Cysteine Proteases of Pathogenic Organisms PDF
Preview Cysteine Proteases of Pathogenic Organisms
Cysteine Proteases of Pathogenic Organisms ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY Editorial Board: NATHAN BACK, State University of New York at Buffalo IRUN R. COHEN, The Weizmann Institute of Science ABEL LAJTHA, N.S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research JOHN D. LAMBRIS, University of Pennsylvania RODOLFO PAOLETTI, University of Milan Recent Volumes in this Series Volume 704 TRANSIENT RECEPTOR POTENTIAL CHANNELS Md. Shahidul Islam Volume 705 THE MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY OF COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES-3 Albert M. Wu Volume 706 ADHESION-GPCRS: STRUCTURE TO FUNCTION Simon Yona and Martin Stacey Volume 707 HORMONAL AND GENETIC BASIS OF SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION DISORDERS AND HOT TOPICS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY Maria I. New and Joe Leigh Simpson Volume 708 INVERTEBRATE IMMUNITY Kenneth Söderhäll Volume 709 HISTAMINE IN INFLAMMATION Robin L. Thurmond Volume 710 RECENT ADVANCES ON MODEL HOSTS Eleftherios Mylonakis Volume 711 EPIGENETIC CONTRIBUTIONS IN AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE Esteban Ballestar Volume 712 CYSTEINE PROTEASES OF PATHOGENIC ORGANISMS Mark W. Robinson and John P. Dalton A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring delivery of each new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon actual shipment. For further information please contact the publisher. Cysteine Proteases of Pathogenic Organisms Edited by Mark W. Robinson, PhD Infection, Immunity and Innovation (i3) Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Sydney, Australia John P. Dalton, PhD Institute of Parasitology, McDonald Campus, McGill University, St. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada Springer Science+Business Media, LLC Landes Bioscience Springer Science+Business Media, LLC Landes Bioscience Copyright ©2011 Landes Bioscience and Springer Science+Business Media, LLC All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing (cid:2)(cid:3)(cid:4)(cid:5)(cid:6)(cid:7)(cid:8)(cid:9)(cid:6)(cid:10)(cid:11)(cid:12)(cid:13)(cid:14)(cid:15)(cid:8)(cid:9)(cid:3)(cid:16)(cid:6)(cid:17)(cid:14)(cid:7)(cid:8)(cid:6)(cid:7)(cid:8)(cid:9)(cid:6)(cid:9)(cid:18)(cid:19)(cid:9)(cid:10)(cid:7)(cid:14)(cid:4)(cid:20)(cid:6)(cid:4)(cid:2)(cid:6)(cid:21)(cid:20)(cid:22)(cid:6)(cid:5)(cid:21)(cid:7)(cid:9)(cid:3)(cid:14)(cid:21)(cid:13)(cid:6)(cid:15)(cid:11)(cid:10)(cid:10)(cid:13)(cid:14)(cid:9)(cid:23)(cid:6)(cid:15)(cid:10)(cid:9)(cid:19)(cid:14)(cid:24)(cid:19)(cid:21)(cid:13)(cid:13)(cid:22)(cid:6)(cid:2)(cid:4)(cid:3)(cid:6)(cid:7)(cid:8)(cid:9)(cid:6)(cid:10)(cid:11)(cid:3)(cid:10)(cid:4)(cid:15)(cid:9)(cid:6)(cid:4)(cid:2)(cid:6)(cid:12)(cid:9)(cid:14)(cid:20)(cid:25)(cid:6)(cid:9)(cid:20)(cid:7)(cid:9)(cid:3)(cid:9)(cid:23)(cid:6) and executed on a computer system; for exclusive use by the Purchaser of the work. Printed in the USA. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, New York 10013, USA http://www.springer.com Please address all inquiries to the publishers: Landes Bioscience, 1806 Rio Grande, Austin, Texas 78701, USA Phone: 512/ 637 6050; FAX: 512/ 637 6079 http://www.landesbioscience.com The chapters in this book are available in the Madame Curie Bioscience Database. http://www.landesbioscience.com/curie Cysteine Proteases of Pathogenic Organisms, edited by Mark W. Robinson and John P. Dalton. Landes Bioscience / Springer Science+Business Media, LLC dual imprint / Springer series: Advances in Experi- mental Medicine and Biology. ISBN: 978-1-4419-8413-5 (cid:26)(cid:8)(cid:14)(cid:13)(cid:9)(cid:6)(cid:7)(cid:8)(cid:9)(cid:6)(cid:21)(cid:11)(cid:7)(cid:8)(cid:4)(cid:3)(cid:15)(cid:16)(cid:6)(cid:9)(cid:23)(cid:14)(cid:7)(cid:4)(cid:3)(cid:15)(cid:6)(cid:21)(cid:20)(cid:23)(cid:6)(cid:10)(cid:11)(cid:12)(cid:13)(cid:14)(cid:15)(cid:8)(cid:9)(cid:3)(cid:6)(cid:12)(cid:9)(cid:13)(cid:14)(cid:9)(cid:27)(cid:9)(cid:6)(cid:7)(cid:8)(cid:21)(cid:7)(cid:6)(cid:23)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:25)(cid:6)(cid:15)(cid:9)(cid:13)(cid:9)(cid:19)(cid:7)(cid:14)(cid:4)(cid:20)(cid:6)(cid:21)(cid:20)(cid:23)(cid:6)(cid:23)(cid:4)(cid:15)(cid:21)(cid:25)(cid:9)(cid:6)(cid:21)(cid:20)(cid:23)(cid:6)(cid:7)(cid:8)(cid:9)(cid:6)(cid:15)(cid:10)(cid:9)(cid:19)(cid:14)(cid:24)(cid:19)(cid:21)(cid:7)(cid:14)(cid:4)(cid:20)(cid:15)(cid:6)(cid:21)(cid:20)(cid:23)(cid:6)(cid:11)(cid:15)(cid:21)(cid:25)(cid:9)(cid:6) of equipment and devices, as set forth in this book, are in accord with current recommenda tions and practice at the time of publication, they make no warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to material described in this book. In view of the ongoing research, equipment development, changes in governmental regulations and the rapid accumulation of information relating to the biomedical sciences, the reader is urged to carefully review and evaluate the information provided herein. