(CSSP) Non-State Actors in Ethiopia – Update

255 Pages·2015·1.49 MB·English

by  Gebre Yntiso Deko

European Union Civil Society Fund II (CSF II)
and Civil Society Support Programme (CSSP)

Non-State Actors in Ethiopia – Update Mapping
Final Report

by
Dr. Gebre Yntiso (Team Leader)
Debebe Haile-Gebriel
Kelkilachew Ali

February 2014
Addis Ababa
Ethiopia
Table of Contents
Acronyms ....................................................................................................................................... 9
Glossary ....................................................................................................................................... 13
Acknowledgement ....................................................................................................................... 15
Disclaimer .................................................................................................................................... 15
Executive Summary .................................................................................................................... 16
Common features among regions .............................................................................................. 22
Recommendations ....................................................................................................................... 22
1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 28
1.1 Background to the study ......................................................................................................... 28
1.2 Trends in the civil society sector ............................................................................................ 29
1.3 Objectives of the study............................................................................................................ 32
1.4 Research methods ................................................................................................................... 32
1.5 Organisation of the report ....................................................................................................... 34
2. Regulatory frameworks .......................................................................................................... 36
2.1 Characteristics of the operational environment for NSAs in Ethiopia ................................... 36
2.2 Existing regulatory frameworks .............................................................................................. 36
2.3 Regional laws .......................................................................................................................... 43
2.4 Impacts of the Charities and Societies Proclamation .............................................................. 44
2.5 Self-regulatory system ............................................................................................................ 51
2.6 Advocacy efforts for enabling environment ........................................................................... 52
2.7 Amendment of the 70:30 Directive......................................................................................... 53
3. The Role and Profile of Donors ............................................................................................. 55
3.1 Donor engagement with CSOs................................................................................................ 55
3.2 The profile of selected donors ................................................................................................. 58
4. NSA Typologies and Distributions ........................................................................................ 67
4.1 Number of NSAs in Ethiopia .................................................................................................. 67
4.2 NSA typology ......................................................................................................................... 70
4.3 Reflections on selected NSAs ................................................................................................. 72
4.4 Geographic distribution of NSAs............................................................................................ 75
4.5 Sectoral/thematic distribution of CSO projects ...................................................................... 77
5. Contributions to Development and Democracy ................................................................... 80
5.1 Contribution to the country’s development ............................................................................ 80
5.2 Democratisation, human rights and good governance ............................................................ 81
5.3 Domestic resource mobilisation .............................................................................................. 81
5.4 Foreign fund mobilisation ....................................................................................................... 83
5.5 Reaching the hard-to-reach ..................................................................................................... 83
5.6 Emerging trends ...................................................................................................................... 85
6. Relationships and collaborations ........................................................................................... 86
6.1 Partnership with the government ............................................................................................ 86
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6.2 GO-NGO forums .................................................................................................................... 87
6.3 NSA Self-Organisation: State of apex, network and consortia structures .............................. 87
6.4 Limitations and challenges with networking .......................................................................... 88
7. Innovative approaches ............................................................................................................ 90
7.1 Value-chain commodity .......................................................................................................... 90
7.2 Community-government-Diaspora partnership to build school ............................................. 90
7.3 Environmental protection and social inclusion ....................................................................... 91
7.4 Mobile education .................................................................................................................... 91
7.5 Domestic adoption .................................................................................................................. 91
7.6 Community empowerment...................................................................................................... 92
7.7 Cleaning fluoride pollution ..................................................................................................... 92
7.8 Heritage management ............................................................................................................. 93
7.9 Local resource mobilisation .................................................................................................... 93
7.10 ‘Human ambulance’ .............................................................................................................. 93
7.11 Comprehensive support ........................................................................................................ 93
7.12 Fighting HTP through empowerment and community conversation .................................... 94
7.13 Efficient Budget Utilization: A merit of collaboration and coordination ............................. 94
8. Challenges and limitations ..................................................................................................... 95
8.1 Regulatory challenges ............................................................................................................. 95
8.2 Challenges related to government-NSA relations ................................................................... 96
8.3 Challenges related to resource mobilisation ........................................................................... 97
8.4 Concentration of CSOs in accessible areas ............................................................................. 98
8.5 Lack of cooperation among CSOs and weakness of consortia ............................................... 99
8.6 Challenges of other NSAs ....................................................................................................... 99
9. Addis Ababa City Government ........................................................................................... 100
9.1 Overview of the city.............................................................................................................. 100
9.2 Profile and distribution of NSA typologies .......................................................................... 100
9.3 Geographical distribution...................................................................................................... 103
9.4 Contribution to the MDG and GTP ...................................................................................... 103
9.5 Partnership ............................................................................................................................ 104
9.6 Limitations and challenges ................................................................................................... 105
10. Afar Region.......................................................................................................................... 107
10.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 107
10.2 NSA Number, typology, thematic areas and geographic distribution ................................ 108
10.3 Reflections on selected NSAs ............................................................................................. 109
10.4 Non-charity NSAs ............................................................................................................... 111
10.5 Geographic distribution of NSA ......................................................................................... 113
10.6 Thematic areas of intervention ............................................................................................ 113
10.7 Contribution of NSA ........................................................................................................... 114
10.8 Collaboration....................................................................................................................... 115
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10.9 Resource mobilisation and trends in funding...................................................................... 117
10.10 Focus on hard-to-reach ..................................................................................................... 117
10.11 Challenges ......................................................................................................................... 117
11. Amhara Region ................................................................................................................... 120
11.1 Overview of the region ....................................................................................................... 120
11.2 Profile and distribution of NSA typologies ........................................................................ 121
11.3 Charities and societies: numbers and categories ................................................................. 121
