Development and Poverty Reduction: A Global Comparative Perspective

309 Pages·2019·6.236 MB·English

by  Yongnian Zheng, Jiwei Qian

Development and Poverty Reduction
Although the absolute number of poor people in the world has declined signifi-
cantly in recent decades, poverty reduction continues to be a very important
issue. There still are very large numbers of poor people, relative poverty is an
increasingly concerning problem, and progress on poverty reduction varies enor-
mously from one part of the world to another. Factors contributing to poverty
reduction include economic growth, economic integration, and specific poverty-
reduction programs, which are often initiated by Western countries. This book
considers poverty reduction from a global perspective. Development and Poverty
Reduction looks at a wide range of specific subjects, across all continents. It
highlights in particular how the issues are perceived from a non- Western per-
spective and especially how the rise of China is both having a profound impact
on poverty reduction globally and also changing the overall way in which devel-
opment and poverty reduction are approached.
Yongnian Zheng is Professor and Director of the East Asian Institute, National
University of Singapore.
Jiwei Qian is a Senior Research Fellow at the East Asian Institute, National
University of Singapore.
China Policy Series
Series Editor: Zheng Yongnian
East Asian Institute, National University of Singapore
53 Post- Western Sociology
From China to Europe
Edited by Laurence Roulleau-B erger and Li Peilin
54 China’s Pension Reforms
Political Institutions, Skill Formation and Pension Policy in China
Ke Meng
55 China’s New Silk Road
An Emerging World Order
Edited by Carmen Amado Mendes
56 The Politics of Expertise in China
Xufeng Zhu
57 Gender Dynamics, Feminist Activism and Social Transformation
in China
Edited by Guogang Wu, Yuan Feng, and Helen Lansdowne
58 The Struggle for Democracy in China, Taiwan and Hong Kong
Sharp Power and its Discontents
Andreas Fulda
59 The Chinese Communist Party in Action
Consolidating Party Rule
Edited by Zheng Yongnian and Lance L.P. Gore
60 Development and Poverty Reduction
A Global Comparative Perspective
Edited by Yongnian Zheng and Jiwei Qian
For more information about this series, please visit www.routledge.com/China-
Policy-Series/book-s eries/SECPS
Development and Poverty
Reduction
A Global Comparative Perspective
Edited by Yongnian Zheng and
Jiwei Qian
First published 2020
by Routledge
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and by Routledge
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© 2020 selection and editorial matter, Yongnian Zheng and Jiwei Qian;
Chapter 4, UNU- WIDER; other individual chapters, the contributors
The right of Yongnian Zheng and Jiwei Qian to be identified as the authors
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ISBN: 978-0-367-26229-7 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-0-429-29212-5 (ebk)
Typeset in Times New Roman
by Wearset Ltd, Boldon, Tyne and Wear
Contents
List of figures vii
List of tables ix
Notes on contributors x
Acknowledgments xii
List of abbreviations xiii
PART I
Background discussions 1
1 Introduction: poverty reduction in comparative perspective 3
YONgNIAN ZhENg AND JIWEI QIAN
2 The state and development: the two political economy
models of China and the West 16
YONgNIAN ZhENg
PART II
America 33
3 Poverty in the US and its causes 35
DOUglAS J. BEShAROV AND DOUglAS M. CAll
PART III
Africa 53
4 Development and poverty in Sub-S aharan Africa 55
TONY ADDISON, VIllE PIkkARAINEN, RISTO RöNkkö,
AND FINN TARP
vi Contents
 5  An overview of recent trends in official development 
assistance: contradictory new directions in the relationship
between DAC donors and China 107
MARk M cQUINN
6 Africa’s quest for poverty alleviation: lessons from and
reflections on the role of China  131
hUMPhREY P. B. MOShI
7 Strengthening Sino- African poverty alleviation
collaboration through knowledge sharing 145
MIChAEl MITChEll OMORUYI EhIZUElEN
PART IV
Southeast Asia 175
8 Poverty reduction experiences of Southeast Asian countries 177
PETER WARR
9 Economic development and poverty reduction in Southeast Asia 210
YAP kIOE ShENg
PART V
East Asia 231
10 The rise of China and its implications for economics and
other developing countries 233
JUSTIN YIFU lIN
11 Poverty reduction in East Asia: a continuing development
challenge 245
JOhN WONg
12 The impact of economic development on the social structure
of the Japanese rural community 257
YOShIhISA gODO
13 The urban informal sector and development in China:
institutions and feedback effects 269
JIWEI QIAN
Index 288
Figures
3.1 Poverty rate in the United States, by age, 1967–2017 37
4.1 Real gDP per capita growth rate by region 58