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Cysteine proteases of pathogenic organisms / edited by Mark W. Robinson, PhD, Infection, Immunity and Innovation (i3) Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Sydney, Australia, John P. Dalton, PhD, Institute of Parasitology, McDonald Campus, McGill University, St. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada. p. ; cm. -- (Advances in experimental medicine and biology ; v. 712) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4419-8413-5 (hardback) 1. Cysteine proteinases--Pathophysiology. 2. Microbial enzymes. 3. Pathogenic microorganisms. I. Robin- son, Mark W., 1977- editor. II. Dalton, John P. (John Pius), 1958- editor. III. Series: Advances in experimental medicine and biology ; v. 712. [DNLM: 1. Cysteine Proteases--chemistry. 2. Bacteria--enzymology. 3. Cysteine Proteases--immunology. 4. Eukaryota--enzymology. 5. Viruses--enzymology. W1 AD559 v.712 2011 / QU 136] QP609.C94.C965 2011 616.9’041--dc22 2010050245 PREFACE Cysteine proteases expressed by pathogenic organisms play key roles in virulence including host entry, feeding and suppression of host immune responses. This volume gives comprehensive coverage to all aspects of pathogen cysteine proteases and brings together numerous scientific advances which have been made over many years. Thus, the biochemistry, molecular biology and structure-function relationships of these important pathogen enzymes are covered in detail. Chapters 1 and 2 review recent developments in bacterial cysteine proteases. Chapter 1 highlights the role of staphopains as virulence factors from Staphylococcus aureus which is timely given the increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant isolates of this pathogen. Chapter 2 covers the central role of Porphyromonas gingivalis gingipains in the development of periodontal disease. With emphasis on structure-function relationships, this chapter probes the potential for bacterial cysteine proteases as novel targets for anti-infective therapy. Chapters 3 to 7 focus on protozoan parasites of medical importance. In Chapter 3, the cysteine proteases, falcipains, expressed by malaria (Plasmodium spp.) are described with emphasis on their involvement in the digestion of haemoglobin by the intra-erythrcocytic stages of this parasite. Falcipains are promising drug targets and efforts to optimize falcipain inhibitors as antimalarials are discussed. Chapter 4 describes how cysteine proteases are employed by the apicomplexan parasite T. gondii for host cell invasion, replication, and nutrient acquisition. Chapter 5 provides an overview of how cysteine proteases from the intestinal parasite Entamoeba histolytica manipulate and destroy host defences to facilitate nutrient acquisition and colonisation of new hosts. Chapter 6 details advances in our understanding of the cysteine proteases of the kinetoplastid parasites Leishmania and Trypanosoma. The crucial role of cysteine proteases in kinetoplastid metabolism and virulence has made these enzymes leading targets for antiparasite therapy. This topic is covered in detail in Chapter 7 which chronicles the development of new drugs that target Trypanosome cysteine proteases. Chapters 8 to 10 cover cysteine proteases from helminths of medical and veterinary importance. With emphasis on the cathepsin L family, Chapter 8 highlights how recent advances in proteomics, gene silencing and crystallography are allowing researchers to v vi PREFACE probe the molecular functions of these important enzymes from trematodes of the genus Fasciola and Schistosoma and others. Building on this, Chapter 9 details how cysteine proteases play a central role in the disease caused by Trichobilharzia, a helminth parasite of birds that is emerging as a significant human infection. Chapter 10 covers how cysteine proteases play a crucial role in the acquisition of nutrients in blood-feeding nematodes and reviews the latest developments in their potential use as antinematode vaccines. Chapter 11 highlights how cysteine proteases facilitate digestion and embryogenesis in several important parasitic