Dark mirror : the medieval origins of anti-Jewish iconography

257 Pages·2014·5.39 MB·English

by  Lipton

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To Mike Davis, a stirring correspondent and cherished friend, whose
enthusiasm for things medieval—even (or especially) dark ones—is
the reason this book exists.
CONTENTS
Title Page
Copyright Notice
Dedication
Illustrations
Epigraph
CHAPTERS
INTRODUCTION
In a Mirror, Darkly
CHAPTER ONE
Mirror of the Fathers:
The Birth of a Jewish Iconography, ca. 1015–1100
CHAPTER TWO
Blinding Light and Blinkered Witness, ca. 1100–1160
CHAPTER THREE
Jewish Eyes:
Loveless Looking and the Unlovely Christ, ca. 1160–1220
CHAPTER FOUR
All the World a Picture:
Jews and the Mirror of Society, ca. 1220–1300
CHAPTER FIVE
The Jew’s Face:
Flesh, Sight, and Sovereignty, ca. 1230–1350
CHAPTER SIX
Where Are the Jewish Women?
CHAPTER SEVEN
The Jew in the Crowd:
Surveillance and Civic Vision, ca. 1350–1500
Conclusion
Abbreviations
Acknowledgments
Index
About the Author
Copyright
ILLUSTRATIONS
Full-color, high-resolution versions of the images can be found at
www.saralipton.com.
INTRODUCTION: IN A MIRROR, DARKLY
1. Unidentifiable early medieval Jews: Moses gives the law to the people of
Israel. Moutiers-Grandval Bible, Tours, ca. 840. London, British Library
Add. ms. 10546, fol. 25v. (Photo: © The British Library Board)
2. A hideous late medieval Jew: A Jew crucifies and stabs young Adam of
Bristol. Narratio Legendaria, England, ca. 1320. London, BL ms. Harley
957, fol. 22. (Photo: © The British Library Board)
.
CHAPTER ONE: MIRROR OF THE FATHERS: THE BIRTH OF A JEWISH ICONOGRAPHY, CA
1015–1100
1. The Jewish hat as identifying sign: Jewish elders look on and argue as Saint
Matthew writes his gospel above them. The Moscow Gospels, Saxony, ca.
1180. Moscow, Russian State Archives of Old Acts Fonds 1607, Inv. 1, no.
23, fol. 1; formerly Dresden ms. A 94. (Photo: Russian State Archives)
2. The Prophet Abdias. Stavelot Bible, Belgium, 1097. London, BL Add. ms.
28106, fol. 221. (Photo: © The British Library Board)
3. The Prophet Sophonias. Lobbes Bible, Belgium, 1084. Tournai, Bibliothèque
du seminaire diocésain ms. 1, fol. 270. (Photo: © KIK-IRPA, Brussels)
4. Saint John the Baptist preaching to Judean Elders. Second Gospel Book of
Bernward, Hildesheim, ca. 1015. Dommuseum Hildesheim ms. 18, fol. 75.
(Photo: Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Munich)
5. The Last Supper and Judas’s Betrayal. Second Gospel Book of Bernward,
Hildesheim, ca. 1015. Dommuseum Hildesheim ms. 18, fol. 118. (Photo:
Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Munich)
6. The Three Magi. Second Gospel Book of Bernward, Hildesheim, ca. 1015.
Dommuseum Hildesheim, ms. 18, fol. 18. (Photo: Bayerische
Staatsbibliothek, Munich)
7. King Cepheus in a Phrygian cap, from the Constellation Cepheus. Aratea,
Aachen (?), ca. 816. Leiden, Bibliotheek der Rijksuniversiteit ms. Voss Latin
Q 79, fol. 26v. (Photo: Bibliotheek der Rijksuniversiteit)
8. Personifications of the Slavs, Germans, Gauls, and Romans pay tribute to
Emperor Otto III. Evangeliary of Otto III, Reichenau, ca. 1000. Munich,
Bayerische Staatsbibliothek clm 4453, fol. 23v. (Photo: Bayerische
Staatsbibliothek, Munich)
