Documents in United States History

687 Pages·2013·4.87 MB·English

DDOOCCUUMMEENNTTSS SSEETT
DDooccuummeennttss iinn
UUnniitteedd SSttaatteess
HHiissttoorryy
CD-ROM
PP HH ,, UU SS RR ,, NN JJ 0077445588
RREENNTTIICCEE AALLLL PPPPEERR AADDDDLLEE IIVVEERR EEWW EERRSSEEYY
CCOONNTTEENNTTSS
PPaarrtt OOnnee
MMEEEETTIINNGG OOFF TTHHRREEEE CCUULLTTUURREESS
1-1 Marco Polo Recounts His Travels Through Asia (1324) 1
1-2 Christopher Columbus, Letter to Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain (1494) 3
1-3 Alvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, “Indians of the Rio Grande” (1528-1536) 5
1-4 Jacques Cartier: First Contact with the Indians (1534) 7
1-5 Bartolomé de Las Casas, “Of the Island of Hispaniola” (1542) 10
1-6 Thomas Mun, from England’s Treasure by Foreign Trade (1664) 11
1-7 Don Juan de Oñate, Plaus: A Settlement in New Mexico (1599) 13
1-8 The Founding of St. Augustine, 1565 17
1-9 The Columbian Exchange (1590) 21
1-10 Thomas Harriot, The Algonquian Peoples of the Atlantic Coast (1588) 24
1-11 Jose de Acosta, A Spanish Priest Speculates on the Origins of the Indians (1590) 28
PPaarrtt TTwwoo
CCOOLLOONNIIZZIINNGG TTHHEE NNEEWW WWOORRLLDD
2-1 John White, The Lost Colony (1590) 33
2-2 Samuel de Champlain’s Battle With the Iroquois, July 1609 41
2-3 An Act Concerning Servants and Slaves 44
2-4 Reasons for the Plantation in New England (1629) 50
2-5 John Winthrop, “A Model of Christian Charity” (1630) 54
2-6 The Taking of the Fort at Mystic: A Brief History of the Pequot Wark 56
2-7 The Trial of Anne Hutchinson (1638) 59
2-8 A Jesuit Priest Describes New Amsterdam (1642) 65
2-9 George Alsop, The Importance of Tobacco (1660) 67
2-10 The Examination and Confession of Ann Foster at Salem Village (1692) 68
2-11 Onandogas and Cayugas: Iroquois Chiefs Address the Governors of New York and Virginia (1684) 69
2-12 James Oglethorpe: The Stono Rebellion (1739) 71
2-13 Gottlieb Mittelberger, The Passage of Indentured Servants (1750) 73
PPaarrtt TThhrreeee
CCOOLLOONNIIAALL AAMMEERRIICCAA ((AA MMAATTUURRIINNGG CCOOLLOONNIIAALL SSOOCCIIEETTYY IINN TTHHEE LLAATTEE 11660000SS AANNDD 11770000SS))
3-1 Navigation Act of September 13, 1660 75
3-2 Nathaniel Bacon’s Challenge to William Berkeley and the Governor’s Response (1676) 77
3-3 Early French Explorations of the Mississippi River (1673) 80
3-4 Edward Randolph Describes King Philip’s War (1685) 83
3-5 Excerpt from Cotton Mather’s “Memorable Providences, Relating to
Witchcrafts and Possessions” (1689) 85
3-6 William Penn’s Charter of Privileges (1701) 88
3-7 William Byrd II, Diary (1709) 91
3-8 Manners and Etiquette in the Eighteenth Century 92
3-9 “The Storm Arising in the West,” George Washington Delivers a Warning to the French (1753) 96
3-10 The Closing of the Frontier (1763) 101
3-11 The Adventures of Daniel Boone (1769) 104
3-12 Alexander Falconbridge, The African Slave Trade (1788) 107
3-13 Olaudah Equiano, The Middle Passage (1788) 109
ii
Contents
PPaarrtt FFoouurr
PPRREELLUUDDEE TTOO RREEVVOOLLUUTTIIOONN
4-1 John Peter Zenger and the Responsibility of the Press (1734) 111
4-2 Declaration of the Injured Frontier Inhabitants [of Pennsylvania] (1764) 113
