Domestication and commercialization of non-timber forest products in agroforestry systems

309 Pages·2013·18.53 MB·English

\ 0
-WOOD FOREST PRODUCTS
9
/i
Domestication
and
commercialization
of non-timber
forest products
in agroforestry
systems
Food
and
Agriculture
Organization
of
the
Unaed
Nations
\01-WOOD FOREST PRODUCTS
9
Domestication
and
commercialization
of non-timber
forest products
in agroforestry
systems
Proceedings of an international
conference held in Nairobi, Kenya
19-23 February 1996
edited by
R.R.B. Leakey, A.B. Temu, M. Melnyk
and P. Vantomme
41191
II w
IF
ICRAF
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS
Rome, 1996
The designations employed and the presentation of material in this
publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever
on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, cityor
area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its
frontiers or boundaries.
M-37
ISBN 92-5-103935-6
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the
copyright owner. Applications for such permission, with a statement of the
purpose and extent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Director,
Information Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale
dell e Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy.
0 FAO 1996
Foreword
The International Conference on Domestication and Commercialization of Non-
Timber Forest Products in Agroforestry Systems, hosted by ICRAF, was held inNairobi,
Kenya, from 19 to 23 February 1996. This was the first world-level meeting to be held
of
exclusively to draw attention to issues dealing with domestication and commercialization
non-timber forest products in agroforestry systems.
Coordinated by ICRAF, a number of international and national agencies, namely:
FAO, IUFRO, Unesco, the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, the
British Development Division in Eastern Africa, the Centre Technique de Coopération
Agricole et Rurale, the International Foundation for Science, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs
of the Netherlands, the Overseas Development Administration - Forestry Research
Programme, the United States Agency for International Development, and the International
Society of Tropical Foresters, collaborated in this undertaking by providing funds,
background materials and papers, by sponsoring participants and/or by direct attendance.
The outcome of the Conference was substantial, with clear recommendations for
action. We have pleasure in sharing it with all interested persons andinstitutions.
We wish to take this opportunity to acknowledge with thanks the contribution of all
those who attended the Conference and their active participation in the discussions, which
made this meeting a remarkable success. We also wish to thank all those who collaborated
with, and supported the efforts of, ICRAF in organizing thisConference. Special thanks are
also due to the Chairpersons of the five working groups (C. Kleinn, C.K. Mwamba, V. Shah,
F. Sinclair and I. Kone) and the respective rapporteurs (R. Kindt, D. Kiambi, J. Were,
I. Dawson and P. Rudebjer). We fully appreciate the contribution of R. Leakey, A. Temu,
M. Melnyk and P. Vantomme in reviewing and editing theConference report. Finally, we
wish to thank M. Kimenye and H. Abdalla for their hard workretyping the manuscripts,
D. Odanga for the design and layout, and H. van Houten and K. Kebaara for editorial support.
No doubt, the perspectives on domestication and commercialization of non-timber
forest products in agroforestry systems, as they emerged from the discussions at the
Conference, and the light they throw on how to address issues dealing with resource
assessment, indigenous knowledge, product development, socio-economic benefits,
environmental impact, and institutional and policy aspects, will help national and international
agencies in designing and implementing their activities onnon-timber forest products. ICRAF
and FAO are committed to pursue the outcome/of the Conference and to support the
implementation of its recommendations, itycollaboration with partner agencies and countries.
e
Karl-Hermann Schmincke
Director
Forest Products Division
Forestry Department
iv
International Centre for Research in Agroforestry
Countries participating in ICRAF's ecoregional programmes.
The International Centre for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF), established in 1977, is an
autonomous, non-profit making research body supported by the Consultative Group on
International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). Its goal is to help mitigate tropical deforesta-
tion, land depletion and rural poverty through improved agroforestry systems.
ICRAF's objectives are to conduct strategic and applied research, in partnership with
national institutions, aimed at developing appropriate agroforestry technologies for
more sustainable and productive land use; to strengthen national capacities to conduct
agroforestry research; to encourage inter-institutional collaboration; and to promote
training, education, information and dissemination activities in agroforestry. ICRAF
has research activities in 20 countries in Africa, Latin America and Southeast Asia, and
dissemination activities in very many more countries.