11.4 Geographical distribution of NSAs and projects ................................................................ 126
11.5 Thematic areas .................................................................................................................... 128
11.6 Contribution to the MDG and GTP .................................................................................... 129
11.7 Hard-to-reach ...................................................................................................................... 131
11.8 Funding situation ................................................................................................................ 131
11.9 Partnership with government .............................................................................................. 132
11.10 Limitations and challenges ............................................................................................... 133
12. Benishangul-Gumuz Region .............................................................................................. 136
12.1 Overview of the region ....................................................................................................... 136
12.2 Profile and distribution of NSA typologies ........................................................................ 136
12.3 Geographical distribution of NSAs and projects ................................................................ 140
12.4 Contribution to the MDG and GTP .................................................................................... 140
12.5 Hard-to-reach ...................................................................................................................... 142
12.6 Partnership .......................................................................................................................... 142
12.7 Limitations and challenges ................................................................................................. 143
13. Dire Dawa City Government ............................................................................................. 145
13.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 145
13.2 NSA Number, typology, thematic areas and geographic distribution ................................ 146
13.3 Contribution of NSA ........................................................................................................... 152
13.4 Collaboration....................................................................................................................... 153
13.5 Resource mobilisation and trends in funding...................................................................... 155
13.6 Reaching hard-to-reach ....................................................................................................... 155
13.7 Challenges and shortcomings ............................................................................................. 156
14. Gambella Region ................................................................................................................. 159
14.1 Introduction: Brief description of the Gambella region ...................................................... 159
14.2 NSA numbers and typologies ............................................................................................. 160
14.3 Geographic and thematic distribution of CSOs and their projects ..................................... 163
14.4 Resource mobilisation and beneficiaries ............................................................................ 165
14.5 Contributions to national development and democratisation.............................................. 167
14.6 Collaboration....................................................................................................................... 168
14.7 Operational challenges and limitations ............................................................................... 171
14.8 Emerging trends .................................................................................................................. 171
14.9 Recommendations ............................................................................................................... 172
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15. Harari Region ...................................................................................................................... 174
15.1 Introduction: Overview ....................................................................................................... 174
15.2 NSA Number, typology, thematic areas and geographic distribution ................................ 175
15.2.1 Number and typology of NSA ......................................................................................... 175
15.2.2 Reflections on selected NSAs .......................................................................................... 176
15.3 Thematic areas .................................................................................................................... 178
15.4Contribution of NSA ............................................................................................................ 180
15.5 Collaboration....................................................................................................................... 181
15.6 Local resource mobilisation ................................................................................................ 183
15.7 Focus on hard-to-reach ....................................................................................................... 184
15.8 Challenges and limitations .................................................................................................. 185
16. Oromia Region .................................................................................................................... 188
16.1 Introduction: Brief description of the region ...................................................................... 188
16.2 NSA numbers and typologies ............................................................................................. 189
16.3 Geographic and thematic distribution of CSOs and their projects ..................................... 192
16.4 Resource mobilisation and beneficiaries ............................................................................ 194
16.5 Contributions to national development and democratisation.............................................. 196
16.6 Collaboration....................................................................................................................... 197
16.7 Operational challenges and limitations ............................................................................... 199
16.8 Emerging trends .................................................................................................................. 200
16.9 Recommendations ............................................................................................................... 201
17. Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Region ....................................................... 202
17.1 Introduction: Brief description of the region ...................................................................... 202
17.2 NSA numbers and typologies ............................................................................................. 203
17.3 Geographic and thematic distribution of NSAs .................................................................. 206
17.4 Resource mobilisation and beneficiaries ............................................................................ 209
17.5 Contributions to national development and democratisation.............................................. 211
17.6 Collaboration....................................................................................................................... 212
17.7 Operational challenges and limitations ............................................................................... 214
17.8 Emerging trends .................................................................................................................. 216
17.9 Recommendations ............................................................................................................... 219
18. Somali Region ...................................................................................................................... 220
18.1 Introduction and Overview ................................................................................................. 220
18.2 NSA Number, typology, thematic areas and geographic distribution ................................ 221
18.3 Thematic and geographic distribution of CSOs .................................................................. 226
18.4 Contribution of NSA ........................................................................................................... 227
18.4.1 Contribution to the region’s/country’s development ....................................................... 227
18.4.2 Contribution of NSA in introducing innovative approaches ........................................... 228
18.4.3 Contribution of NSA to the democratisation process ...................................................... 229
18.5 Collaboration....................................................................................................................... 229
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18.6 Resource mobilisation and trends in funding...................................................................... 231
18.6.1 Local resource mobilisation ............................................................................................. 231
18.6.2 Trends of funding ............................................................................................................. 232
18.7 Focus on hard-to-reach ....................................................................................................... 232
18.8 Limitations and challenges ................................................................................................. 233
19. Tigray Region ...................................................................................................................... 236
19.1 Overview of the region ....................................................................................................... 236
19.2 Profile and distribution of NSA typologies ........................................................................ 236
19.3 Geographical and thematic distribution of projects ............................................................ 243
19.4 Resource mobilisation ......................................................................................................... 244
19.5 Contribution to the MDG and GTP .................................................................................... 244
19.6 Hard-to-reach ...................................................................................................................... 246
19.7 Partnership with government .............................................................................................. 247
19.8 Funding situation ................................................................................................................ 248
19.9 Limitations and challenges ................................................................................................. 250
References .................................................................................................................................. 252