4-3 Benjamin Franklin, Testimony Against the Stamp Act (1766) 115
4-4 “Letters From a Farmer in Pennsylvania” (1767) 117
4-5 John Dickinson, from Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania(1768) 119
4-6 The Boston “Massacre” or Victims of Circumstance? (1770) 120
4-7 John Andrews to William Barrell, Letter Regarding the Boston Tea Party (1773) 123
4-8 Address of the Inhabitants of Anson County to Governor Martin (1774) 125
4-9 J. Hector St. John Crèvecoeur, “What Is an American?” (1782) 126
PPaarrtt FFiivvee
TTHHEE AAMMEERRIICCAANN RREEVVOOLLUUTTIIOONN
5-1 Benjamin Franklin, “Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind,
Peopling of Countries, &c.” (1751) 128
5-2 James Otis, The Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved (1763) 130
5-3 The Crisis Comes to a Head: April 19, 1775 133
5-4 A Freelance Writer Urges His Readers To Use Common Sense (1776) 137
5-5 Abigail Adams and John Adams Letters; Abigail Adams Letter to Mercy Otis Warren (1776) 141
5-6 Petition of “A Grate Number of Blackes of the Province” to Governor
Thomas Gage and the Members of the Massachusetts General Court (1774) 143
5-7 Joseph Warren, “Account of the Battle of Lexington” (1775) 144
5-8 Thomas Jefferson, “Original Rough Draught” of the Declaration of Independence (1776) 146
5-9 Rights of Women in an Independent Republic 148
5-10 The Rise of Partisan Warfare in the South (1778) 150
PPaarrtt SSiixx
FFOORRGGIINNGG AA CCOONNSSTTIITTUUTTIIOONN
6-1 Constitution of Pennsylvania (1776) 154
6-2 A Declaration of the Rights of the Inhabitants of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts (1780) 156
6-3 George Washington, The Newburgh Address (1783) 161
6-4 Henry Knox, Letter to George Washington (1786) 163
6-5 Marquis de Chastellux, Travels in North America (1786) 164
6-6 Shays’s Rebellion: Letters of Generals William Shepard and Benjamin Lincoln to
Governor James Bowdoin of Massachusetts (1787) 166
6-7 Divergent Reactions to Shays’s Rebellion 168
6-8 The “Distracting Question” in Philadelphia (1787) 170
6-9 Patrick Henry Speaks Against Ratification of the Constitution (1788) 174
6-10 Benjamin Banneker, Letter to Thomas Jefferson (1791) 176
6-11 James Wilson, An Introductory Lecture To a Course of Law Lectures (1791) 177
6-12 Molly Wallace, Valedictory Oration (1792) 179
PPaarrtt SSeevveenn
TTHHEE FFEEDDEERRAALLIISSTT EERRAA
7-1 James Madison Defends the Constitution (1788) 180
7-2 [William Maclay], “For the Independent Gazetteer” (1790) 183
7-3 Alexander Hamilton, Final Version of “An Opinion on the Constitutionality of an
Act to Establish a Bank” (1791) 184
7-4 Questions Concerning the Constitutionality of the National Bank (1791) 188
7-5 Opposing Visions for the New Nation (1791) 191
iii
Contents
7-6 An African American Calls for an End to Slavery (1791) 195
7-7 Backcountry Turmoil Puts the New Government to the Test (1794) 198
7-8 George Washington, Farewell Address (1796) 200
7-9 The Alien and Sedition Acts (1798) 202
7-10 Questions of Constitutionality and the Roots of Nullification (1798) 205
7-11 Reverend Peter Cartwright on Cane Ridge and the “New Lights” (1801) 208
7-12 Marbury v. Madison(1803) 210
PPaarrtt EEiigghhtt
