Diabetes Mellitus in Developing Countries and Underserved Communities

299 Pages·2017·7.47 MB·English

by  Sam Dagogo-Jack (eds.)

Diabetes Mellitus in
Developing Countries
and Underserved
Communities
Sam Dagogo-Jack
Editor
123
Diabetes Mellitus in Developing
Countries and Underserved
Communities
Sam Dagogo-Jack
Editor
Diabetes Mellitus in
Developing Countries
and Underserved
Communities
Editor
Sam Dagogo-Jack
University of Tennessee Health
Science Center
Memphis , Tennessee
USA
ISBN 978-3-319-41557-4 ISBN 978-3-319-41559-8 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-41559-8
Library of Congress Control Number: 2016959999
© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or
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The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are
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The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in
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the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material
contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made.
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This volume is dedicated to all persons who struggle with the
syndrome of diabetes mellitus, the global community of
clinicians who manage diabetes, and the researchers dedicated
to fi nding better methods for the treatment, prevention, and,
ultimately, cure of diabetes mellitus.
Pref ace
No other disorder exerts a more pervasive and catholic global burden on
humanity and society than does diabetes. The current diabetes epidemic is
felt on all continents, by all ethnic groups, among the rich and poor, and
across gender and age groups. In the fi rst Global Diabetes Report released in
2016, the World Health Organization noted that diabetes is “no longer a dis-
ease of predominantly rich nations” and that the “prevalence of diabetes is
steadily increasing everywhere, most markedly in the world’s middle-income
countries.” There were an estimated 108 million adults with diabetes globally
in 1980. By 2014, that number had risen to 422 million adults, and the global
estimate is projected to increase to 592 million adults with diabetes by 2035.
Sadly, low- and middle-income countries are projected to experience the
steepest increase as they transition to lower-middle and upper-middle income
status. The complications of diabetes, such as blindness, kidney failure,
amputations, heart disease, stroke, and mortality, are a personal tragedy as
well as a threat to national and global security, through their negative effects
on the vitality and economic productivity of affl icted citizens.
Low- and middle-income countries have limited resources for dealing
with the costs of controlling diabetes and its complications. Even in the
developed economies, the quality of diabetes control is suboptimal for
approximately 50 % of the affected population. Moreover, socioeconomically
vulnerable demographic subgroups have always existed in North America,
Europe, Australia, and New Zealand; individuals from those groups often
experience disparities in diabetes prevalence, quality of care, and outcomes.
Autochthonous or aboriginal people and migrant groups predominate among
the vulnerable and often underserved populations with regard to diabetes.
The chronic low-grade human migration trends (usually from lower-income
to upper-income regions) have escalated exponentially as a result of recent
geopolitical upheavals. The fl ood of new immigrants to Europe and elsewhere
has added to the challenges of providing optimal diabetes care in a setting of
rapid cultural, linguistic, and socioeconomic metamorphosis.
Diabetes Mellitus in Developing Countries and Underserved Communities ,
a global textbook of diabetes, presents a detailed consideration of the epide-
miology, genomic landscape, clinical presentation, complications, manage-
ment, and prevention of diabetes in all regions of the world. The regions
covered include sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East and North Africa,
Eastern Europe, China and the Western Pacifi c, India and Southeast Asia,
Latin America and the Caribbean, as well as Australia, New Zealand, North
vii
viii Preface
America, and Western Europe. In the latter more affl uent regions, appropriate
focus is placed on vulnerable indigenous and immigrant populations.
Additional attention is given to a description of regional coordination of dia-
betes care, diabetes prevention services, preferences and imperatives regard-
ing pharmacotherapy, and the status of diabetes research. The chapters
conclude with the identifi cation of future directions, unmet needs, unan-
swered questions, or even unquestioned answers, with regard to diabetes in
specifi c regions.