ICRAF works in six ecoregions: the humid lowlands of West Africa, the humid tropics of
Latin America, the humid tropics of Southeast Asia, the sub-humid plateau of southern
Africa, the highlands of East Africa and the semi-arid lowlands of West Africa.
ICRAF's activities are conducted through four research and three dissemination
programmes: Natural Resource Strategies and Policy, Domestication of Agroforestry
Trees, TreeCropEnvironment Interactions, Systems Improvement, Training, Educa-
tion and Information.
The objectives of ICRAF's Domestication of Agroforestry Trees Programme are to
improve the genetic quality of agroforestry trees by collecting, evaluating and selecting
germplasm for compatible production of food, fodder, fuelwood, timber and other
products with companion crops, and for providing environmental services such as soil
conservation and the amelioration of soils.
ICRAF is governed by a Board of Trustees, which has equal representation from
developed and developing countries. Financial support for ICRAF's research, training
and information activities is provided by 32 donors
V
THE FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS (FAO)
International organizations have major roles to play in fostering the protection and wise
management of the world's forests and related natural resources. The forestry mission of the Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations is to enhance the contribution of trees and forests to
global human well-being.
This mission is carried out through three medium-term objectives, each of which are equally
important and are simultaneously pursued, as follows: (i) the environmental objective is the
maintenance of the biological diversity, health and other environmental services of forest ecosystems
and wooded lands; (ii) the economic objective is the realization of the full economic potential of the
multiple goods and services of forests and wooded lands, without impairing their productive or
protective capacities; (iii) the social objective is the increase of public participation in decision-making
and the sharing of costs and benefits of trees and forests while facilitating the resolution of conflicts
and promoting collaboration among interest groups.
The FAO forestry programme constitutes among the largest bodies of international forestry
and related natural resources expertise available in the world. It includes some 80 full-time
professional staff with a diverse range of skills in forestry, wildlife resources, watershed management,
agroforestry, non-wood forest products, genetics, economics, forest products utilization and
engineering. This broad skills-base allows the Organization to address the full
environmental-economic-social spectrum of sustainable forest management. Also, linkages of the
forestry programme to the agriculture, economics, fisheries and sustainable development programmes
in FAO give it a multi-disciplinary, cross-sectoral strength that facilitates consideration of forestry's
role in food security, rural development and land use. At the operational level, the forestry
programme is supported by up to 200 contracted project professionals responsible for providing on-
site technical assistance to developing countries.
In common with other UN agencies, FAO provides: a neutral forum for policy and, technical
dialogue; information and knowledge; and technical assistance. Since its founding in 1945, FAO has
grown to include 174 member countries. This broad membership allows FAO to address issues facing
all the world's forests boreal, temperate, subtropical and tropical; forests in developed and
-
developing countries; dry forests and humid ones; high altitude forests and mangroves; even trees on
farms and in cities.
The programme "Promotion and Development of Non-Wood Forest Products (NVVFP)" at the
Forest Products Division of FAO's Forestry Department, aims to enhance the value of non-wood
forest products and services through improved harvesting, utilization, trade and marketing. The
sustainable utilization of NWFP, combined with an equitable distribution of the benefits obtained by
closely involving local people, contributes significantly to the wise management of the world's forests,
to the conservation of their biodiversity and to a precise appraisal of their socio-economic values.
Income generation and the contribution of NWFP to poverty alleviation and food security are
important elements. The programme further includes data collection, information dissemination,
technology transfer, networking and strengthening of partnerships on NWFP development, training
and policy advice.
vi
Conference recommendation to FAO for the World
Food Summit
During the Domestication and Commercialization of Non-timber Forest Products for
Agroforestry Systems Conference, 19-23 February 1996, the delegates made the follow-
ing recommendation:
recognizing that non-timber forest products (NTFPs) have played a traditional role
in the feeding of people throughout the tropics;
recognizing that NTFPs play an important role in food security, especially in dry
years;
recognizing that NTFPs play a crucial role in the health and nutrition of people in
tropical countries;
recognizing that the sale of NTFPs allows people the freedom to purchase essential
inputs in support of agriculture;
recognizing that through domestication many NTFPs can be improved qualita-
tively and quantitatively to be more attractive to farmers, more marketable and so
contribute to the alleviation of malnutrition and poverty,
This conference recommends that FAO includes edible non-timber forest products,
and their domestication, on the agenda of the forthcoming World Food Summit.