4.2 Population projections by region, 1950–2049 59
4.3 Monetary poverty headcount ratio at US$1.90/day
(2011 purchasing- power parity), 1981–2015 59
4.4 Income inequality across geographical regions, by decade 61
4.5 gini coefficient in SSA, 1981–2014 63
4.6 life expectancy at birth by major world region, 1960–2014 65
4.7 Under-fi ve mortality (per 1,000 live births) by major world
region, 1970–2015 65
4.8 Access to clean drinking water from improved water source,
1990–2015 66
4.9 School enrollment in Sub-S aharan Africa, 1970–2014 67
4.10 human Development Index by region, 1990–2015 69
4.11 Agriculture value added, 1981–2015 70
4.12 Manufacturing value added, 1981–2015 71
4.13 Services value added, 1981–2015 71
4.14 Annual inflation by region, 1980–2014 (%) 74
4.15 Policy rates for SSA countries with floating exchange rates,
1999–2015 75
4.16 CPIA Public sector institutions and management score,
2005–2015 76
4.17 Control of corruption, 1996–2015 76
4.18 Rule of law, 1996–2015 77
4.19 Democracy and autocracy in Sub-S aharan Africa,
1960–2014 77
4.20 Conflicts in Sub-S aharan Africa, 1952–2012 78
4.21 Dependency ratio for major regions, 1950–2050 79
4.22 Commodity exports, imports, and net exports from SSA
countries 81
4.23 Net financial flows to Sub- Saharan African countries,
1960–2016 91
4.24 CO emissions per capita, 1960–2012 94
2
viii Figures
5.1 Daily Express, October 24, 2017 117
5.2 The Sun, February 20, 2018 117
5.3 Daily Express, February 20, 2018 117
5.4 Daily Mail, March 17, 2018 118
7.1 The levels of poverty in China’s rural region according to
the recent rural poverty standard 147
7.2 Poverty headcount ratio at US$1.90 a day (2011 PPP) (% of
population) 153
7.3 Poverty headcount ratio at US$3.10 a day (2011 PPP) (% of
population) 153
7.4 The improvement of infrastructure in regions populated by
ethnic minority groups with a small population 155
7.5 Potential sectors expected to generate the highest
employment for African youth over the next half a decade 163
8.1 Annual rates of poverty reduction (percentage points per
year) 185
8.2 Annual rate of poverty reduction and economic growth
(percentage points per year) 187
8.3 Southeast Asia: annual rates of poverty reduction
(percentage points per year) 187
8.4 Correlation between annual rates of poverty reduction and
annual rates of gDP growth per person 188
8.5 Cambodia: poverty incidence, 1994–2015 189
8.6 Indonesia: poverty incidence, 1976–2017 189
8.7 laos: poverty incidence, 1992–2012 190
8.8 Malaysia: poverty incidence, 1970–2014 190
8.9 Myanmar: poverty incidence, 2005–2010 191
8.10 The Philippines: poverty incidence, 1961–2015 191
8.11 Thailand: poverty incidence, 1969–2014 192
8.12 Vietnam: poverty incidence, 1998–2014 192
12.1 Agricultural problems at different stages of economic
development 266
13.1 Composition of Minimum Livelihood Guarantee Scheme
beneficiaries in urban areas 272
13.2 Increasing size of the informal sector since the 1990s 273
13.3 Increase in the urban workforce in China, 2008–2016 275
13.4 Divergence of social insurance enrollment, 2001–2016 276
13.5 The central-l ocal share of fiscal revenue/expenditure,
1980–2016 277
13.6 local social expenditures and their share in total social
expenditure, 2010–2015 277
13.7 Urbanization and hukou in China 278
13.8 Number of rural migrant workers 279
Tables
4.1 Real GDP per capita annual growth rate in SSA 60
4.2 Population and poverty headcount (in millions of people), and
poverty headcount ratio for Sub-S aharan Africa 62
4.3 Infrastructure measures for Sub-S aharan African low-i ncome
countries and other low-i ncome countries 88
4.4 Average financial inflows and outflows to Sub- Saharan Africa
as a share of gDP (%) 91
7.1 Some international collaboration projects for poverty
reduction in China 157
8.1 Poverty measurement data sources: Southeast Asian
developing countries 183
8.2 Developing regions and countries: annual rates of poverty
reduction 186
8.3 Data decomposition: mean annual changes in poverty
incidence 194
8.4 Average rates of poverty reduction, economic growth and
variable correlations 195
8.5 National poverty incidence and aggregate growth 201
8.6 National poverty incidence and sectoral growth 203
8.7 Rural poverty incidence and sectoral growth 204
8.8 Urban poverty incidence and sectoral growth 205
9.1 Annualized growth of gDP and gDP per capita, 1990–2007 210
9.2 Economic class in Southeast Asia and the Pacific,
1991–2015 (%) 211
9.3 Urbanization of ASEAN countries (%) 213
9.4 Urban population living in slums (2014) 217
9.5 Old- age dependency ratio (2000, 2030) 222
11.1 East Asia performance indicators 253
12.1 Japan’s economic growth and income disparity between
farmers and non- farmers 261
13.1 Rates of contributions to social insurance programs in urban
China, 2014 280