T he availability, in a single volume, of comprehensive information on the
peculiarities of diabetes pathophysiology, genetics, and best practices in
major regions of the world, crafted by leading authorities in the fi eld, is a
valuable resource for clinicians, researchers, scholars, public health leaders,
students, and everyone interested in diabetes. The authors are to be com-
mended for their hard work in creating this informed and informative treatise
on global diabetes.
The conceptual insight of Kristopher Spring (editor, Clinical Medicine)
and logistical support from Ms. Saanthi Shankhararaman (project coordina-
tor), both at Springer, greatly facilitated the creation of this book. Much grati-
tude is owed to them for their professionalism and engagement that resulted
in the successful execution of the book project.
Memphis, TN, USA Sam Dagogo-Jack
Contents
1 The Global Burden of Diabetes: An Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
William H. Herman
2 Primary Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes: An Imperative
for Developing Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Sam Dagogo-Jack
3 Diabetes in Sub-Saharan Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Felix Assah and Jean Claude Mbanya
4 Type 2 Diabetes in the Middle East and
North Africa (MENA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Yasmin Khan and Osama Hamdy
5 Diabetes in China and the Western Pacific Region . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Juliana C. N. Chan , Elaine Y. K. Chow , and
Andrea A. O. Luk
6 Diabetes in India and Southeast Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Shashank R. Joshi and S. R. Aravind
7 Diabetes in Latin America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Omar Y. Bello-Chavolla and Carlos A. Aguilar-Salinas
8 Diabetes in the Caribbean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Michael S. Boyne
9 Diabetes in Indigenous Australians and Other
Underserved Communities in Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Stephen Colagiuri
10 Diabetes Among Māori and Other Ethnic Groups
in New Zealand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Evan Atlantis , Grace Joshy , Margaret Williams ,
and David Simmons
11 Diabetes in Eastern Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Mykolay Khalangot , Vitaliy Gurianov ,
Alexander Vaiserman , Ieva Strele , Vasile Fedash ,
and Victor Kravchenko
ix
x Contents
12 Diabetes in Ethnic Minorities and Immigrant
Populations in Western Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Oliver Razum and Helmut Steinberg
13 Diabetes Among Indigenous Canadians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Sudaba Mansuri and Anthony J. Hanley
14 Diabetes in Native Populations and Underserved
Communities in the USA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Joshua J. Joseph and Sherita Hill Golden
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
Contributors
S. R. Aravind , MBBS, DNB, FRCP, FDRC, DHA, FRSSDI Columbia
Asia Hospital , Yeshwanthpur, Bangalore , India
Felix Assah , MD, PhD F aculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences,
University of Yaoundé I , Yaoundé , Cameroon
Evan Atlantis , PhD Western Sydney University , Campbelltown , NSW ,
Australia
Omar Y. Bello-Chavolla Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism ,
I nstituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán,
Mexico City , Mexico
F acultad de Medicina, U niversidad Nacional Autónoma de México, M exico
City , Mexico
Michael S. Boyne , MD, FRCPC Tropical Metabolism Research Unit,
Tropical Medicine Research Institute, T he University of the West Indies,
Mona , Kingston , Jamaica
Juliana C. N. Chan , MD, FRCP The Chinese University of Hong Kong ,
Prince of Wales Hospital , Shatin, Hong Kong , China
Elaine Y. K. Chow , MBChB, PhD D epartment of Medicine and Therapeutics,
Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes , Hong Kong , SAR , China
Obesity and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences , The Chinese University
of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital , Hong Kong , SAR , China
Stephen Colagiuri , MD W .H.O. Collaborating Centre on Physical Activity,
Nutrition and Obesity , The University of Sydney , Sydney , NSW , Australia
Sam Dagogo-Jack , MD, MBBS, MSc, FRCP, FACP, FACE Division of
Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism , University of Tennessee Health
Science Center , Memphis , TN , USA
Vasile Fedash , MD, PhD Institute of Physiology and Sanocreatology of
ASM , Chisinau , Moldova
Sherita Hill Golden , MD, MHS Department of Medicine , Johns Hopkins
University School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
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