9. An early rendering of a dying Christ. Bernward Crucifix, Hildesheim, ca.
1007–1022. Dommuseum Hildesheim, DS 6. (Photo: Frank Tomio)
10. The Glory of the Son. Second Gospel Book of Bernward, Hildesheim, ca.
1015. Dommuseum Hildesheim ms. 18, fol. 174. (Photo: Bayerische
Staatsbibliothek, Munich)
11. Crucifixion with Ecclesia and Synagoga. Ivory plaque, Metz, ninth century.
London, Victoria and Albert Museum, Inv. 250-1867. (Photo: V & A
Images/The Victoria and Albert Museum, London)
12. Crucifixion with Sun, Ecclesia, and Life; and Moon, Synagoga, and Death.
Uta Codex, Regensburg, ca. 1022. Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliotek clm
13601, fol. 3v. (Photo: Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Munich)
13. Princes of the priests and elders of the people. Reichenau Evangelistary,
Reichenau, ca. 1056. Berlin, Kupferstichkabinett ms. 78 A 2, fol. 26v.
(Photo: Berlin/Kupferstichkabinett, Staatliche Museen/Volker-H.
Schneider/Art Resource, New York)
. 1100–1160
CHAPTER TWO: BLINDING LIGHT AND BLINKERED WITNESS, CA
1. Scroll-bearing bearded prophets. West façade central portal, Verona
Cathedral, ca. 1139. (Photo: Scala/Art Resource, New York)
2. The prophet Hosea. South nave window, Augsburg Cathedral, after 1138.
(Photo: SLUB Dresden/Deutsche Fotothek)
3. Synagoga unveiled (Jesse tree). Lambeth Palace Bible, London, ca. 1140.
London, Lambeth Palace ms. 3, fol. 198. (Photo: The Archbishop of
Canterbury and the Trustees of Lambeth Palace Library)
4. Eilbertus portable altar. Cologne, ca. 1130–50. Welfenschatz,
Kunstgewerbemuseum, Staatliche Museen, Berlin, W11. (Photo: RMN-
Grand Palais/Art Resource, New York)
5. Hebrew prophets and kings. Side detail, Eilbertus portable altar. Cologne, ca.
1130–50. Welfenschatz, Kunstgewerbemuseum, Staatliche Museen, Berlin,
W11. (Photo: Berlin/Kunstgewerbemuseum, Staatliche Museen/Art
Resource, New York)
6. The Road to Emmaus. Winchester Psalter, England, ca. 1121–60. London,
BL ms. Cotton Nero C iv, fol. 25. (Photo: © The British Library Board)
7. Supper at Emmaus. Winchester Psalter, England, ca. 1121–60. London, BL
ms. Cotton Nero C iv, fol. 26. (Photo: © The British Library Board)
8. Heribert shrine. Cologne, ca. 1150–60. Church of Saint Heribert, Deutz-
Cologne. (Photo: Berlin/ Church of Saint Heribert/Hermann Buresch/Art
Resource, New York)
9. A Jew and a midwife testify to Heribert’s miraculous birth. Detail, Heribert
shrine. Cologne, ca. 1150–60. Church of Saint Heribert, Deutz-Cologne.
(Photo: Berlin/Church of Saint Heribert/Hermann Buresch/Art Resource,
New York)
10. Stavelot Triptych. Belgium, ca. 1155. New York, Pierpont Morgan Library.
Purchased by Pierpont Morgan, 1910; AZ001. (Photo: Pierpont Morgan
Library, New York)
11. Empress Helena compels Judas to reveal the site of the True Cross. Detail,
Stavelot Triptych. Belgium, ca. 1155. New York, Pierpont Morgan Library.