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Tables

Table 1: Participants of interviews, FGDs, and feedback sessions ............................................................. 34
Table 2: CSOs failed to renew their license as of September 2014 ............................................................ 45
Table 3: CSOs supported by six donor agencies ......................................................................................... 56
Table 4: Type of sectors by the number of supporting donors ................................................................... 57
Table 5: Number of registered NSAs by region, 2014 ................................................................................ 68
Table 6: Number of international NGOs and faith-based organisations: Comparison ............................... 69
Table 7: Thematic distribution of on-going CSO projects, 2014 ................................................................ 79
Table 8: CSO numbers, projects, budget and beneficiaries ........................................................................ 83
Table 9: NGOs’ interventions on marginalised communities ..................................................................... 84
Table 10: Zonal Distribution of CSOs projects in Addis Ababa .............................................................. 103
Table 11: Thematic distribution of CSO projects, budget and beneficiaries, Addis Ababa ..................... 104
Table 12: Yearly distribution of resources mobilised by CSOs, Addis Ababa ......................................... 104
Table 13: Type and number of CSO in Afar Region ................................................................................ 109
Table 14: MSEs in Afar Region ................................................................................................................ 112
Table 15: Zonal Distribution of NGOs, Afar Region ............................................................................... 113
Table 16: Thematic areas of Intervention targeted by NGOs, Afar Region ............................................. 114
Table 17: Summary of NSAs Registered in Amhara Region ................................................................... 122
Table 18: On-going projects in Amhara Region as of January 1/2014 ..................................................... 127
Table 19: Charities & societies registered at regional and zonal levels, Amhara Region ........................ 128
Table 20: Thematic distribution of CSOs by projects and budget, Amhara Region ................................. 129
Table 21: ORDA’s activity areas and key results, Amhara Region .......................................................... 130
Table 22: NSAs operating in Benishangul-Gumuz Region ...................................................................... 137
Table 23: Operational NSAs in Benishangul-Gumuz Region .................................................................. 138
Table 24: Zonal distribution of NGOs in Benishangul-Gumuz Region.................................................... 140
Table 25: Thematic areas by budget and beneficiaries, Benishangul-Gumuz Region .............................. 141
Table 26: List of NGO currently active in Dire Dawa .............................................................................. 147
Table 27: Currently Active Cooperatives in Dire Dawa ........................................................................... 147
Table 28: MSEs in Dire Dawa .................................................................................................................. 148
Table 29: NGOs working with Sector Bureaus in Dire Dawa .................................................................. 149
Table 30: Distribution of NGOs by kebele in Dire Dawa ......................................................................... 152
Table 31: NSA numbers by registration agencies and functional status, Gambella Region ..................... 160
Table 32: NSAs established with the help of other NSAs, Gambella Region .......................................... 161
Table 33: Geographic distribution of NSAs, Gambella Region ............................................................... 164
Table 34: Thematic distribution of CSO projects, Gambella Region ....................................................... 165
Table 35: Number and capital of cooperatives in Gambella Region by year, 2009/10 – 2013/14 ........... 166
Table 36: MSEs by year and engagement sectors in Gambella Region, 2010711 – 2013/14................... 167
Table 37: SA-NSA collaboration, Gambella Region ................................................................................ 169
Table 38: Types of NGO Currently Active in Harari Region ................................................................... 175
Table 39: MSEs in Harari ......................................................................................................................... 178
Table 40: Currently Active Cooperatives in Harari Region ...................................................................... 178
Table 41: Number of NGOs and their thematic areas of intervention, Harari Region.............................. 179
Table 42: NSA numbers by registration agencies and functional status, Oromia Region ........................ 189
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Table 43: Zonal distribution of CSOs, cooperatives, and MSEs in Oromia Region ................................. 192
Table 44: Thematic distribution of CSO projects, Oromia Region .......................................................... 193
Table 45: Cooperatives in Oromia Region by year and location .............................................................. 195
Table 46: MSEs in Oromia Region by year and engagement sectors, 2009 – 14 ..................................... 196
Table 47: State Actors – Non-state Actors collaboration, Oromia Region ............................................... 197
Table 48: NSA numbers by registration agencies and functional status, SNNPR .................................... 203
Table 49: CSO growth by year in SNNPR, 2001-2013 ............................................................................ 204
Table 50: Zonal distribution of NSAs in SNNPR, 2012/13 ...................................................................... 207
Table 51: Thematic distribution of CSO projects and project cost in SNNPR, 2012/13 .......................... 209
Table 52: Loan disbursement to MSEs by year in SNNPR, 2007/8 – 2013/14 ........................................ 210
Table 53: State Actors – Non-state Actors collaboration in SNNPR ........................................................ 213
Table 54: Hard-to-reach groups, locations and supporting CSOs, SNNPR .............................................. 219
Table 55: Types of NSA Operating in Somali Region ............................................................................. 222
Table 56: Government Bureaus working in partnership with NGOs, Somali Region .............................. 226
Table 57: Zonal Distribution of NGOs in Somali Region ........................................................................ 226
Table 58: Amount of budget allocated and number of beneficiary by Zone, Somali Region................... 228
Table 59: Total Number of NSAs registered to operate in Tigaray Region ............................................. 237
Table 60: Zonal distribution of NSAs in Tigray Region........................................................................... 243