arthropods. Chapter 12 covers the various mechanisms by which pathogen-derived cysteine proteases modulate host immune responses to promote their survival. Chapter 13 concludes the book with a review of pathogen cysteine protease inhibitors (cystatins) thus providing a comprehensive view of cysteine proteases from both proteolytic and inhibitory standpoints. Written by leading researchers from Europe, Australia and North America, Cysteine Proteases of Pathogenic Organisms is essential reading for students and professionals interested in human medicine and infectious disease research. Mark W. Robinson, PhD Infection, Immunity and Innovation (i3) Institute University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Sydney, Australia ABOUT THE EDITORS... MARK W. ROBINSON is a Chancellor’s Postdoctoral Research Fellow at the Infection, Immunity and Innovation (i3) Institute at the University of Technology, Sydney (UTS), Australia. Robinson received a BSc (Hons) in Zoology (1999) and a PhD in molecular parasitology (2003) from Queen’s University, Belfast (Northern Ireland). As a postdoctoral researcher, he worked on nematode proteomics and molecular biology at the University of Aberdeen (Scotland) until 2007 when he was awarded a prestigious Wain International Fellowship from the British Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) to continue his proteomics research at UTS (Australia). Robinson was awarded a UTS Chancellor’s Postdoctoral Fellowship in 2008 which he currently holds as an independent researcher. His research interests include proteomics of host-pathogen interactions, structure-function relationships of parasite immuno-modulators and the molecular biology of helminth proteases. vii ABOUT THE EDITORS... JOHN P. DALTON is a Canada Research Chair in Infectious Diseases at the Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada. He is also a Professor in Biotechnology and Director of McGill’s Graduate Program in Biotechnology. Before joining McGill, Dalton was Director of the Institute for the Biotechnology of Infectious Diseases (IBID), University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Australia. He was awarded the New South Wales Government BioFirst Award in Biotechnology from 2004-2008. Dalton received his BSc (Hons) in Zoology/Biochemistry (1980) and a PhD in Parasitology (1984) at University College Dublin. He spent postdoctoral training periods in the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, (Baltimore, USA) and at the Laboratories of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergies and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) at the National Institutes of Health (Bethesda, MD, USA). He has also spent several years at the Queensland Institute for Medical Research (QIMR), Brisbane, Australia, where he is currently an adjunct Professor. He was a lecturer and researcher in biotechnology at Dublin City University (DCU) from 1997-2003. His interests include vaccine and drug design against helminth parasites, antimalaria drug design and the development of novel parasite-derived immunotherapeutics. ix PARTICIPANTS Linda S. Brinen Kris Chadee Sandler Center for Drug Discovery Gastrointestinal Research Group and University of Calgary Department of Cellular and Molecular Calgary, Alberta Pharmacology Canada University of California–San Francisco San Francisco, California John P. Dalton USA Institute of Parasitology McGill University Conor R. Caffrey St. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec Sandler Center for Drug Discovery Canada California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (cid:28)(cid:5)(cid:14)(cid:13)(cid:14)(cid:21)(cid:6)(cid:29)(cid:21)(cid:20)(cid:14)(cid:30)(cid:4)(cid:17)(cid:14)(cid:19)(cid:31)!"(cid:11)(cid:9)(cid:12)(cid:9)(cid:3)(cid:7) University of California San Francisco Department of Molecular Parasitology San Francisco, California Humboldt University USA Berlin Germany Eric Calvo Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research #(cid:21)(cid:7)(cid:9)$(cid:14)(cid:20)(cid:21)(cid:6)(cid:29)(cid:4)(cid:13)(cid:9)%&(cid:4)(cid:27)’ National Institute of Allergy Department of Parasitology and Infectious Diseases Faculty of Science National Institutes of Health Charles University Rockville, Maryland Prague USA Czech Republic Vern B. Carruthers Sheila Donnelly Department of Microbiology Infection, Immunity and Innovation (i3) and Immunology Institute University of Michigan School of Medicine University of Technology Ann Arbor, Michigan Sydney, Ultimo USA Australia xi
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