Purchased by Pierpont Morgan, 1910; AZ001. (Photo: Pierpont Morgan
Library, New York)
12. Moses raises the Brazen Serpent. Stained glass roundel, choir, Paris, Basilica
of Saint-Denis, ca. 1144–45. (Photo: Anne-Marie Boucher)
CHAPTER THREE: JEWISH EYES: LOVELESS LOOKING AND THE UNLOVELY CHRIST, CA.
1160–1220
1. Christ in Majesty. Apse fresco, Church of Saint Peter and Saint Paul,
Reichenau-Niederzell, ca. 1120. (Photo: Erich Lessing)
2. A Jew mocks and slaps the cross-bearing Christ. Balfour ciborium, England,
ca. 1150–75. London, Victoria and Albert Museum, Inv. M.1:1, 2-1981.
(Photo: V & A Images/The Victoria and Albert Museum, London)
3. The crucifixion and brazen serpent. Initial to Psalm 68, Peter Lombard,
Commentary on Psalms, Paris (?), 1166. Bremen, Staats-und
Universitätsbibliothek ms. a. 244, fol. 113v. (Photo: Staats-und
Universitätsbibliothek, Bremen)
4. Christ nailed to the cross. Reliquary casket, Westphalia-North Rhine, ca.
1170. Paris, Louvre, OA 8096. (Photo: Réunion des Musées Nationaux/Art
Resource, New York)
5. Temptation of Christ. Stained glass panel, Champagne, ca. 1170–80.
London, Victoria and Albert Museum, Inv. C.107-1919. (Photo: V & A
Images/The Victoria and Albert Museum, London)
6. The Maccabees fight the Syrians. Bible of Bishop Hugh le Puiset, England,
ca. 1153–75. Durham Dean and Chapter Library ms. A.II.1, vol. 3, fol. 131v.
(Photo: Dean and Chapter, Durham Cathedral)
7. Presentation of Christ. Gospel of Henry the Lion, Helmarshausen, ca. 1185–
1188. Wolfenbüttel, Herzog August Bibliothek cod. Guelph 105, noviss., fol.
111. (Photo: Herzog August Bibliothek)
8. Grieving men, one with veiled hand. Illumination to Psalm 6. Great
Canterbury Psalter, England, ca. 1180–90. Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale ms.
lat. 8846, fol. 11v. (Photo: Bibliothèque Nationale)
9. Crucifix. Austria, late twelfth century. Museum of Melk Abbey. (Photo:
Wikimedia Commons, User Uoaei1)
10. Crucifixion. Canon of the Mass, Stammheim Missal, Hildesheim, ca. 1170–
75. Los Angeles, J. Paul Getty Museum ms. 64, fol. 86. (Photo: Getty
Research Institute, Los Angeles)
11. Pharisees confront Jesus. Great Canterbury Psalter, England, ca. 1180–90.
Paris, Bibiothèque Nationale ms. lat. 8846, fol. 3v. (Photo: Bibliothèque
Nationale)
12. Saint Paul disputing with Jews and Greeks. England, ca. 1170–80. London,
Victoria and Albert Museum, Inv. 223-1874. (Photo: V & A Images/The
Victoria and Albert Museum, London)
13. Ham mocks his drunken father. Orosius, Historiarum Adversum Paganos
Libri Septem, Zwiefalten Abbey, Weingarten, ca. 1160–80. Stuttgart,
Württembergische Landesbibliothek HB 410, V, fol. 1v. (Photo:
Württembergische Landesbibliothek, Stuttgart)
14. Jews attempt to stone Christ. Canon tables, leaf from Gospel manuscript,
Belgium, ca. 1170–75. Brussels, Musées Royaux des Beaux-Arts de
Belgique, Inv. V.2912bis. (Photo: © KIK-IRPA, Brussels)
CHAPTER FOUR: ALL THE WORLD A PICTURE: JEWS AND THE MIRROR OF SOCIETY, CA.