War College Museum. Photographs and design by the Naval War College Visual Communications Division. 55443300__NNWWCCRReevviieeww__SSpprriinngg22001100__CCoovveerr..iinndddd 22 33//11//22001100 44::1155::2244 PPMM Color profile: Generic CMYK printer profile Composite Default screen NAVAL WAR COLLEGE REVIEW Spring 2010 Volume 63, Number 2 NAVALWARCOLLEGEPRESS 686 Cushing Road Newport, RI 02841-1207 NWCR_Spring2010.ps C:\Documents and Settings\john.lanzieri.ctr\Desktop\NavalWarCollege\5399_NWC_Review_Spring2010\NWCR_Spring2010.vp Monday, March 01, 2010 4:18:33 PM Color profile: Generic CMYK printer profile Composite Default screen NAVALWARCOLLEGEPRESSADVISORYBOARD PRESIDENT,NAVALWARCOLLEGE Adam Bellow Rear Adm. James P.Wisecup, USN Capt. Wayne P. Hughes, USN (Ret.) PROVOST Gale A.Mattox Amb. Mary Ann Peters Robert A.Silano MarinStrmecki DEANOFNAVALWARFARESTUDIES Robert C. Rubel DovS.Zakheim NAVALWARCOLLEGEPRESS NAVALWARCOLLEGEREVIEWEDITORIALBOARD CarnesLord,Editor DonaldChisholm Pelham G. Boyer,Managing Editor AudreyKurthCronin Phyllis P. Winkler,Book Review Editor PeterDombrowski Lori A.Almeida,Secretary and Circulation Manager StephenDownes-Martin FrankUhlig, Jr.,Editor Emeritus Col. Theodore L.Gatchel, USMC (Ret.) Naval War College Review Capt. DennisMandsager,JAGC, USN (Ret.) Code 32, Naval War College William C.Martel 686 Cushing Rd., Newport, RI 02841-1207 Col.MackubinOwens, USMC (Ret.) Fax: 401.841.1071 Lt. Cdr. Derek S.Reveron, USN DSNexchange, all lines: 948 Capt. Peter M.Swartz, USN (Ret.) Website: www.usnwc.edu/press Scott C.Truver http://twitter.com/NavalWarCollege Karl F. Walling James J.Wirtz Editor, Circulation, or Business 401.841.2236 [email protected] Managing Editor 401.841.4552 [email protected] Newport Papers, Books [email protected] Essays and Book Reviews 401.841.6584 [email protected] Other Naval War College Offices 401.841.3089 NWCR_Spring2010.ps C:\Documents and Settings\john.lanzieri.ctr\Desktop\NavalWarCollege\5399_NWC_Review_Spring2010\NWCR_Spring2010.vp Monday, March 01, 2010 4:18:33 PM Color profile: Generic CMYK printer profile Composite Default screen TheNavalWarCollegeReviewwasestablishedin1948asaforumfordiscussionof publicpolicymattersofinteresttothemaritimeservices.Thethoughtsandopinions expressedinthispublicationarethoseoftheauthorsandarenotnecessarilythose oftheU.S.government,theU.S.NavyDepartment,ortheNavalWarCollege. The journal is published quarterly. Distribution is limited generally to commands andactivitiesoftheU.S.Navy,MarineCorps,andCoastGuard;regularandreserve officersofU.S.services;foreignofficersandcivilianshavingapresentorprevious affiliationwiththeNavalWarCollege;selectedU.S.governmentofficialsandagen- cies;andselectedU.S.andinternationallibraries,researchcenters,publications,and educationalinstitutions. Contributors Please request the standard contributors’ guidance from the managing editor or access it online before submitting manuscripts.TheNavalWarCollegeReviewnei- theroffersnormakescompensationforarticlesorbookreviews,anditassumesno responsibilityforthereturnofmanuscripts,althougheveryeffortismadetoreturn thosenotaccepted.Insubmittingwork,thesenderwarrantsthatitisoriginal,that itisthesender’sproperty,andthatneitheritnorasimilarworkbythesenderhas beenacceptedorisunderconsiderationelsewhere. Permissions Reproduction and reprinting are subject to the Copyright Act of 1976 and appli- cable treaties of the United States. To obtain permission to reproduce material bearing a copyright notice, or to reproduce any material for commercialpur- poses,contacttheeditorforeachuse.Materialnotbearingacopyrightnotice may be freely reproduced for academic or other noncommercial use; however, it is requested that the author andNaval War College Reviewbe credited and that the editor be informed. Periodicals postage paid at Newport, R.I. POSTMASTERS, send address changes to:Naval War College Review,Code 32S, Naval War College, 686 Cushing Rd., Newport, R.I. 02841-1207. ISSN0028-1484 NWCR_Spring2010.ps C:\Documents and