JJEEFFFFEERRSSOONN AANNDD TTHHEE RREEPPUUBBLLIICC
8-1 “Memoirs of a Monticello Slave, as Dictated to Charles Campbell by Isaac” (1847) 211
8-2 Thomas Jefferson, “First Inaugural Address” (1801) 212
8-3 Margaret Bayard Smith Meets Thomas Jefferson (1801) 214
8-4 Constitutionality of the Louisiana Purchase (1803) 216
8-5 The United States Navy and the Bombardment of Tripoli (1803) 219
8-6 A Matter of Honor or Vengeance? (1804) 222
8-7 Fisher Ames, “The Republican. No. II” (1804) 226
8-8 Sacagawea Interprets for Lewis and Clark (1804) 228
8-9 An “Uncommon Genius” Advocates Indian Unity (1809) 230
8-10 Indian Hostilities (1812) 232
8-11 The British Attack Baltimore (1814) 233
8-12 Report and Resolutions of the Hartford Convention (1814) 235
8-13 Davy Crockett, Advice to Politicians (1833) 237
PPaarrtt NNiinnee
EECCOONNOOMMIICC AANNDD SSOOCCIIAALL CCHHAANNGGEE
9-1 “The Western Country,” Extracts from Letters Published in Niles’ Weekly Register (1816) 238
9-2 The Cherokee Treaty of 1817 239
9-3 The Case for the Erie Canal 243
9-4 John Marshall Affirms the Power of the Federal Government 245
9-5 Thomas Jefferson Reacts to the “Missouri Question” (1820) 250
9-6 The Monroe Doctrine and a Reaction (1823) 251
9-7 Henry Clay, “Defense of the American System” (1832) 252
9-8 Imminent Dangers to the Free Institutions of the United States through Foreign Immigration (1835) 254
9-9 The Harbinger,Female Workers of Lowell (1836) 257
9-10 James F. Cooper, Notions of the Americans (1840) 259
9-11 Resolutions of the Boston Carpenters’ Strike (1845) 261
9-12 The Trials of a Slave Girl 263
PPaarrtt TTeenn
JJAACCKKSSOONNIIAANN DDEEMMOOCCRRAACCYY
10-1 Joseph Smith and the Beginnings of Mormonism (1823) 267
10-2 A “Corrupt Bargain” or Politics as Usual? (1824) 271
10-3 A Disaffected Mason Speaks Out Against the Order (1826) 277
10-4 The “Commoner” Takes Office (1828) 280
10-5 Andrew Jackson, First Annual Message to Congress (1829) 282
10-6 “Memorial of the Cherokee Nation” (1830) 283
10-7 Andrew Jackson, Veto of the Bank Bill (1832) 284
10-8 President Andrew Jackson’s Proclamation Regarding Nullification (1832) 286
10-9 The Force Bill (1833) 295
10-10 Black Hawk, “Life of Black Hawk” (1833) 297
10-11 A French Traveler Reports on American Society (1835) 299
10-12 Female Industry Association, from the New York Herald (1845) 301
iv
Contents
PPaarrtt EElleevveenn
RREEFFOORRMMIINNGG TTHHEE NNAATTIIOONN
11-1 Joshua and Sally Wilson Letters to George Wilson (1823) 303
11-2 Lyman Beecher, Six Sermons on Intemperance (1828) 304
11-3 “Early Habits of Industry,” The Mother’s Magazine (1834) 306
11-4 Charles Finney, “What a Revival of Religion Is” (1835) 308
11-5 Temperance and the Washingtonians (1836) 310
11-6 A Lowell Mill Girl Tells her Story (1836) 314
11-7 “Petition of the Catholics of New York” (1840) 316
11-8 Ralph Waldo Emerson, “Self-Reliance” (1841) 318
11-9 Ja Norcom, Letter to Mary Matilda Norcom (1846) 319
11-10 Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions, Woman’s Rights Convention,
Seneca Falls, New York (1848) 320
11-11 Horace Mann on Education and National Welfare 322
11-12 John Humphrey Noyes and Bible Communism (1845 and 1849) 328
