Distillation: The Theory

122 Pages·2021·2.334 MB·English

by  Alfons Vogelpohl

AlfonsVogelpohl
Distillation
DeGruyterTextbook

Alfons Vogelpohl
Distillation
|
The Theory
2nd, revised Edition
Author
Professor
Dr.-Ing.AlfonsVogelpohl
ClausthalUniversityofTechnology
InstituteforSeparationandProcessTechnology
Leibnizstr.15
38678Clausthal-Zellerfeld
Germany
ISBN978-3-11-073972-5
e-ISBN(PDF)978-3-11-073973-2
e-ISBN(EPUB)978-3-11-073981-7
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2021931835
BibliographicinformationpublishedbytheDeutscheNationalbibliothek
TheDeutscheNationalbibliothekliststhispublicationintheDeutscheNationalbibliografie;
detailedbibliographicdataareavailableontheinternetathttp://dnb.dnb.de.
©2021WalterdeGruyterGmbH,Berlin/Boston
Coverimage:HalBergman/TheImageBank/gettyimages
Printingandbinding:CPIbooksGmbH,Leck
www.degruyter.com
|
Nothingismorepracticalthanagoodtheory.
KurtLewin

Preface
Distillation is the most important technical process for the separation of liquid or
gaseousmixturesintofractionsorthecomponentsliketherecoveryofpetroleumcom-
poundsfromcrudeoilortheseparationofairintooxygenandnitrogen.Itissurprising,
therefore,thatdespitethenumerouspapersdealingwithdistillationpublishedsince
theendofthe19thcenturythereisnocomprehensivetheoryofthedistillationprocess.
This book, based on more than 40 years of teaching courses on Mass Transfer
Processesintendstofillthisgapstartingfromthebasicequationofternarydistillation
publishedbyHausenin1935andbyfullyexploitingtheremarkablepropertiesofthis
equationcoveringallmodesofdistillation.
Thefirstthreechaptersdescribethemodesofdistillationanddevelopthebasic
equationsgoverningthedistillationprocess.Chapter4isthecentralchapterofthe
bookdiscussingindetailthebinaryuptomulticomponentdistillationofidealmix-
tures.Chapter5provesthattheresultsofChapter4basedonidealmixturesarevalid
qualitativelyalsoforrealmixturesincludingmixtureswithazeotropes.
Specialattentionhasbeengiventointerpretthecoefficientsandparametersof
thetheoryinrelationtothephysicalphenomenaofthedistillationprocess.Numerous
figuresandexamplesservetoillustratetheanalyticalrelationships.
The book is intended as a graduate or postgraduate textbook for an advanced
courseondistillationbutwillalsohelpthepracticingengineertobetterunderstand
thecomplexinterrelationshipsofmulticomponentdistillation.
IdedicatethebooktomyPh.D.supervisorProfessorH.Hausen,whotaughtme
thebasicsofacademicresearch,andProfessorE.-U.Schlünder,whoinitiatedmyre-
turn from the industry to the university. Without them this book would never have
beenwritten.
The author gratefully acknowledges the efficient support of Mrs. Karin Sora,
Mrs.JuliaLauterbachandMr.HannesKadenatDeGruyterineditingthisbook.
January,2015 AlfonsVogelpohl
Clausthal-Zellerfeld,Germany
https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110739732-201

Contents
Preface VII
|
Introduction XII
|
1 Theprinciplesandmodesofdistillation 1
|
1
1.1 Simpledistillation|
2
1.2 Flashdistillation|
2
1.3 Multistagedistillation|
2 Assumptionsandproblemreduction 5
|
3 Thebasicequationsofdistillation 6
|
6
3.1 Massbalance|
7
3.2 Vapour–liquid-equilibria|
7
3.2.1 Idealmixtures|
7
3.2.2 Realmixtures|
8
3.3 Masstransfercorrelations|
9
3.4 Distillationinapackedmasstransfersection |
3.4.1 Distillationattotalreflux(L/V =1)|9
10
3.4.2 Effectoftheratioofthemasstransfercoefficients|
3.4.2.1 Masstransferresistanceexclusivelyinthevapourphase(k=∞)|10
3.4.2.2 Masstransferresistanceexclusivelyintheliquidphase(k=0)|10
11
3.5 Distillationinamasstransfersectionwiththeoreticalstages |
3.6 Distillationatpartialreflux(L̸=V)|12
15
3.7 Simpledistillation|
16
3.8 Reversibledistillation|
4 Distillationofidealmixtures 17
|
17
4.1 Binarymixtures|
17
4.1.1 Distillationattotalreflux|
17
4.1.1.1 Masstransfersectionwithapacking|
18
4.1.1.2 Masstransfersectionwiththeoreticalstages|
18
4.1.2 Distillationatpartialreflux|
18
4.1.2.1 Masstransfersectionwithapackingortheoreticalstages|
20
4.1.3 Distillationcolumnwitharectifyingandastrippingsection|
20
4.1.3.1 McCabe–Thiele-diagram|
21
4.1.3.2 Limitingflowratios(Minimumrefluxcondition)|
24
4.1.3.3 Optimalfeedlocation|
25
4.1.3.4 Optimalflowratios|
X
| Contents
27
4.2 Ternarymixtures|
27
4.2.1 Distillationattotalrefluxandsimpledistillation |
27
4.2.1.1 Vectorfieldofthedifferentialequation|
28
4.2.1.2 Fieldofdistillationlines|
30
4.2.1.3 Effectofthemasstransferresistance|
32
4.2.2 Distillationatpartialreflux|
34
4.2.2.1 Vectorfieldsatpartialreflux|
34
4.2.2.2 Distillationspacesandseparationlines|
38
4.2.2.3 Calculationofthedistillationlines|
41
4.2.3 Reversibledistillation|
42
4.2.4 Productdomains|
42
4.2.4.1 Productdomainsinreversibledistillation|
4.2.4.2 Productdomainsofthemasstransferandtheoreticalstageconcept
45
baseddistillation(adiabaticdistillation)|
46
4.2.5 Distillationcolumn|
46
4.2.5.1 Distillationatthelimitingflowratios|
54
4.2.5.2 Distillationatnon-limitingflowratios|
55
4.2.5.3 Optimalfeedlocation|
58
4.2.6 Thefundamentalequationofdistillation|
59
4.2.6.1 Thelinefunctionofdistillation|
59
4.2.6.2 Thepotentialfunctionofdistillation|
59
4.3 Quaternarymixtures|
59
4.3.1 Distillationlines|
61
4.3.2 Productdomains|
61
4.3.2.1 Reversibledistillation|
63
4.3.2.2 Adiabaticdistillation|
64
4.4 Multicomponentmixtures|
67
4.4.1 Distillationattotalreflux|
68
4.4.2 Distillationatpartialreflux|
69
4.4.2.1 Productcompositions|
70
4.4.2.2 Sequencingofdistillationcolumns|
4.5 Theconceptualdesignofthedistillationof
74
multicomponentmixtures|
74
4.5.1 Initialconditions|
75
4.5.2 Determinationoftheproductflowrates|
75
4.5.3 Determinationofthedistillationlines|
75
4.5.3.1 Numericalsolutionofthedifferentialequations|
4.5.3.2 Distillationspacesanddistillationlinesbasedonthealgebraicsolution
75
ofthedifferentialequations|