Digital Cities: Technologies, Experiences, and Future Perspectives PDF
Preview Digital Cities: Technologies, Experiences, and Future Perspectives
Lecture Notes in Computer Science 1765 EditedbyG.Goos,J.HartmanisandJ.vanLeeuwen 3 Berlin Heidelberg NewYork Barcelona HongKong London Milan Paris Singapore Tokyo Toru Ishida Katherine Isbister (Eds.) Digital Cities Technologies, Experiences, and Future Perspectives 1 3 SeriesEditors GerhardGoos,KarlsruheUniversity,Germany JurisHartmanis,CornellUniversity,NY,USA JanvanLeeuwen,UtrechtUniversity,TheNetherlands VolumeEditors ToruIshida KyotoUniversity,DepartmentofSocialInformatics Yoshida-honmachi,Sakyo-ku,606-8501Kyoto,Japan E-mail:[email protected] KatherineIsbister NetsageCorporation 300119thStreet,2ndFloor,SanFrancisco,CA94110USA E-mail:[email protected] Cataloging-in-PublicationDataappliedfor DieDeutscheBibliothek-CIP-Einheitsaufnahme Digitalcities:technologies,experiences,andfutureperspectives/ ToruIshida;KatherineIsbister(ed.).-Berlin;Heidelberg;New York;Barcelona;HongKong;London;Milan;Paris;Singapore; Tokyo:Springer,2000 (Lecturenotesincomputerscience;1765) ISBN3-540-67265-6 CRSubjectClassification(1998):K.4,C.2,H.4,K.8,I.2 ISSN0302-9743 ISBN3-540-67265-6Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelbergNewYork Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.Allrightsarereserved,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialis concerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,re-useofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting, reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherway,andstorageindatabanks.Duplicationofthispublication orpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheGermanCopyrightLawofSeptember9,1965, initscurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer-Verlag.Violationsare liableforprosecutionundertheGermanCopyrightLaw. Springer-VerlagisacompanyintheBertelsmannSpringerpublishinggroup. ©Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2000 PrintedinGermany Typesetting:Camera-readybyauthor,dataconversionbyBollerMediendesign Printedonacid-freepaper SPIN:10719693 06/3142 543210 Preface Digital city projects – building platforms to support community networking – are currently going on world-wide. European and American cities, as well as Asian cities, are creating digital meeting places and information resources for local residents and remote visitors. The Kyoto Meeting on Digital Cities covered successes and design challenges of currently implemented digital cities. In this volume, we have gathered and grouped papers from the workshop into seven sections, which reflect different perspectives and approaches to this large (and growing) research area. We begin with papers that present a broad theoretic and analytical perspective on digital city creation. Here you will find wide-reaching analysis of first-generation digital city and community networking efforts (Aurigi, Serra, van den Besselaar), as well as analysis of what is desirable and feasible in next-generation digital cities (Ishida, Mitchell). In the next two sections, we include reports on current digital city and community network efforts from around the world, including Belgium, Canada, China, England, Finland, Italy, Japan, The Netherlands, Sweden, and the United States. These papers discuss planning, design, evaluation, and iteration. We hope they will provide useful insights and lessons to others who are currently creating digital cities. Following these papers is a section, which explores specific applications of the digital city – from education to job hunting to disaster management. The remaining three sections present technological innovations to support and sustain digital cities. We have divided these technologies into three broad areas: those that aid in visualization of the digital city, those that support mobile exploration of digital city resources, and those that seek to build social interaction and encourage community formation in digital cities. The Kyoto Meeting on Digital Cities brought together researchers and practitioners from around the world, and sparked exciting dialogue and debate about digital cities and their future. We sincerely hope this volume will serve the same purpose for our readers. We would like to express our great appreciation of the co-organizers and the local arrangement people of the meeting: they are Yoh'ichi Tohkura, Jun-ichi Akahani, Kaoru Hiramatsu, Stefan Lisowski, Kenji Kobayashi, Kenji Ishikawa, Hideyuki Nakanishi, Masayuki Okamoto, Satoshi Oyama, Yang Yeon- Soo, Saeko Nomura, Hirofumi Yamaki, Takushi Sogo, Shoko Toda, and Yoko Kubota. Special thanks to Makoto Takema, who did tremendous work in editing this volume. January 2000 Toru Ishida Katherine Isbister Table of Contents DESIGN AND ANALYSIS PERSPECTIVES Designing the Digital City :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 1 William J. Mitchell Understanding Digital Cities :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 7 Toru Ishida Digital Cities: Organization, Content, and Use::::::::::::::::::::::::: 18 Peter van den Besselaar, Isabel Melis, Dennis Beckers Digital City or Urban Simulator? :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 