11-13 Sojourner Truth, Address to the Woman’s Rights Convention, Akron, Ohio (1851) 330
PPaarrtt TTwweellvvee
MMAANNIIFFEESSTT DDEESSTTIINNYY
12-1 The Treaties of Velasco (May 14, 1836) 331
12-2 The Aroostook War (1839) 334
12-3 Across the Plains With Catherine Sager Pringle in 1844 336
12-4 John L. O’Sullivan, “The Great Nation of Futurity” (1845) 339
12-5 Thomas Corwin, Against the Mexican War (1847) 341
12-6 Chief Seattle, Oration (1854) 343
PPaarrtt TThhiirrtteeeenn
AANNTTEEBBEELLLLUUMM SSOOUUTTHH
13-1 State v. Boon(1801) 345
13-2 A Black Abolitionist Speaks Out (1829) 346
13-3 Nat Turner, Confession (1831) 349
13-4 An Abolitionist Defends the AmistadMutineers (1839) 350
13-5 De Bow’s Review, “The Stability of the Union,” (1850) 353
13-6 Benjamin Drew, Narratives of Escaped Slaves (1855) 355
13-7 George Fitzhugh, “The Blessings of Slavery” (1857) 357
PPaarrtt FFoouurrtteeeenn
TTHHEE SSEECCTTIIOONNAALL CCRRIISSIISS
14-1 William Lloyd Garrison, from The Liberator(1831) 359
14-2 Harriet Beecher Stowe, from Uncle Tom’s Cabin(1852) 360
14-3 National Convention of Colored People, Report on Abolition (1847) 361
14-4 A Dying Statesman Speaks Out Against the Compromise of 1850 363
14-5 Frederick Douglass, Independence Day Speech (1852) 370
14-6 Kansas Begins to Bleed (1856) 372
14-7 A White Southerner Speaks Out Against Slavery (1857) 377
14-8 Dred Scott v. Sanford(1857) 381
14-9 Abraham Lincoln, “A House Divided” (1858) 382
PPaarrtt FFiifftteeeenn
TTHHEE CCIIVVIILL WWAARR
15-1 Jefferson Davis, Address to the Provisional Congress of the Confederate States of America (1861) 383
15-2 The “Cornerstone Speech” (1861) 385
15-3 Mary Boykin Chesnut, A Confederate Lady’s Diary (1861) 388
15-4 Why They Fought (1861) 389
15-5 A Confederate General Assesses First Bull Run (1861) 391
v
Contents
15-6 Charles Harvey Brewster, Three Letters from the Civil War Front (1862) 393
15-7 Clara Barton, Medical Life at the Battlefield (1862) 395
15-8 James Henry Gooding, Letter to President Lincoln (1863) 397
15-9 Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg Address (1863) 398
15-10 John Dooley, Passages from a Journal (1863) 399
15-11 A Firsthand Account of the New York Draft Riots (1863) 401
15-12 Susie King Taylor, Reminiscences of an Army Laundress (1902) 403
15-13 General William Tecumseh Sherman on War (1864) 404
PPaarrtt SSiixxtteeeenn
RREECCOONNSSTTRRUUCCTTIIOONN
16-1 “Address from the Colored Citizens of Norfolk, Virginia, to the
People of the United States” (1865) 407
16-2 Carl Schurz, Report on the Condition of the South (1865) 410
16-3 Clinton B. Fisk, Plain Counsels for Freedmen (1865) 412
16-4 Mississippi Black Code (1865) 414
16-5 James C. Beecher, Report on Land Reform in the South Carolina Islands (1865, 1866) 416
16-6 The Memphis Riot (1866) 418
16-7 The Fourteenth Amendment (1868) 422
16-8 Albion W. Tourgee, Letter on Ku Klux Klan Activities (1870) 423
16-9 The Nation, “The State of the South” (1872) 426
16-10 Susan B. Anthony and the “New Departure” for Women (1873) 428
16-11 James T. Rapier, Testimony Before U.S. Senate Regarding the
Agricultural Labor Force in the South (1880) 432
16-12 A Sharecrop Contract (1882) 435
PPaarrtt SSeevveenntteeeenn
