Doctor of Philosophy

210 Pages·2013·4.61 MB·English

STUDIES ON PERFORMANCE TRAITS OF
SAHIWAL, CROSSBRED AND HILL CATTLE
UNDER FARM CONDITIONS OF TARAI REGION
OF UTTARAKHAND

Thesis

Submitted to the

G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology
Pantnagar – 263 145, (U. S. Nagar), Uttarakhand, India

BY
Raoof Ahmad Patoo
M.V.Sc.(LPM)

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE DEGREE OF

Doctor of Philosophy
(LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT)

April, 2013
Acknowledgement

The tenure of human in this world is supported by many others. Acknowledgement for a few
might be just a trifle thing written on a piece of paper. Nevertheless, in the true essence, it gives us an
opportunity to remember and express our feelings to those, whom we love, revere and share our secrets.
Here I get a great chance to express my token of thanks to people who in a way helped and supported
me to complete this record.
I would like to give my first thanks to ALMIGHTY ALLAH for with His love and
graciousness, and from His unbreakable convenience, I received an unshakable faith, and endurance for
the completion of this piece of humble undertaking to fruition.
Words are ineffable to express my profound gratitude and sincere regards to my esteemed
advisor Dr. D.V. Singh Professor & Head, Department of Livestock Production And Management,
College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, G.B.P.U.A. & T, Pantnagar and Chairman of my Advisory
Committee, for his constant versatile inspiring guidance, constructive suggestions, constant support
throughout the course of this study and preparation of manuscript. It was my proud privilege to
associate with him.
I take this opportunity to extend my thanks and indebtedness to other members of my advisory
committee Dr. S.K. Rastogi, Professor & head Department of Physiology & Bio-chemistry; Dr. C.V.
Singh Professor & head Department of Animal Genetic and Breeding; Dr. V.K. Tanwar, Professor &
head Department of LPT and Dr. S. K. Singh, Associate Professor, Department of Livestock
Production Management, for their valuable suggestions and encouragement provided during my
research work.
I wish to express my sincere thanks to Dr. R. K. Sharma, Dr. S. K. Singh, Dr. Anil Kumar,
Dr. Jyoti Palod, Dr. Shive Kumar and Dr. Brijesh Singh for their timely suggestions and sincere advice
during the course of present investigation.
I also feel great pleasure to acknowledge Dean, College of Post Graduate Studies, Dean,
College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, and DST INSPIRE for providing necessary facilities and
financial support during my study period.
Love, encouragement and enthusiasm are the fabric stories of intellectual foundation. This is
the point which I have inculcated with the blessing of My Parents. An enigma result, whenever I
project my memory to consult my intellect upon some words to express my gratitude towards them
and I successfully fail to transform their immaculate entities of deeds into mere frame code of language.
I bow my mind, body and spirit to be shattered by the warmest, glorified, golden rays of my beloved
Parents & family. They are the sculptors of my beautiful life.
I am very much thankful to my seniors (Drs.) Aubid H Bhat and Syed Wasif for their kind
cooperation during my research work. I would like to extend my Warm and heartily thanks to my
friends and juniors (Drs.) P. R. Shinda, S. Kushal, S. Nanda and Suchita Joshi for their guidance.
Thanks are due to the other staff members of the department especially to Mr. K.C. Joshi, Mr.
M. Nayal, and Mr. Vikram Singh for their help to my work in the department.
At last, I would like to express my deep sense of gratitude to many known and unknown
hands which pushed me forward, lips put elixir in my heart, and learned souls put me on the right path
and enlightened me with their experience, knowledge and wisdom.

Pantnagar (Raoof Ahmad Patoo)
April, 2013 Author
Dr. D. V. Singh College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences
M.V.Sc, Ph.D. G. B. Pant Univ. of Agriculture & Technology
Prof. & Head Pantnagar - 263 145
Department of Livestock District - Udham Singh Nagar
Production Management Uttarakhand (India)

CERT IF ICAT E
This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Studies on performance traits of Sahiwal,
Crossbred and Hill Cattle under farm conditions of Tarai region of Uttarakhand”,
submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of
Philosophy with major in Livestock Production Management and minor in Animal
Genetics and Breeding of the College of Post Graduate Studies, G.B. Pant University of
Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, is a record of bona fide research carried out by
Mr. Raoof Ahmad Patoo, Id. No. 37150, under my supervision, and no part of the thesis
has been submitted for any other degree or diploma.
The assistance and help received during the course of this investigation have been
duly acknowledged.