33 Alessandro Aurigi Next Generation Community Networking: Futures for Digital Cities :::::: 45 Artur Serra DIGITAL CITY EXPERIMENTS Experiences of European Digital Cities ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 58 Eric Mino The Information Society in the City of Antwerp ::::::::::::::::::::::: 73 Bruno Peeters Helsinki Arena 2000 - Augmenting a Real City to a Virtual One ::::::::: 83 Risto Linturi, Marja-Riitta Koivunen, Jari Sulkanen The Geographic Information System (GIS) of Turin Municipality :::::::: 97 Guido Bolatto, Adriano Sozza, Ivano Gauna, Maddalena Rusconi Digital City Bristol: A Case Study ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 110 Annelies de Bruine Digital City Shanghai: Towards Integrated Information & Service Environment :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 125 Ding Peng, Mao Wei Liang, Rao Ruo Nan, Sheng Huan Ye, Ma Fan Yuan, Toru Ishida Experiments in the Digital ‘Engineering City Oulu’::::::::::::::::::::: 140 Lech Krzanik, Minna Ma¨k¨ara¨inen VIII Table of Contents COMMUNITY NETWORK EXPERIMENTS Recon(cid:12)guring Community Networks: The Case of PrairieKNOW::::::::: 151 Noshir Contractor, Ann Peterson Bishop The Mutual Development of Role, Rule, and Tool Through the VCOM Project ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 165 Shoko Miyagawa, Ikuyo Kaneko Davis Community Network (DCN): A Regional Community Networking Initiative in North-Central California ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 179 Richard Lowenberg Examining Community in the Digital Neighborhood: Early Results from Canada’s Wired Suburb :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 194 Keith N. Hampton, Barry Wellman On-Line Forums as an Arena for Political Discussions::::::::::::::::::: 209 Agneta Ranerup APPLICATIONS OF DIGITAL CITIES Towards the Integration of Physical and Virtual Worlds for Supporting Group Learning:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 224 Fusako Kusunoki, Masanori Sugimoto, Hiromichi Hashizume Digital City for Disaster Reduction - Development of Pictogram System for Disaster Management - :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 236 Haruo Hayashi, Satoshi Tanaka, Kazunori Urabe, Haruhide Yoshida, Satoshi Inoue, Hideki Shima, Nobuhisa Deki, Jun Kasagi, Takahiro Nishino, Masasuke Takashima The Digital City’s Public Library: Support for Community Building and Knowledge Sharing::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 246 Scott Robertson Agent Community with Social Interactions for Worker and Job Hunting :: 261 Takayoshi Asakura, Takahiro Shiroshima, Toshiaki Miyashita VISUALIZATION TECHNOLOGIES The Motion Generation of Pedestrians as Avatars and Crowds of People :: 275 Ken Tsutsuguchi, Kazuhiro Sugiyama, Noboru Sonehara Image-Based Pseudo-3D Visualization of Real Space on WWW :::::::::: 288 Masahiko Tsukamoto Dynamic Zone Retrieval and Landmark Computation for Spatial Data:::: 303 Hiroaki Kawagishi, Kengo Koiso, Katsumi Tanaka Table of Contents IX Environment for Spatial Information Sharing :::::::::::::::::::::::::: 314 Hiroshi Tsuji, Takaaki Yamada, Maki Tamano, Tsuneo Sobue, Shuji Kitazawa Image Maps: Exploring Urban History through Digital Photography:::::: 326 Brian K. Smith, Erik Blankinship, Alfred Ashford III, Michael Baker, Timothy Hirzel MOBILE TECHNOLOGIES Navigation Support in a Real City Using City Metaphors ::::::::::::::: 338 Kensaku Fujii, Shigeru Nagai, Yasuhiko Miyazaki, Kazuhiro Sugiyama Public Applications of SpaceTag and Their Impacts :::::::::::::::::::: 350 Hiroyuki Tarumi, Ken Morishita, Yahiko Kambayashi Location Oriented Integration of Internet Information - Mobile Info Search - :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 364 Katsumi Takahashi, Seiji Yokoji, Nobuyuki Miura Fairy in a Smart IC Card: Interfacing People, Town, and Digital City::::: 378 Takao Terano, Toshikazu Nishimura, Yoko Ishino, Eiji Murakami SOCIAL INTERACTION AND COMMUNITYWARE A Warm Cyber-Welcome: Using an Agent-Led Group Tour to Introduce Visitors to Kyoto :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 391 Katherine Isbister Extending the Services and the Accessibility of Community Networks::::: 401 Antonietta Grasso, Dave Snowdon, Michael Koch Creative Contents Community::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 416 Toshiyuki Asahi, Hisashi Noda, Daigo Taguchi, Kazuhiro Ishihara Public Opinion Channel: A Challenge for Interactive Community Broadcasting :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 427 Shinatro Azechi, Nobuhiko Fujihara, Kaoru Sumi, Takashi Hirata, Hiroyuki Yano, Toyoaki Nishida Author Index ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 443 Designing the Digital City William J. Mitchell School of Architecture and Planning, MIT Abstract. The forms that cities take, the ways they function, and the mixes and distributions of activities within them have always been influenced very strongly by the capabilities of their underlying network infrastructures. Furthermore, cities have often been transformed by the introduction of new infrastructures. It is impossible to imagine Rotterdam without its canals and connection to the North Sea, Chicago without its railroads, Los