NNEEWW SSOOUUTTHH,, EEXXPPAANNDDIINNGG WWEESSTT
17-1 Edward Gould Buffum, Six Months in the Gold Mines (1850) 437
17-2 Lydia Allen Rudd, Diary of Westward Travel (1852) 438
17-3 Horace Greeley, An Overland Journey (1860) 441
17-4 Joseph G. McCoy, Historic Sketches of the Cattle Trade of the West and Southwest (1874) 443
17-5 Helen Hunt Jackson, from A Century of Dishonor(1881) 445
17-6 Congressional Report on Indian Affairs (1887) 447
17-7 Tragedy at Wounded Knee (1890) 449
17-8 Benjamin Harrison, Report on Wounded Knee Massacre and the Decrease in
Indian Land Acreage (1891) 451
17-9 The Omaha Platform of the Populist Party (1892) 452
17-10 From Plessy v. Ferguson(1896) 454
17-11 W. E. B. Du Bois, from “Of Mr. Booker T. Washington and Others” (1903) 455
PPaarrtt EEiigghhtteeeenn
IINNDDUUSSTTRRIIAALLIIZZIINNGG AAMMEERRIICCAA
18-1 Charles Loring Brace, “The Life of the Street Rats” (1872) 456
18-2 Progress and Poverty (1879) 457
18-3 The Gilded Age (1880) 460
18-4 Richard K. Fox, from Coney Island Frolics(1883) 463
18-5 Address by George Engel, Condemned Haymarket Anarchist (1886) 464
18-6 Edward Bellamy, from Looking Backward(1888) 466
18-7 The Assassination of President Garfield 467
18-8 Ida B. Wells-Barnett, from A Red Record(1895) 469
18-9 Booker T. Washington, Atlanta Exposition Address (1895) 471
18-10 United States Sanitary Commission, Sketch of Its Purposes (1864) 472
18-11 Lincoln Steffens, from The Shame of the Cities(1904) 474
18-12 Etiquette for the Upper Classes (1919) 475
18-13 Scientific Management (1919) 477
vi
Contents
PPaarrtt NNiinneetteeeenn
IIMMMMIIGGRRAANNTT AANNDD UURRBBAANN NNAATTIIOONN
19-1 Memorial of the Chinese Six Companies to U.S. Grant, President of the United States (1876) 479
19-2 Plain Facts for Old and Young (1884) 481
19-3 Anglo-Saxon Culture Under Siege (1885) 486
19-4 How the Other Half Lives (1890) 488
19-5 The People’s Party Platform (1892) 491
19-6 The Secret Oath of the American Protective Association (1893) 493
19-7 Adna Weber, The Growth of Cities in the Nineteenth Century (1899) 494
19-8 Lee Chew, Life of a Chinese Immigrant(1903) 496
19-9 Lincoln Steffens, from The Shame of the Cities(1904) 498
19-10 William T. Riordon, from Plunkitt of Tammany Hall(1905) 499
19-11 John Spargo, From The Bitter Cry of Children(1906) 500
19-12 Mary Antin, The Promised Land (1912) 501
PPaarrtt TTwweennttyy
AAMMEERRIICCAA AARROOUUNNDD TTHHEE GGLLOOBBEE
20-1 Josiah Strong, from Our Country(1885) 503
20-2 Henry Cabot Lodge, “The Business World vs. the Politicians” (1895) 505
20-3 Albert Beveridge, “The March of the Flag” (1898) 507
20-4 The Spanish-American War (1898) 508
20-5 William McKinley, “Decision on the Philippines” (1900) 510
20-6 The Boxer Rebellion (1900) 511
20-7 Theodore Roosevelt, Third Annual Message to Congress (1903) 513
20-8 Mark Twain, “Incident in the Philippines” (1924)) 515
PPaarrtt TTwweennttyy--OOnnee
TTHHEE PPRROOGGRREESSSSIIVVEE EERRAA
21-1 Frederick Winslow Taylor, “A Piece-Rate System” (1896) 516
21-2 William Graham Sumner, What the Social Classes Owe to Each Other (1883) 518
21-3 Eugene V. Debs, “The Outlook for Socialism in the United States” (1900) 519
21-4 Platform Adopted by the National Negro Committee (1909) 521
