Deadly Connections States that Sponsor Terrorism PDF
Preview Deadly Connections States that Sponsor Terrorism
Deadly Connections Thousandsofpeoplehavediedatthehandsofterroristgroupsthat rely on state support for their activities. Iran and Libya are well knownassponsorsofterrorism,whileothercountries,somewith strong connections to the West, have enabled terrorist activity by turning a blind eye. Daniel Byman’s hard-hitting and articulate book is the first to analyze this phenomenon. Focusing primarily onsponsorsfromtheMiddleEastandSouthAsia,itexaminesthe differenttypesofsupportthatstatesprovide,theirmotivations,and the impact of such sponsorship. The book also considers regimes thatallowterroriststoraisemoneyandrecruitwithoutproviding active support. The experiences of Iran, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Syria, Saudi Arabia, and Libya are detailed here, alongside the histories of radical groups such as al-Qa’ida, Hizballah, and HAMAS. In conclusion, the book also assesses the difficulties of forcingsponsorstocuttiestoterroristgroups. DANIEL BYMAN isanAssistantProfessorintheSecurityProgramof the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University.Hehaspublishedwidelyonissuesrelatedtoterrorism, Middle East politics, and national security. He is the author of TheDynamicsofCoercion:AmericanForeignPolicyandtheLimits ofMilitaryMight(2002). Deadly Connections States that Sponsor Terrorism DANIEL BYMAN SecurityStudiesProgramoftheEdmundA.WalshSchool ofForeignServiceatGeorgetownUniversity andSabanCenterforMiddleEastPolicyattheBrookings Institution cambridge university press Cambridge,NewYork,Melbourne,Madrid,CapeTown,Singapore,SãoPaulo Cambridge University Press TheEdinburghBuilding,Cambridgecb22ru,UK PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyCambridgeUniversityPress,NewYork www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambrid ge.org/9780521839730 ©DanielByman2005 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexceptionandtotheprovisionof relevantcollectivelicensingagreements,noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplace withoutthewrittenpermissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublishedinprintformat 2005 isbn-13 978-0-511-12633-8 eBook (NetLibrary) isbn-10 0-511-12633-6 eBook (NetLibrary) isbn-13 978-0-521-83973-0 hardback isbn-10 0-521-83973-4 hardback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyofurls forexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication,anddoesnot guaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain,accurateorappropriate. Contents List of tables page vi Acknow ledgment s vii List of acronym s ix Map:ApoliticalmapoftheMiddleEastand South Asia xii 1 Intro duction 1 2 Why do stat es sup port terr orism? 21 3 The nature and im pact of state suppo rt 53 4 Iran and the Lebanese Hizballah 79 5 Syria an d Palestin ian radic al group s 117 6 Pakistan and Kash mir 155 7 Afghan istan under the Taliban 187 8 Passive spon sors of terro rism 219 9 The diffic ulties of stoppi ng state sponsors hip 259 10 Haltin g support for terr orism 273 Appendi x: Maj or terrori st groups 313 Bibliogra phy 335 Index 359 v Tables 2.0 Anoverviewofstatemotivationsforsupportingterrorist group s, 1991 –2003 27 3.0 Typesofstatesupporttoterroristgroupssincetheendof the Cold War 55 3.1 Theimpactofstatesupportongovernmentcounterterrorism effo rts 74 vi Acknowledgments Asinallofmywork,Ihavereliedheavilyonmyfriendsandcolleaguesin writingthisbook.TofivefriendsIoweaparticulardebt.DavidEdelstein helpedmestrugglethroughmyearlyconceptualizingaswellasscouring thefinaldrafts.KennethPollackencouragedmyinitialfocusonthistopic andprovidedadetailedandconstructivereviewofthemanuscript.Jeremy Shapiro and Brent Sterling also reviewed major portions of the manu- script,offeringextremelyusefulcriticismwhichhasmadethefinalversion muchstronger.Last,butcertainlynotleast,AndrewAmunsenservedboth as a research assistant for this project and as a peer, offering me his unvarnished criticism as well as his constant assistance. I am confident thatAndyandothermembersofthenextgenerationofterrorismscholars willbringfargreaterrigorandclaritytowhatisfornowanundeveloped fieldofsocialscienceandpolicyanalysis. Many scholars and experts kindly gave of their time and expertise, reading sections of the manuscript, guiding me to the best sources, or otherwiseofferingtheirinsights.MythanksgotoShaulBakhash,Daniel Benjamin,MichaelE.Brown,SeymourByman,PeterChalk,SteveCohen, RebekahKimCragin,MarthaCrenshaw,EmileEl-Hokayem,Christiane Fair, Robert Gallucci, Mark Gasiorowski, F. Gregory Gause III, Sumit Ganguly,BruceHoffman,MartinIndyk,RobertLitwak,MohsenMilani, PaulPillar,WilliamRosenau,JohnPaulSawyer,ShibleyTelhami,David Tucker, Paul Wallace, and Tamara Cofman Wittes. An anonymous reviewer atCambridge University Press also provided extremely helpful comments. vii Acknowledgments Georgetown’s Security Studies Program and Center for Peace and Security Studies proved an extremely congenial location for writing this manuscript. My thanks to Michael E. Brown and Robert Gallucci for their support. Elena Schweiger, Sara Yamaka, and Sarah Yerkes all assisted in the research and administrative tasks that come with transformingamanuscriptintoafinishedwork. Finally,IwouldliketothankMarigoldAcland,myeditoratCambridge UniversityPress,forherconstantencouragementandsupport. viii Acronyms ADF AlliedDemocraticForces AIAI Al-Ittihadal-Islami AIG ArmedIslamicGroup ANO AbuNidalOrganization ASALA ArmenianSecretArmyfortheLiberationofArmenia ASG AbuSayyafGroup BJP BharatiyaJanataParty CIA CentralIntelligenceAgency CRD CongoleseRallyforDemocracy DFLP DemocraticFrontfortheLiberationofPalestine EIJ EgyptianIslamicJihad ELN NationalLiberationArmy ETA BasqueFatherlandandLiberty ETIM EasternTurkistanIslamicMovement FARC RevolutionaryArmedForcesofColumbia FBI FederalBureauofInvestigation FoSF FriendsofSinnFe´in FTO ForeignTerroristOrganization GCC GulfCooperationCouncil IDF IsraeliDefenseForces IG Al-Gama’aal-Islamiyya(IslamicGroup) IIRO InternationalIslamicReliefOrganization ILSA Iran–LibyaSanctionsAct IMU IslamicMovementofUzbekistan ix
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