Angeles without its freeways, or any large modern city without water supply, sewage, electrical, and telephone networks. Today, a new type of network infrastructure — high speed digital telecommunications — is being overlaid on cities everywhere. Its effects will be at least as revolutionary as those of the new network infrastructures of the past. It is already causing traditional building types and neighborhood patterns to fragment, recombine, and form startling new arrangements. This process will continue and accelerate. In this paper I describe the new digital infrastructure, analyze its major spatial effects, consider some illustrative examples of the resulting fragmentation and recombination, and discuss possible design responses with particular attention to social equity and long-term sustainability. Digital cities are being developed all over the world. Digital cities integrate urban Let us ask some fundamental, practical questions about the role of digital telecommunications and ubiquitous computation in shaping our future cities. What new opportunities do these technologies provide to produce cities that are attractive, equitable, and sustainable? What unwanted side-effects must we contend with? And what strategies should architects, urban designers, and urban planners pursue to take maximum positive advantage of the potential benefits while avoiding the possible downsides?1 Network Infrastructures We can best approach these questions, I believe, by reflecting upon the roles of earlier network infrastructures — water supply and sewer systems, streets and roads, canals, railroads, electrical grids, telegraph, telephone, and broadcast systems — in forming urban structures and patterns. Most obviously, these networks augment the 1 These strategies are discussed in more detail, with extensive supporting documentation, in William J. Mitchell, City of Bits: Space, Place, and the Infobahn (MIT Press, 1994), and William J. Mitchell, E-topia: Urban Life, Jim — But Not As We Know It (MIT Press, 1999). T. Ishida, K. Isbister (Eds.): Digital Cities, LNCS 1765, pp. 1-6, 2000. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2000 2 William J. Mitchell affordances of the places they serve, and so support activities that would not otherwise be possible there. Furthermore, they allow greater concentration of human activities by connecting urban locations to distant hinterlands. Thus, for example, a piped water supply system allows habitation of sites that would otherwise be too barren to support life. And, by drawing upon a far-flung catchment area, it can support a much greater population than local water resources would otherwise allow. Similarly, sewer systems disperse waste that would otherwise accumulate locally, road systems allow trade with the food-producing countryside and other cities, electrical supply systems mitigate the effects of darkness and climatic extremes, and so on. We have to consider not only the immediate effects of particular networks, but also the ways in which multiple networks interact to produce joint effects. An irrigation network might allow a desert location to produce crops, for instance, but it is also necessary to have road or rail access to get those crops to market. Water supply and transportation networks may allow population to concentrate at a location, but this population will not be sustainable unless there is also effective waste removal. As geographers and planners have long-since discovered, the interactions of these networks with patterns of land use are complex. On the one hand, construction of networks creates the possibility of new land uses at the locations served. On the other, existing land uses generate demands for network service. Urban spatial development is best understood, then, as a recursive process, unfolding over lengthy periods of time, in which network infrastructures and land-use patterns evolve by continually responding to one another. When a new type of network infrastructure emerges, it is not deployed across homogeneous terrain; it is overlaid on a spatial pattern that has developed in response to its predecessors. Typically, by creating new relationships among existing activities and introducing new activities, new network infrastructures produce significant transformations of such existing patterns. Since the industrial revolution, in particular, we have seen the effects of overlaying modern transportation, electrical supply, and telephone systems on older urban fabrics. Conversely, we have also seen the effects of removing network infrastructure or getting bypassed by it; there are numerous sad examples of towns and cities that have declined when railway or riverboat service ceased, or when interstate highways passed them by. What, then, are the effects of overlaying digital telecommunications on existing urban patterns? How will this new type of network interact with existing ones? And what sorts of transformations can we expect to result? Fragmentation and Recombination The basic function of digital telecommunications, of course, is to allow human interaction at a distance. To the extent that remote interaction successfully substitutes
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