Crusading and the Crusader States

324 Pages·2017·5.37 MB·English

by  Andrew Jotischky

Crusading and the Crusader States
Crusading and the Crusader States explores how the idea of holy war emerged
from the troubled society of the eleventh century, and why Jerusalem and
the Holy Land were so important to Europeans. It follows the progress of
the major crusading expeditions, offering insights into initial success and
subsequent failure, charts the development of new attitudes towards Islam
and its followers, and shows the effects of the Crusades on society and culture
in the Near East.
Providing analysis and discussion of this vital period of medieval history,
Andrew Jotischky discusses key questions such as how crusading evolved
in theory and practice, how crusading expeditions were planned and carried
out, why they were considered such an essential part of medieval society,
and why their popularity endured despite military failures.
This new edition takes into account the wealth of rich and varied recent
research to show why crusading should be seen as central to the European
experience in the Middle Ages. It engages with key historiographical debates
of the past decade, including how Crusades were formed, the political culture
and social networks of crusading, and the effects of crusading on western
religious and aristocratic culture. It now extends into the fifteenth century
to discuss the lasting ramifications of the Crusades, and illustrate their legacy
into the early modern period.
It is essential reading for all students of the Crusades and medieval history.
Andrew Jotischky is Professor of Medieval History at Royal Holloway
University of London. His previous publications include The Crusades:
A Beginner’s Guide (2015), A Hermit’s Cookbook: Monks, Food and
Fasting in the Middle Ages (2011), The Penguin Historical Atlas of the
Medieval World (2005), with Caroline Hull, and The Carmelites and
Antiquity: Mendicants and their Pasts in the Middle Ages (2002).

Crusading and the
Crusader States
Second edition
Andrew Jotischky
This edition published 2017
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2017 Andrew Jotischky
The right of Andrew Jotischky to be identified as author of this work
has been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78
of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or
reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical,
or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying
and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system,
without permission in writing from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks
or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification
and explanation without intent to infringe.
First edition published by Pearson Education 2004
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Jotischky, Andrew, 1965–author.
Title: Crusading and the crusader states / Andrew Jotischky.
Description: Second edition. | Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge,
2017. | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016033822 | ISBN 9781138808058 (hardback : alk. paper) |
ISBN 9781138808065 (pbk. : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781315271057 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Crusades. | Middle Ages. | Church history—Middle Ages,
600–1500.
Classification: LCC D157 .J68 2017 | DDC 909.07—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016033822
ISBN: 978-1-138-80805-8 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-138-80806-5 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-315-27105-7 (ebk)
Typeset in Sabon
by Florence Production Ltd, Stoodleigh, Devon, UK
Contents
List of illustrations vii
Preface to the second edition ix
Preface to the first edition xi
Chronology of main events xiv
1 Problems in crusading historiography 1
2 The papacy, the knighthood and the eastern
Mediterranean 23
3 Crusade and settlement, 1095–c.1118 49
4 Politics and war in the Crusader States, 1118–87 77
5 The Islamic reaction, 1097–1193 111
6 Crusader society 133
7 Recovery in the East, new challenges in Europe:
crusading, 1187–1216 167
8 Varieties of crusading from the eleventh to the
thirteenth centuries 197
9 Crusading and the Crusader States in the
thirteenth century, 1217–74 229
10 Crusading and the Holy Land in the later Middle Ages 255
Bibliography 281
Index 303

Illustrations
Figures
2.1 Holy Sepulchre 35
2.2 Pilgrim crosses 36
3.1 Battle outside Antioch 59
3.2 Election of Godfrey of Bouillon 65
4.1 Aqua Bella 84
4.2 Safita 86
4.3 Mistreatment of Aimery, patriarch of Antioch 98
4.4 Discovery of Baldwin IV’s leprosy 102
5.1 Damascus citadel 120
5.2 Dome of the Rock 128
6.1 Holy Sepulchre exterior 148
6.2 Jerusalem Ethiopian monastery 149
6.3 Mar Sabas 155
6.4 Monastery of Temptation 156
7.1 Walls of Constantinople 181
10.1 Famagusta 268
Maps
3.1 The Crusader States, 1099–1187 64
8.1 Iberian peninsula during the Reconquista, c. 1109 201
8.2 The Baltic Crusades 217
8.3 Frankish Greece, 1204–61 224
9.1 Crusading in Egypt, 1217–21 and 1248–50 231
Genealogical tables
Royal house of Jerusalem and Cyprus xiii

Preface to the second edition
The invitation to revise this book for a second edition has enabled me to
do two important things: first, to correct the faults and errors in the first
edition, but second, and more important, to reflect on how the subject has
changed in the twelve years since it first appeared. If it was difficult to
produce a single-volume analysis of the subject based on current research
in 2004, it is even more challenging in 2016, because the extent and range
of new interpretations of the Crusades and the pace at which they are
published has increased. Historians interested in crusading are still pre-
occupied with many of the fundamental questions that informed my
approach to the first edition; more important, students and newcomers to
the field, whom I hope will be my readers, still want to know how we can
usefully define and understand the Crusades. For this reason I have resisted
the temptation to revisit the fundamental approach taken in the first volume,
and tried instead to use this opportunity to show the richness and texture
of recent research. Besides updating the literature on the subject, I hope that
this new edition will capture for readers the complexity of crusading studies
today. Far from being a discrete and easily defined field within medieval
history, crusading studies encapsulate the disciplinary fluidity that char-
acterises the approach of many medievalists. Archaeologists, art historians,
legal and literary scholars, liturgists, numismatists and theologians as well
as historians all contribute to a holistic view in which crusading is seen not
only as a characteristic facet of medieval society but as a motor of change.
Rather than an extraordinary activity carried out at the margins of Europe,
crusading should be understood as central to the European experience in
the Middle Ages.