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Acronyms
ACHPR African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights
ACP African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States
ACSO Alem Children Support Organisation
ACSOT Alliance for Civil Society Organisation in Tigray
AEID Afro-Ethiopia Integrated Development
AF Adaptation Facility
AFD French Development Agency
AIDS Acquired Immuno-Deficiency Syndrome
APAP Action for Professional Associations
APDA Afar Pastoralist Development Association
BCH Bethel Children’s Home
BGDAN Benishangul-Gumuz Development Associations Network
BoFED Bureau of Finance and Economic Development
BoJ Bureau of Justice
BoLSA Bureau of Labour and Social Affairs
BoSA Bureau of Security and Administration
BoWCYA Bureau of Women, Children and Youth Affairs
CAT Cultural Association of Tigray
CBOs Community based Organisation
CCC Community Care Coalition
CCRDA Consortium of Christian Relief and Development Association
CETU Confederation of Ethiopian Trade Union
CFE Concern for Environment
CHF Canadian Hunger Foundation
ChSA Charities and Societies Agency
CIDA Canada International Development Agency
CPAR Canadian Physicians for Aid and Relief
CPR Contraceptive prevalent rate
CRDA Christian Relief and Development Association
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CSA Central Statistical Authority
CSO Civil Society Organisation
CSP Charities and Societies Proclamation
CSR Charities and Societies Regulation
CSSP Civil Society Support Programme
ECCSA Ethiopian Chamber of Commerce and Sectoral Association
EIDHR European Instrument for Democracy and Human Rights
EITI Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative
ESAP Ethiopian Social Accountability Programme
ESAP2 Ethiopian Social Accountability Programme 2
EU-CSF II European Union Civil Society Fund II
EWLA Ethiopian Women’s Lawyers’ Association
FDRE Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
FGD Focus Group Discussion
FGM Female Genital Mutilation
GBV Gender-Based Violence
GO Government
GTP Growth and Transformation Plan
HAPCO HIV/AIDS Prevention and Control Office
HRCO Human Rights Council
HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus
HTP Harmful Traditional Practices
HVC Highly Vulnerable Children
ICCPR International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
ICESCR International Covenant on Economic, Social & Cultural Rights
IGA Income Generating Activities
INBAR International Network of Bamboo and Rattan
JeCCDO Jerusalem Children and Community Development
MBA Mass based Association
MBO Mass based Organisation
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