(D.V. Singh)
Pantnagar Chairman
April, 2013 Advisory Committee
G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology

Pantnagar-263 145, District - Udham Singh Nagar

Uttarakhand, India

CERT IF ICAT E

We, the undersigned, members of the Advisory Committee of Mr. Raoof Ahmad
Patoo, Id. No. 37150, a candidate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy with major in
Livestock Production Management, and minor in Animal Genetics and Breeding,
agree that the thesis entitled “Studies on performance traits of Sahiwal, Crossbred and
Hill Cattle under farm conditions of Tarai region of Uttarakhand”, may be submitted
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree.

(D. V. Singh)
Chairman
Advisory Committee

(S. K. Rastogi) (C. V. Singh)
Member Member

(V. K. Tanwar) (S. K. Singh)
Member Member

Ex-officio member
Head of the Department
CCOONNTTEENNTTSS

S. NO. CHAPTERS PAGE NO.
1. INTRODUCTION
2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
3. MATERIALS AND METHODS
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
LITERATURE CITED
APPENDICES
VITA
ABSTRACT
List of Tables

Table No. Title Page
2.1 Estimates of breed-group means for hip height (in cm) by age of cow
2.2 Body length, height at withers and heart girth (in cm) in different
category of Ponwar cattle
2.3 Body measurements (in cm) in different categories of Freiswal cattle
2.4 Means with standard error of different body measurements (in cms) of
Red Sindhi cattle breed
2.5 Biometry (in cm) of Malnad Gidda cattle
2.6 Age and sex-wise mean body measurements (in cm) of Khillar cattle
2.7 Age-wise biometrical measurements of growing Sahiwal animals (1
to 35 months) in centimeters
2.8 Age and sex-wise different biometric traits (cm) in hill cattle of
Almora district
2.9 Least squares mean with SE for morphometric measurements (in cm)
of Vrindavani cattle
3.1 Definitions of Body Morphometric Traits
3.2 Definitions of Performance traits
4.1.1 Means with SE for morphometric traits (cm) of Sahiwal, crossbred
and Hill cattle at different age groups
4.1.2 Means with SE for morphometric traits (cm) of Sahiwal, crossbred
and Hill cattle at different age groups
4.2.1.1 Means with SE (%) of colostrum fat, protein and lactose of Sahiwal,
crossbred and Hill cattle
Means with SE (%) of colostrum TS and ash of Sahiwal, crossbred
and Hill cattle
4.2.1.3 Means with SE of colostrum pH and EC of Sahiwal, crossbred and
Hill cattle
4.2.2.1 Means with SE (%) of milk fat, protein and lactose in Sahiwal,
crossbred and Hill cattle at different stages of lactation
4.2.2.2 Means with SE (%) of milk specific gravity, SNF and TS in Sahiwal,
crossbred and Hill cattle at different stages of lactation
4.2.2.3 Means with SE of milk pH and EC in Sahiwal, crossbred and Hill
cattle at different stage of lactation
4.2.2.4 Means with SE of milk somatic cell count and milk yield in Sahiwal,
crossbred and Hill cattle at different stages of lactation
4.2.3 Means with SE of performance traits in Sahiwal, crossbred and Hill
cattle
4.3 Means with SE of biochemical properties of urine in Sahiwal,
crossbred and Hill cattle
4.4.2.1 Means with SE of rectal temperature in Sahiwal, crossbred and Hill
cattle during summer study period (May 21, 2012 to June 9, 2012)
4.4.2.2 Means with SE of rectal temperature in Sahiwal, crossbred and Hill
cattle during rainy study period (July 27, 2012 to August 15, 2012)
4.4.2.3 Means with SE of rectal temperature in Sahiwal, crossbred and Hill
cattle during winter study period (Jan. 2, 2012 to Jan. 21, 2012)
4.4.2.4 Means with SE of respiration rate in Sahiwal, crossbred and Hill
cattle during summer study period (May 21, 2012 to June 9, 2012)
4.4.2.5 Means with SE of respiration rate in Sahiwal, crossbred and Hill
cattle during rainy study period (July 27, 2012 to August 15, 2012)
4.4.2.6 Means with SE of respiration rate in Sahiwal, crossbred and Hill
cattle during winter study period (Jan. 2, 2012 to Jan. 21, 2012)
4.4.2.7 Means with SE of pulse rate in Sahiwal, crossbred and Hill cattle
during summer study period (May 21, 2012 to June 9, 2012)
4.4.2.8 Means with SE of pulse rate in Sahiwal, crossbred and Hill cattle
during rainy study period (July 27, 2012 to August 15, 2012)
4.4.2.9 Means with SE of pulse rate in Sahiwal, crossbred and Hill cattle
during winter study period (Jan. 2, 2012 to Jan. 21, 2012)
4.4.3.1 Means with SE of different heat tolerance indexes in Sahiwal,
crossbred and Hill cattle during summer study period (May 21,
2012 to June 9, 2012)
4.4.3.2 Means with SE of different heat tolerance indices in Sahiwal,
crossbred and Hill cattle during rainy study period (July 27, 2012
to August 15, 2012)
4.4.3.3 Means with SE of different heat tolerance indices in Sahiwal,
crossbred and Hill cattle during winter study period (Jan. 2, 2012
to Jan. 21, 2012)
4.5.1 Means with SE of haematological parameters of Sahiwal,
crossbred and Hill cattle in different season
List of Figures