Kernels oflrvingia gabonensis and Ricinodendron heudelottii on a market stall in Kumba,
Cameroon. Products of many tropical trees worthy of domestication are traded locally
and regionally in this way. Domestication of such trees requires that these traditional
markets be expanded. (Photo: R.R.B. Leakey)
Contents
Foreword
International Centre for Research in Agroforestry iv
The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Conference recommendation to FAO for the World Food Summit vi
Introduction
Linkages between domestication and commercialization of 1
non-timber forest products: implications for agroforestry
R.R.B. Leakey and A-M.N. Izac
ICRAF's strategy for domestication of non-wood tree products 8
A.J. Simons
Product identification, assessment and monitoring
Integrating the assessment of non-timber forest products into the 23
forest inventory of a large area: experiences from Nepal
Christoph Kleinn, Risto Laamanen and Samar Bahadur Malla
Sow's ears and silk pursesnon-timber forest product identification, 32
assessment and monitoring
H. Gyde Lund
Indigenous knowledge and ethnobotany
Uncultivated plants for human nutrition in Côte d'Ivoire 40
E Herzog, D. Gautier-Béguin and K. 'Miler
Use and commercialization of non-timber forest products in 51
western Burkina Faso
Niéyidouba Lamien, Amadou Sidibe and Jules Bayala
Utilization of non-timber tree products in dryland areas: 65
examples from southern and eastern Africa
Marion Karmann and Ingrid Lorbach
Product development, management and marketing
A holistic approach to the domestication and commercialization 75
of non-timber forest products
Frank Taylor, Stanley M. Mateke and Karen J. Butterworth
Flavours, spices and edible gums: opportunities for integrated 86
agroforestry systems
Joseph Hulse
viii
Indigenous enterprise for the domestication of trees and the 97
commercialization of their fruits
Mary Melnyk
Promoting the cultivation of indigenous plants for markets:
104
experiences from KwaZulu Natal, South Africa
Myles Mander, Jenny Mander and Charles Breen
Shea nut (Vitellaria paradoxa) production and collection in
110
agroforestry parklands of Burkina Faso
J.-M. Boffa, G. Yaméogo, P. Nikiéma and D.M. Knudson
Inventory and future management strategies of multipurpose
123
tree and herb species for non-timber forest products in Nepal
S.P. Sah and I.C. Dutta
Product domestication and adoption by farmers
Economic factors in farmer adoption of forest product activities
131
J.E.M. Arnold
Domestication of valuable tree species in agroforestry systems: 147
evolutionary stages from gathering to breeding
K.F. Wiersum
Agroforests as an alternative to pure plantations for the
160
domestication and commercialization of NTFPs
G. Michon and H. de Foresta
Production and commercialization of gum arabic in Sudan
176
Abul Gasim Seif el Din and Manar Zarroug
Domestication and crop development of Duboisia spp. (Solanaceae) 183
Wulf Ohlendorf
Utilization of local fruit in wine making in Malawi
188
Timothy N. Ngwira
Domestication of bush mango (Irvingia spp.):some exploitable 193
intraspecific variations in west and central Africa
David O. Ladipo, J.M. Fondoun and N. Ganga
Domestication of mushrooms from the miombo woodlands: 206
current status and crucial issues for agroforestry
Esron Munyanziza
Development of Coleus forskohlii as a medicinal crop 212
Virbala Shah and B.S. Kalakoti
Non-timber forest products marketing: field testing of the 218
marketing information system methodology
Abwoli Y. Banana
ix
Cro ton megalocar pus, the poultry-feed tree: how local knowledge 226
could help to feed the world
Rik Thijssen
Policy and institutional aspects
Market, policies and institutions in NTTP trade: nothing is perfect 235
Thomas P. Tomich
An introduction to selected FAO programmes related to non-wood 256
forest products
Leo Lintu
Working group reports
Assessment and monitoring of non-timber forest products 262
Indigenous knowledge and ethnobotany 267
Product development and management 270
Product domestication and adoption by farmers 273
Policy and institutional aspects 276
Poster paper abstracts 280
List of participants 288