21-5 James H. Patten, Chairman of the National Legislative Committee of the
American Purity Federation, Testimony Before Congress (1910) 522
21-6 Jane Addams, Twenty Years at Hull House (1910) 524
21-7 Theodore Roosevelt, from The New Nationalism (1910) 526
21-8 Walker Percy, “Birmingham under the Commission Plan” (1911) 527
21-9 Helen M. Todd, “Getting Out the Vote” (1911) 529
21-10 Louis Brandeis, Other People’s Money and How the Bankers Use It (1913) 531
21-11 Woodrow Wilson, from The New Freedom (1913) 533
21-12 Herbert Croly, Progressive Democracy (1914) 534
PPaarrtt TTwweennttyy--TTwwoo
WWOORRLLDD WWAARR OONNEE
22-1 The Great War (1896) 536
22-2 Boy Scouts of America from, “Boy Scouts Support the War Effort” (1917) 539
22-3 Letters from the Great Migration (1917) 541
22-4 American Troops in the Trenches (1918) 543
22-5 Eugene Kennedy, A “Doughboy” Describes the Fighting Front (1918) 546
22-6 Newton D. Baker, “The Treatment of German-Americans” (1918) 548
22-7 An Official Report 549
22-8 Woodrow Wilson, The Fourteen Points (1918) 550
22-9 Warren G. Harding, Campaign Speech at Boston (1920) 552
22-10 Edward Earle Purinton, “Big Ideas from Big Business” (1921) 553
vii
Contents
PPaarrtt TTwweennttyy--TThhrreeee
TTHHEE 11992200SS AANNDD MMOODDEERRNN AAMMEERRIICCAA
23-1 F. J. Grimke, “Address of Welcome to the Men Who Have Returned from the Battlefront” (1919) 555
23-2 The Sahara of the Bozart (1920) 556
23-3 National Origins Quota Act, 1924 559
23-4 Advertisements (1925, 1927) 562
23-5 Family Planning (1926) 564
23-6 Bartolomeo Vanzetti, Court Statement (1927) 567
PPaarrtt TTwweennttyy--FFoouurr
DDEEPPRREESSSSIIOONN AANNDD NNEEWW DDEEAALL
24-1 Herbert Hoover, Speech at New York City (1932) 568
24-2 FDR’s First Inauguration Speech (1932) 570
24-3 Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Speech at San Francisco (1932) 573
24-4 Share the Wealth 575
24-5 The Victims of the Ku Klux Klan (1935) 578
24-6 Father Charles E. Coughlin, “A Third Party” (1936) 579
24-7 Mrs. Henry Weddington, Letter to President Roosevelt (1938) 580
PPaarrtt TTwweennttyy--FFiivvee
WWOORRLLDD WWAARR 1111
25-1 Albert Einstein, Letter to President Roosevelt (1939) 581
25-2 Charles Lindbergh, Radio Address (1941) 583
25-3 Franklin D. Roosevelt, The Four Freedoms (1941) 585
25-4 Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Annual Message to Congress (1941) 587
25-5 A. Philip Randolph, “Why Should We March?” (1942) 589
25-6 Japanese Relocation Order February 19, 1942 591
25-7 Sterling A. Brown, “Out of Their Mouths” (1942) 592
PPaarrtt TTwweennttyy--SSiixx
CCOOLLDD WWAARR
26-1 George F. Kennan, “Long Telegram” (1946) 594
26-2 Kenneth MacFarland, “The Unfinished Work” (1946) 596
26-3 George Marshall, The Marshall Plan (1947) 598
26-4 Containment (1947) 599
26-5 Harry S Truman, The Truman Doctrine (1947) 603
26-6 Ronald Reagan, Testimony Before the House Un-American Activities Committee (1947) 604
26-7 Joseph R. McCarthy, from Speech Delivered to the Women’s Club of
Wheeling, West Virginia (1950) 606
26-8 National Security Council Memorandum Number 68 (1950) 607
26-9 Senator Joseph McCarthy’s telegram to President Truman following the