Settings\john.lanzieri.ctr\Desktop\NavalWarCollege\5399_NWC_Review_Spring2010\NWCR_Spring2010.vp Monday, March 01, 2010 4:18:33 PM Color profile: Generic CMYK printer profile Composite Default screen NWCR_Spring2010.ps C:\Documents and Settings\john.lanzieri.ctr\Desktop\NavalWarCollege\5399_NWC_Review_Spring2010\NWCR_Spring2010.vp Monday, March 01, 2010 4:18:34 PM Color profile: Generic CMYK printer profile Composite Default screen CONTENTS FromtheEditors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 President’sForum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 The Emerging Republic of Korea Navy AJapanesePerspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Vice AdmiralYojiKoda, Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (Retired) The Republic of Korea Navy has made itself one of the most notable navies in the region. Challenges and issues still exist, but there are important areas in which it and the capable Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force can cooperate in the future. Arctic Security Considerations and the U.S. Navy’s RoadmapfortheArctic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Rear Admiral David W.Titley, U.S. Navy, and Courtney C. St. John The scope and magnitude of changes to the Arctic region as a result of a changing climate are great—shifts in species populations and distribution, more navigable transportation passages, increased shipping activity and resource extraction, and modified global circulation patterns. The Navy’s Task Force Climate Change is addressing these considerations, which will shape safety and security in the Arctic. TheU.S.Navy’sTransitiontoJets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Robert C. Rubel In this centennial year of naval aviation, it is interesting to observe that it has been jet powered for over half of its history. The transition was long and brutally expensive in terms of life and aircraft. However, it was, by any measure, a success. Pieces of Eight AnAppraisalofU.S.CounterpiracyOptionsintheHornofAfrica . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Lesley Anne Warner The key to success against piracy off the coast of Somalia lies in linking current sea-based counterpiracymethods with approaches designed to remedy the underlying instability ashore that produced piracy in the first place. China’s Oil Security Pipe Dream TheReality,andStrategicConsequences,ofSeaborneImports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Andrew S. Erickson and Gabriel B. Collins It is widely believed in China that overland pipelines would greatly enhance the security of its oil supply. Market and geopolitical analysis, however, shows that they would not. Chinese decision makers must face the fact that, barring discovery of an economically viable large-scale substitute for crude oil, their nation’s dependence on seaborne oil imports will only increase. NWCR_Spring2010_1.ps C:\Documents and Settings\john.lanzieri.ctr\Desktop\NavalWarCollege\5399_NWC_Review_Spring2010\NWCR_Spring2010.vp Wednesday, March 03, 2010 10:31:23 AM Color profile: Generic CMYK printer profile Composite Default screen 2 NAVALWARCOLLEGEREVIEW FormalMentoringin the U.S. Military ResearchEvidence,LingeringQuestions,andRecommendations. . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 W. Brad Johnson and Gene R. Andersen Organizations that mentor produce members who are more rapidly promoted, more confident, and more likely to achieve leadership positions. Informalmentoringhas flourished in the military for centuries, but should the military institutionalize the process? Research & Debate ReflectingonFuchida,or“ATaleofThreeWhoppers”. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 JonathanParshall Review Essay Israel:ARevolutionaryMiracleinPalestine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 The Rise of Israel: A History of a Revolutionary State,by JonathanAdelman Israel and Its Army: From Cohesion to Confusion,by Stuart A. Cohen reviewed byMackubinThomas Owens Book Reviews Network-centric Warfare: How Navies Learned to Fight Smarter through Three Wars,by Norman Friedman reviewedbyPeterDombrowski . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Think Again: Why Good Leaders Make Bad Decisions and How to Keep It from Happening to You,by SydneyFinkelstein, Jo Whitehead, and Andrew Campbell reviewedbyHenryKniskern. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 Rising China and Its Postmodern Fate: Memories of Empire in a New Global Context,by Charles Horner reviewedbyAndrewErickson. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 The Vital Triangle: China, the United States and the Middle East, by Jon B.Altermanand John W.Garver reviewedbyRobertA.Harris. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 In the Graveyard of Empires: America’s War in Afghanistan,by Seth G. Jones reviewedbyDouglasJ.Wadsworth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 Tanker War: America’s First Conflict with Iran, 1987–1988,by Lee AllenZatarain reviewedbyRonRatcliff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 By His Own Rules: The Ambitions, Successes, and Ultimate Failures of DonaldRumsfeld,by Bradley Graham reviewedbyWilliamCalhoun. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 From Hot War to Cold: The U.S. Navy and National Security Affairs, 1945–1955,by Jeffrey G.Barlow reviewedbyRichardNorton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 OfSpecialInterest. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 ReflectionsonReading. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 NWCR_Spring2010_2.ps C:\Documents and Settings\john.lanzieri.ctr\Desktop\NavalWarCollege\5399_NWC_Review_Spring2010\NWCR_Spring2010.vp Wednesday, March 03, 2010 9:11:31 AM Color profile: Generic CMYK printer profile Composite Default screen FROM THE EDITORS AswenotedintheWinter2010Review,theNavy’snewmaritimestrategyplaces a premium on maritime security cooperation,which in turn suggests that the Navyhasaheightenedrequirementtounderstandthemaritimecapabilitiesand outlooks of its various security partners. That issue addressed the important casesoftheUnitedKingdomandAustralia.Inthepresentissue,theRepublicof KoreaNavyisthesubjectofaninformedandsearchinganalysisbyViceAdmiral (Retired) Yoji Koda of the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force. Admiral Koda mayseemanimprobablechoiceasauthorofapieceonthissubject,butinfacthe played an important role personally in initiating navy-to-navy staff talks be- tweenhiscountryandtheROKinthelate1990sandhasremainedacloseob- server of Korean maritime affairs since that time. Admiral Koda provides an overviewofthemodernevolutionoftheROKNavyfromamodestcoastalforce inthe1950stotheincreasinglybluewater–capablefleetoftoday.Hisdiscussion of Japanese-ROKinteractionatseaprovidesvaluableinsightsintowhatmight be called “third party”maritime security cooperation—something the United Statesneedstobekeenlyawareofasitseekstostrengthenitsownbilateralrela- tionshipswithforeignnavies. TheU.S.Navyhasbeenhighlyattentivetothepossibleimplicationsofglobal climate change. The Arctic region has been a special focus of this attention, giventhemagnitudeofrecentchangesintheclimatethereandtheopportuni- tiestheyaffordforincreasedaccesstothewatersandresourcesofthenorth.In their article “Arctic Security Considerations and the U.S.Navy’s Roadmap for the Arctic,”Rear Admiral David W.Titley,USN,and Courtney C.St.John ex- ploretheseissues,theirpotentialimpactsontheNavy,andstepstheNavyneeds toconsiderindealingwiththem.RearAdmiralTitleyisOceanographerof the NavyandDirector,TaskForceClimateChange. RobertC.Rubel,in“TheU.S.Navy’sTransitiontoJets,”tellstheimportant andneglectedstoryoftheNavy’sstruggletoadapttojetaircraftbeginninginthe late1940s.Hearguesthatthistransitionwasinfactnotfinallycompleteuntil thelate1980s,whenaccidentratesintheNavyfinallydeclinedtoalevelapproxi- mating those in the Air Force, and explores in detail the reasons this was so. NWCR_Spring2010.ps C:\Documents and Settings\john.lanzieri.ctr\Desktop\NavalWarCollege\5399_NWC_Review_Spring2010\NWCR_Spring2010.vp Monday, March 01, 2010 4:18:34 PM