Culture of Marine Invertebrate Animals: Proceedings — 1st Conference on Culture of Marine Invertebrate Animals Greenport PDF
Preview Culture of Marine Invertebrate Animals: Proceedings — 1st Conference on Culture of Marine Invertebrate Animals Greenport
CULTURE OF MARINE INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS CULTURE OF MARINE INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS Edited by Walter L. Smith Head, Department of Marine Science and Technology Suffolk County Community College Selden, New York and Matoira H. Chanley Shelter Island Oyster Company Greenport, New York and Marine Sciences Research Center State University of New York Stony Brook, New York and Suffolk County Community College Selden, New York PLENUM PRESS • NEW YORK AND LONDON Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Conference on Culture of Marine Invertebrate Animals, Greenport, N.Y., 1972. Culture of marine invertebrate animals. Includes bibliographies. 1. Marine invertebrates-Cultures and culture media-Congresses. 2. Shellfish culture-Congresses. I. Smith, Walter Leonard, 1918- ed. II. Chanley, Matoira H., ed. III. Title. [DNLM: 1. Invertebrates-Congresses. 2. Marine biology-Congresses. OL362 C968 1972) OL362.8.C66 1972 639'.4 74-11367 ISBN-13: 978-1-4615-8716-3 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4615-8714-9 001: 10.1007/978-1-4615-8714-9 Proceedings of the conference on Culture of Marine Invertebrate Animals held in Greenport, New York, in October 1972 © 1975 Plenum Press, New York Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1975 A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 227 West 17th Street, New York, N.Y. 10011 United Kingdom edition published by Plenum Press, London A Oivision of Plenum Publishing Company, Ltd. 4a Lower John Street, London Wl R 3PD, England All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permiSSion from the Publisher Preface This volume is based on prec'entations at the conference on Culture of Marine Invertebrate Animals which was held in Green port, New York in October, 1972. The conference was sponsored by the Middle Atlantic Natural Sciences Council, Inc., a non profit educational corporation, together with the Marine Science Centers of Adelphi University, the State University of New York at Stony Brook, Long Island University, Suffolk County Community College, and the Shelter Island Oyster Company. The purpose of the conference was to provide a needed ex change of knowledge among scientists of various specialties whose information would be invaluable to others confronted with similar problems, even with different marine animals. Part I considers supportive techniques -- general isolation and culture methods, problems of disease and feeding. Specific techniques employed in the culture of a wide range of invertebrate organisms is covered in Part II. We want to thank the contributors for their cooperation in preparing the manuscripts based on their conference presentations. Walter L. Smith Matoira H. Chanley v Contents PART I Recirculating System Culture Methods for Marine Organisms .............•. 3 John M. King Maintenance of Some Marine Filter Feeders on Beef Heart Extract . • • • • • • • • • . • • • 15 Helen M. McCammon Culture of Phytoplankton for Feeding Marine Invertebrates • . • • • . • • • • • 29 Robert R.L. Guillard Bacterial Pathogens Associated with Cultured Bivalve Mollusk Larvae • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 61 Haskell S. Tubiash Marine Microbiology: Some Practical Aspects for Aquaculture • . . • • . . . • • . . ••• 73 Joseph M. Cassin, Patricia E. Cassin, Elsa Brunn, Kenneth Frenke, Michael Priano, Heidi Wetherall, Neil Wetherall Culture of Salt Marsh Microorganisms and Micro- Metazoa •••••••. , ••• 87 • II •••• John J. Lee and William A. Muller Antibiotics in Cultures of Invertebrates 109 Anthony D'Agostino PART II A Review of Coelenterate Laboratory Culture 137 A. Harry Brenowitz vii viii CONTENTS ..... Comments on the Laboratory Culture of Scyphozoa David G. Cargo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bryozoa • • • • • • 155 Marie B. Abbott Methods of Culturing Polychaetes • • • • 177 David Dean and Michael Mazurkiewicz Problems Associated With Culture of Marine Copepods 199 J.G. Gonzalez, p.p. Yevich, J.H. Gentile, and N.F. Lackie Culture Techni~ues for Decapod Crustacean Larvae • • • •• 209 Morris H. Roberts . . . . . . . . . . . . Lobster Culture 221 Based on the conference presentation of John T. Hughes Echinodermata 229 George D. Ruggieri, S.J. Opisthobranch Culture 245 David R. Franz New Approaches and Techni~ues for Studying Bivalve Larvae . . . . • • . . . • . . . . • • . 257 J.L. Culliney, p.J. Boyle, and R.D. Turner The Development of Methods for Rearing the Coot Clam, Mulinia lateralis, and Three Species of Coastal Bivalves in the Lab- oratory . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 273 Edwin W. Rhodes, Anthony Calabrese, Wayne D. Cable and Warren S. Landers Culture of American and European Oysters • • • • • • • •• 283 Herbert Hidu Laboratory Cultivation of Assorted Bivalve Larvae 297 Paul Chanley Contributors • • 319 Animal and Plant Index. 323 General Index • • • • • 329 PART I RECIRCULATING SYSTEM CULTURE METHODS FOR MARINE ORGANISMS John M. King Director of Research, Aquarium Systems, Inc. f,astlake, Ohio The cultivation of marine organisms in recirculating systems (RS) offers several advantages to the investigator (Sandt, 1968): 1. RS are independent of the effects of nature (storms, floods, etc.) and man (pollution). 2. RS can be established away from the sea. 3. RS offer control of various environmental parameters, such as salinity, temperature, photoperiod. 4. RS are easily monitored. 5. RS are convenient to sample. 6. RS offer the availability of continuous visual observa tion. 7. Different systems can be simultaneously monitored. 8. The biota can be preferentially selected without danger of contamination of planktonic forms. It must be kept in mind, however, that a recirculating system is an artificial environment. It is a captive body of water and not a duplication of part of the ocean. In fact, chemical changes can be detected in a captive volume of sea water within minutes after its removal from the sea (Collier and Marvin, 1953). More over, there are chemical reactions and accumulations in recirculat ing systems that do not occur naturally in the oceans (Honig, 1934; Atz, 1964b). The basic prerequisite for the successful cultivation of mar ine organisms in recirculating systems is an awareness of the changes occurring in a captive body of water. 3 4 JOHN M. KING CHANGES IN SEAWATER IN RECIRCULATING SYSTEMS Nitrogen Nitrogen usually makes its first appearance in the recircu lating systems as ammonia, the major metabolic waste of most a~ua tic animals (Emerson, 1969; Foster and Goldstein, 1969). Ammonia is extremely toxic to all life forms, even in small concentrations, e.g., salmonid fishes are sensitive to concentrations as low as 0.006 parts per million (Burrows, 1964). Fortunately, several species of chemoautotrophic bacteria, called nitrifiers are almost universally present in recirculating systems. They oxidize this toxic ammonia to nitrite and finally to relatively non-toxic ni trate (figure 1). In the open oceans, the concentration of nitrate ions is very low, usually 0.1 - 0.6 mg/L (Waksman et al. 1933; Honig, 1934; Harvey, 1955; Atz, 1964b). This is due to its assimilation by planktonic organisms and to bacterial denitrification. The latter process does not occur to any great extent in recirculating systems -- at least under aerobic conditions (Honig, 1934). In the recirculating systems the concentration of nitrates therefore con tinually increases (Oliver, 1957). After twenty years of use an analysis of the water in the sea water systems of the New York A~uarium showed a 250-fold increase (Atz, 1964b) and the A~uarium of the Koninklyk Zoologisch Genoot schap Natura Artis Magistra in Amsterdam once reported a nitrate concentration of 730 parts per million! (Honig, 1934). Comparing such concentration with the trace amounts of nitrate present in natural seawater, or with the medium made from synthetic sea salts, shows that the nitrate ion becomes a major factor of difference (figure 2). Although Kelley (1965) points out that nitrate in high con centrations is less toxic than ammonia by approximately three orders of magnitude, it does have a marked effect on the organisms in re circulating systems. Physiologically, increased levels of nitrate interfere with respiration, particularly in invertebrates (Oliver, 1957; Hirayama, 1966a; Kuwatani, Nishii, and Isogai, 1969a). De Graff (1964) stated that Pagurus showed "discomfort at nitrate levels of 75-100 mg/L and that at 250-350 mg/L many fishes die." Chemically, an abundance of nitrate ions causes an undesirable de crease in pH by replacing carbonate and bicarbonate ions and form ing nitric acid (Honig, 1934). RECIRCULATING SYSTEM CULTURE METHODS 5 30 • NO - I 3/ I / I / I • I 20 I .--I / '--- ~ / z 0 / H E-< / ~ ~ 1'<'1 0 Z 0 0 10 o 20 40 60 TIME IN DAYS Fig. 1. Typical sequence of changes of inorganic nitrogen during the run-in period of a culture system using a biological filter at 12oC. The concentrations of the various forms of nitrogen at any given time depend on such factors as initial loading of animals, feeding, and temperature. The final level of nitrate will depend on the activity of de nitrifying bacteria and algal growths. (From Roff, 1972).
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