‘Wheeling (W.Va.) Speech,’ February 11, 1950 609
PPaarrtt TTwweennttyy--SSeevveenn
CCOONNSSEENNSSUUSS AANNDD CCOONNFFOORRMMIITTYY
27-1 The Kinsey Report (1948) 610
27-2 Brown v. Board of Education(1954) 613
27-3 Ladies Home Journal, “Young Mother” (1956) 615
27-4 Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, Statement of Purpose (1960) 618
viii
Contents
PPaarrtt TTwweennttyy--EEiigghhtt
TTHHEE CCHHAANNGGIINNGG LLIIBBEERRAALL SSTTAATTEE
28-1 Dwight D. Eisenhower, Decision Not to Intervene at Dien Bien Phu (1954) 619
28-2 Charles Sherrod, Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee Memorandum (1961) 621
28-3 John F. Kennedy, Cuban Missile Address (1962) 624
28-4 Students for a Democratic Society, The Port Huron Statement (1962) 625
28-5 John Lewis, Address at the March on Washington (1963) 626
28-6 The Civil Rights Act of 1964 627
28-7 The Tonkin Gulf Incident (1964) 628
28-8 Lyndon B. Johnson, Commencement Address at Howard University (1965) 630
28-9 Stokely Carmichael and Charles Hamilton, from Black Power (1967) 633
28-10 Donald Wheeldin, “The Situation in Watts Today” (1967) 634
28-11 Vietnamization (1969) 636
PPaarrtt TTwweennttyy--NNiinnee
TTHHEE SSTTRRUUGGGGLLEE FFOORR SSOOCCIIAALL CCHHAANNGGEE
29-1 John F. Kennedy, Inaugural Address (1961) 640
29-2 The Feminist Mystique (1963) 642
29-3 Lyndon Johnson, The War on Poverty (1964) 646
29-4 National Organization for Women, Statement of Purpose (1966) 647
29-5 The Gay Liberation Front, Come Out(1970) 649
29-6 Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education (1971) 651
29-7 Roe v. Wade (1973) 655
29-8 Ione Malloy, Southie Won’t Go (1975) 657
29-9 Jimmy Carter, The “Malaise” Speech (1979) 660
PPaarrtt TThhiirrttyy
AAMMEERRIICCAA AATT TTHHEE MMIILLLLEENNNNIIUUMM
30-1 House Judiciary Committee, Conclusion on Impeachment Resolution (1974) 661
30-2 Ronald Reagan, First Inaugural Address (1981) 663
30-3 Ronald Reagan, Speech to the House of Commons (1982) 665
30-4 Ronald Reagan, Address to the National Association of Evangelicals (1983) 666
30-5 T. Boone Pickens, “My Case for Reagan” (1984) 668
30-6 Paul Craig Roberts, The Supply-Side Revolution (1984) 670
30-7 Bill Chappell, Speech to the American Security Council Foundation (1985) 672
30-8 Patricia Morrisroe, “The New Class” (1985) 674
30-9 George Bush, Address to the Nation Announcing Allied Military Action in the Persian Gulf (1991) 677
ix
PPAARRTT OONNEE
MMEEEETTIINNGG OOFF TTHHRREEEE CCUULLTTUURREESS
1-1 Marco Polo Recounts His Travels Through Asia (1324)
Marco Polo’s recollections of his travels through Asia planted seeds of curiosity, wanderlust, and want
in the minds of Europeans within a century after his death in 1324. Known at the time as The Descrip-
tion of the Worldor The Travels of Marco Polo, his account of the wealth of Cathay (China) and the
exotic customs of the Orient made his book a bestseller. Although criticized by some as fiction, his nar-
rative nevertheless captured readers through the centuries and served as the foremost description of the
world outside Europe available at the time.
Source:Marco Polo, Voyages and Travels of Marco Polo(New York: The F. M. Lupton Publishing Com-
pany, [n.d.]).