Figure No. Title Page
4.1.1 Morphological traits of Sahiwal, crossbred and Hill cattle males
at age group of <3 months
4.1.2 Morphological traits of Sahiwal, crossbred and Hill cattle
females at age group of <3 months
4.1.3 Morphological traits of Sahiwal, crossbred and Hill cattle males
at age group of 3to 6 months
4.1.4 Morphological traits of Sahiwal, crossbred and Hill cattle
females at age group of 3to 6 months
4.1.5 Morphological traits of Sahiwal, crossbred and Hill cattle males
at age group of 6to 12 months
4.1.6 Morphological traits of Sahiwal, crossbred and Hill cattle
females at age group of 6to 12 months
4.1.7 Morphological traits of Sahiwal, crossbred and Hill cattle males
at age group of 12 to 36 months
4.1.8 Morphological traits of Sahiwal, crossbred and Hill cattle
females at age group of 12 to 36 months
4.1.9 Morphological traits of Sahiwal, crossbred and Hill cattle males
at age group of >36 months
4.1.10 Morphological traits of Sahiwal, crossbred and Hill cattle female
at age group of >36 months
4.2.1.1 Colostrum fat of Sahiwal, crossbred and Hill cattle
4.2.1.2 Colostrum protein of Sahiwal, crossbred and Hill cattle
4.2.1.3 Colostrum lactose of Sahiwal, crossbred and Hill cattle
4.2.1.4 Colostrum pH of Sahiwal, crossbred and Hill cattle
4.2.1.5 Colostrum EC of Sahiwal, crossbred and Hill cattle
4.2.1.6 Colostrum total solid of Sahiwal, crossbred and Hill cattle
4.2.1.7 Colostrum ash of Sahiwal, crossbred and Hill cattle
4.2.2.1 Milk fat in Sahiwal, crossbred and Hill cattle at different stages
of lactation
4.2.2.2 Milk protein in Sahiwal, crossbred and Hill cattle at different
stages of lactation
4.2.2.3 Milk lactose in Sahiwal, crossbred and Hill cattle at different
stages of lactation
4.2.2.4 Milk specific gravity in Sahiwal, crossbred and Hill cattle at
different stages of lactation
4.2.2.5 Milk SNF in Sahiwal, crossbred and Hill cattle at different
stages of lactation
4.2.2.6 Milk TS in Sahiwal, crossbred and Hill cattle at different stages
of lactation
4.2.2.7 Milk pH in Sahiwal, crossbred and Hill cattle at different stages
of lactation
4.2.2.8 Milk EC in Sahiwal, crossbred and Hill cattle at different stages
of lactation
4.2.2.9 Milk SCC in Sahiwal, crossbred and Hill cattle at different
stages of lactation
4.2.2.10 Milk yield in Sahiwal, crossbred and Hill cattle at different
stages of lactation
4.3.1 pH, total solids and total protein of urine of Sahiwal, crossbred
and Hill cattle
4.3.2 Specific gravity of urine of Sahiwal, crossbred and Hill cattle
4.3.3 Ash in urine of Sahiwal, crossbred and Hill cattle
4.3.4 Urea in urine of Sahiwal, crossbred and Hill cattle
4.3.5 Creatinine in urine of Sahiwal, crossbred and Hill cattle
4.4.2.1 Morning rectal temperature in Sahiwal, crossbred and Hill cattle
during summer study period
4.4.2.2 Evening rectal temperature in Sahiwal, crossbred and Hill cattle
during summer study period
4.4.2.3 Morning rectal temperature in Sahiwal, crossbred and Hill cattle
during rainy study period
4.4.2.4 Evening rectal temperature in Sahiwal, crossbred and Hill cattle
during rainy study period
4.4.2.5 Morning rectal temperature in Sahiwal, crossbred and Hill cattle
during winter study period
4.4.2.6 Evening rectal temperature in Sahiwal, crossbred and Hill cattle
during winter study period
4.4.2.7 Morning respiration rate in Sahiwal, crossbred and Hill cattle
during summer study period
4.4.2.8 Evening respiration rate in Sahiwal, crossbred and Hill cattle
during summer study period
4.4.2.9 Morning respiration rate in Sahiwal, crossbred and Hill cattle
during rainy study period
4.4.2.10 Evening respiration rate in Sahiwal, crossbred and Hill cattle
during rainy study period
4.4.2.11 Morning respiration rate in Sahiwal, crossbred and Hill cattle
during winter study period