Developments in Colour Protection for Detergents

74 Pages·0.319 MB·English

by  Pira International Ltd

Developments in Colour Protection
for Detergents
Published by
Pira International Ltd
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Pira International Ltd 2008
ISBN 1 905189 00 1
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Contents
List of tables vii Sodium hypochlorite bleach 18
List of figures viii Oxygen bleach (or all-fabric bleach) 18
Executive summary ix Colour removers 19
1 Towards colour protection – use of oxygen
bleaches 19
Chelating agents 20
Powdered oxygen bleach products 21
Introduction and methodology 1 Introduction 21
Scope, objective and methodology 1 What are oxygen bleaches? 21
Abbreviations 1 Advantages of powdered oxygen
2 bleach 22
Disadvantages 22
Liquid oxygen bleaches 22
Differences in oxygen bleaching
A general overview of detergent products 23
components 3 Sodium perborate 24
Detergency mechanism and colour The chemistry of sodium perborate
protection 3 bleaching 24
How do surfactants work? 6 Activating sodium perborate for low-
Properties of surfactants 7 temperature performance 25
Adsorption 8 Pre-soak practices 26
Self-assembly 8 Beyond activators: metal catalysis 26
Dispersing polymers 9 The parameters of peroxygen
Builders and chelants 11 bleaching 27
Detergent boosters 12 New physical forms of perborate 27
Laundry cleaning additives 13 Storage stability 28
Properties 13 Non-oxidative bleaching 28
Detergent fillers 13 Liquid formulations for fabric
Materials 14 laundering 29
Bleaches and compounds 14 Fabric care: chlorine scavenging 29
Types of bleaches 14 Gentler hydrophobics 30
Performance-enhancing minor Bleach-free detergents 30
ingredients 14 Bleach-free detergent tablets 31
Physical forms of detergents 15 Summary of the invention 31
Colour protection 16 Detergent tablet 31
3 N-heterocyclic polymers 32
4
Colour care 17
What is dye bleeding? 17 Colour protection agents 33
Causes of dye bleeding 17 Chemicals used for colour protection 33
Laundry bleaches 18 Fabric evaluation methods 34
Page v © Copyright Pira International Ltd 2008
Developments in Colour Protection for Detergents
Contents
5
PVP K-30 20% Solution 42
PVP K-30 30% Solution 42
PVP K-30 30% Solution-P 42
PVP K-30 CI 42
Dye transfer inhibitors 37 PVP K-30 Fines 42
How do DTIs work and how are they PVP K-30 G PreStep 42
used? 37 PVP K-30 MB 42
Bleeding: what can be done? 37 PVP K-30 Solution-A 42
Conclusion 37 An alternative method of colour protection:
N-heterocyclic polymers 37 colour catcher sheet 43
Other DTI agents 38 6
Water soluble dye complexing
polymers as dye transfer inhibitors in
laundry detergent and fabric softener
compositions 38 Environmental acceptability of colour
DTI compositions with specifically selected care agents 45
metallo catalysts 39 7
An analysis of commercially available
DTIs 40
DTI products by International Specialty
Products 41 Patents 47
ChromaBond S-100 41 Commentary on patents 59
ChromaBond S-400 41 8
ChromaBond S-403E 41
Polyquart FDI 41
PVP K-120 41
PVP K-120 Solution 41
Technology trends 61
PVP K-120 Solution A 42
Colour and fabric care ingredients: the
PVP K-15 42
future 62
PVP K-15 Solution 42
Cellulase enzymes 63
PVP K-15 Solution A 42
Focus change: from DTI to dye fixation 63
PVP K-15 Solution Intermediate 42
PVP K-30 42
Page vi © Copyright Pira International Ltd 2008
List of tables
2.1 Detergent compositions 3 3.1 Avox content and bulk density of PBS1,
2.2 Detergent bleaches 14 PBS4, PCS and densified PBS 28
7.1 US patents 47
Page vii © Copyright Pira International Ltd 2008
List of figures
2.1 Structure of surfactant 4 2.6 Formation of micelles 9
2.2 Structures of common surfactants 2.7 Homopolymers of acrylic acid and
used in the industry 6 maleic acids 10
2.3 Representation of the surfactant 2.8 Hybrid anionic dispersing
molecule 7 polymers 10
2.4 Adsorption mechanism of surfactant 2.9 Sulphonated monomer groups 11
molecules 8 2.10 C itric acid and sodium
2.5 Self-assembly of surfactant nitrilotriacetate 12
molecules 8
Page viii © Copyright Pira International Ltd 2008
Executive summary
Detergents are a complex cocktail of chemicals, or more accurately, a cocktail of
complex chemicals. A modern detergent contains more than 20 ingredients, each
delivering a specific benefit.
While the core ingredients form the bulk of the detergent, and cleaning remains
its primary purpose, a number of speciality ingredients are added to provide various
associated benefits, including fragrance, extra whiteness, tough stain removal, cleaning
ability in cold water and less usage of water. One core ingredient – present in small
quantities, but integral to the performance of a good detergent – is the colour care agent.
Clothes pass through a violent phase while being washed. The wash water is
generally at a high temperature, and the chemicals in the detergent not only attack
stains, but also the desirable components of the fabric with the same vigour. This
environment is physically grueling, with high-speed rotation (in the case of machine
washing) and repeated rinsing and wringing (in the case of hand washing).
All these factors take their toll on the fabric, and in particular its dyes, which are
firmly held by the fabric – a hold that is reduced by repeated washing. The dye may then
break free and leach out in the wash water, fading the cloth and leaving the dye free to
deposit itself on any other part of the cloth, or another fabric being washed in the same
water – known as dye transfer.
As a result, the key to colour care is twofold:
 Preventing dyes from leaching out (dye fixation); and
 Backing this up by preventing the leached dye from re-depositing itself on other
surfaces (dye transfer inhibition).
One of the ingredients added to the detergent to give it the power to remove stains is the
bleaching agent. This works effectively, but also has the undesirable effect of attacking
the dyes. Just like the drugs used in chemotherapy, which do not distinguish well between
cancerous and healthy cells, the bleach also has an adverse impact on the fabric’s colour.
Hence why detergent manufacturers constantly strive to make the bleach more gentle on
the clothes.
This report discusses the bleaching technology extensively. This, along with a
lengthy discussion on dye transfer inhibition, forms the bulk of the report. It discusses
the chemical agents used in colour protection (or dye fixing agents) and dye transfer
inhibitors. A chapter is dedicated to the discussion of the environmental aspects of using
these chemical compounds. The report concludes with a chapter on patents in this field
and from this, technology trends are identified.
Page ix © Copyright Pira International Ltd 2008