Ten miles off Cambalu is a certain great river named Pulisangan, emptying itself into the ocean, by which many ships with
much merchandise ascend; and in that place there is a very fair bridge, all of serpentine stone, curiously wrought, containing
three hundred paces in length, and eight in breadth, so broad that ten men may ride abreast; on each side it is secured with
a wall of marble, and pillars set in a row, and in the height of this ascent is a great and high pillar, at the feet whereof is
a great lion, and on the top another, and so quite through the bridge: one pace and a half distance are pillars with lions on
the tops, and a fair wall with wrought marble work betwixt, to keep men from falling. Having passed over the river and
bridge, and proceeding thirty miles westward (in which palaces are continually seen, with vineyards and fertile fields), you
come to the city Gouza, both fair and great, having many monasteries of idols. Cloths of gold and silk are made there, and
the purest and finest cambrics or lawns; and many common inns for strangers or travellers are found in that city. The cit-
izens are artificers and merchants. Amile without this city the way parteth, one leading west, the other south-east; that to
the west leadeth through the province of Cathay, but the other, towards the country of Mangi, from the city of Gouza to
the kingdom of Tainfu.
You ride ten days through Cathay, always finding many fair cities, well furnished with vineyards and tilled fields,
from whence wine is carried to Cathay, where there is none; there are many mulberry-trees for silkworms, the people civil,
and cities very numerous and populous. Tainfu is the name of the kingdom, and of the chief city, which is great and fair, hath
much trade, with store of ammunition, fit for the Khan’s armies. The wine about this city serveth the whole province. Seven
days further westward is a pleasant country beautified with many castles and cities, in which also there is great trade in dif-
ferent merchandise carried on. After which you come to a city very great, named Pianfu, in which there is vast abundance of
silk and much trade. Westward from Pianfu stands a very pleasant castle, named Thaigin, anciently built by a king called Dor;
in it is a spacious palace, wherein is a fine hall, in which are painted all the famous kings which have reigned there, and it is
a fair spectacle. Of this king Dor, they say he was potent, and was attended only by young damsels, of which he had many
in his court. These also, when he had a mind to take his pleasure, carried him in a small light chariot through the castle, which
was so fortified by art and nature, that the governor thereof feared none, no, not Umcan his lord, against whom he rebelled.
But seven men, professing fidelity and service to Dor, took him at a disadvantage in hunting, and brought him pris-
oner to Presbyter John, or Umcan, who put him on vile cloths, and appointed him to keep his cattle, and set over him a
strong guard, till two years were ended: after which he commanded him to be brought before him, and being dressed in
princely apparel, he giving him his pardon, after a sharp admonition, sent him well attended to the re-possession of his
kingdom. About twenty miles beyond the castle Thaigin is the river Caramaran, which, by reason of the exceeding breadth
and depth thereof, hath no bridge over it in all the space from thence till it floweth to the ocean. On the shore thereof are
many cities and castles built, wherein great trade is carried on. This country abounds with ginger, silk, and fowl, especially
pheasants, so that three of them are bought for a Venetian groat. There grow reeds in vast plenty, so thick that some are a
foot, and others a foot and a half in compass, which are applied to many uses. Passing this river, after two days’journey,
is the famous city called Carianfu, where many cloths of gold and silk are made. Here grow ginger, galingale spike, and
many spices. The people are idolaters.
Proceeding seven days’journey westward, many cities and towns, lovely fields and gardens, are found, and every-
where mulberries for silkworms. As for the people, they are mostly idolaters; but there are also Christians, Turks, Nesto-
rians, and some Saracens. There is a vast abundance here of wild beasts and fowl. If you proceed seven days’journey
farther, you shall come to a certain great city named Quensanfu, which is the chief city of the kingdom, in which have
reigned many famous kings; and at this day the son of the Great Khan, called Mangalu, hath the command thereof. That
country yields great plenty of silk, cloth of gold, and all other things necessary for furnishing an army, and for the preser-
vation of man’s life. The inhabitants worship idols, and there are some Christians, Turks, and Saracens. Five miles without
this city standeth the palace of Mangalu, seated in a plain, where are many springs, rivulets, and places of game. There is
1