Criminology: A Sociological Approach

474 Pages·2014·86.118 MB·English

by  Piers Beirne, James W. Messerschmidt

A SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACH
Sixth Edition
PIERS BEIRNE
JAMES W. MESSERSCHMI
QX}'QRD
C R I M I N O L O G Y
A SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACH
S IXT H ED IT ION
Piers Beirne
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN MAINE
James W Messerschmidt
UNIVF.RSITV OF SOlJrt·IERN MAIN!'.
NEW YO RK OXFORD
OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
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Copyright c 2015, 2011, 2006 by Piers Beirne and James W. Messerschmidt
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CIP information is on file whh the Library of Congress
ISBN-10: 0-19-933464-1
ISBN· 13: 978·0· 19·933464·3
Priming number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Printed in the United States of America
on acid-free paper
BRIEF CONTENTS
PART I INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY
1 The Problem of Crime 3
CHAPTER
2 The Measuren1ent of Crime 31
Cl I APTER
PART II CRIMINOLOGICAL THEORY
3 Inventing Criminology: Classicisn1, Posilivis1n, and Beyond 57
Cll Al'Tl~R
CllAPTER 4 Social Structure, Anomie, and Crime 81
5 Delinquent Subcultures, Subcultures of Delinquency, and the
Cll APTER
Labeling Perspectjve 103
CllAPTER 6 Social Learning Theory and Social Control Theory 141
CHAPTER 7 The Contlid Tradition 163
CllAPTER 8 Feminist and Critical Criminologies 185
PART Ill INEQUALITIES AND CRIME
CH A PTl~R 9 Inequality, Cri1ne, and Victjmization 215
10 Property Crime 239
CHAPTER
11 lnterpersonal Violence 263
c11A PTER
12 White-CollarCrime 293
C llAPTER
CllAPTER 13 PoliticalCrime 317
c 11Ar>TER 14 Comparative Criminology and Globalization 353
i Ii
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CONTENTS
LIST OF BOXES, FICLJRES, AND TABLES XV
PREFACE XV1l
ABOUT TME AUTHORS XXtL1
PART I INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY 1
CHAPTER 1 The Problem of Crime 3
Preview 3
KeyTerms 3
L 1 Images of Crime 4
Crime as a Social Problem 4
Crime and the Culture of Fear 5
Crime in the tvlass tvledia 9
Going Public: Newsn1aking Criminology and Public Cri1ninology 13
1.2 Crime, Criminal Law, aind Criminalization 14
Crime as a Legal Category J 5
Law and State 1 7
Law and Criminalization l 9
1.3 Crime as a Sociological Problem 19
Crime as a Violation of Conduct Norms 20
Crime as Social J !arm and Analogous Social Injury 20
Crime as a Violation of Rights 2 2
Crime and Deviance 23
Crime, Clobalizalion, and Global Conduct Norms 24
v
vi CONl CNH
Assessment 26
Review 27
Questions for Class Discussion 28
For Further Study 3 0
2 The Measurement of Crime
CHAPTER 31
Preview 31
KeyTenus 31
2.1 Caution: Data Do Not Speak for Themselves! 32
2.2 Official Sources of Crime Data 3 3
Police-Based Data: Uniform Crilne Repo1ts (UCR) 33
Police-Based Data: National Incident-Based Reponing System (NIBRS) 35
Evaluation of the UCR 3 6
VictimiY,ation Data: National Crime Victimization Surveys (NCVS) 47
Evaluation oft.he NCVS 43
Federal Data on \\Thite-Collar C1ime, Corporate Crime, and Internet
Crime 44
2.3 Unofficial Sources of Crilue Data 4 5
Self-Report Data 45
Life-Course Data 4 6
Life-History Data 4 7
Crin1inal Biographies 4 8
Observation Research and Participant Observation Research 4 8
Comparative and Historical Research 5 0
Assessment 57
Review 57
Official Crime Data 52
Unofficial Crime Data 52
Questions for Class Discussion 53
Web Exercises 53
For Further Study 53
PART II CRIMINOLOGICAL THEORY 55
CHAPTER 3 Inventing Criininology: Classicism, Positivism,
and Beyond
57
Preview 5 7
KeyTenus 57
Co11re111s vii
3.1 The Enlightenment and Classical Criminology 58
Beccaria: Of Crimes and Pu11L~lmienlS (1764) 59
Bentham: Punishment and the Panopticon 62
Toward the Disciplinary Society 65
3.2 The Emergence of Positivist Crin1inology 65
The Crisis of Classicism: The Dangerous Classes 6 6
QueLeleL's Social Mechanics or Crime 67
3.3 Criminal Anthropology: Lombroso's "Born Criminal" 69
Lombroso's Criminal Man (1876) 69
Goring's The English Co11vict ( 1913) 70
3.4 Neoclassical Criminology 72
Penal Dilemmas 72
Neoclassical Compromises 73
Assessment: Classicism and Positivism Today 7 4
Review 76
Questions for Class Discussion 77
For Further Study 79
CHAPTER 4 Social Structure, Anomie, and Crime Bl
Preview 81
KeyTerms Bl
4.1 Durkheim's Sociology Qf Law and Crime 82
Law and Social Solidarity 83
The NatureofCrime 84
Anomie, Egoism, and Crime 86
The Evolution of Punishment 87
Evaluation ofDurkhein1 89
4.2 Social Structure, Anomie, and Deviance 90
Merton's Typology of Modes of Individual Adaptation 91
Evaluation of Merton 93
4.3 Revised Strain Theory 94
Agnew's General Strain Theory 94
Evaluation of General Strain Theory 9 6
Messner and Rosenfeld's Institutional Anomie Theory 96
Evaluation of Institutional Anomie Theory 98
Review 99
Questions for Class Discussion 100
For Further Study 100
viii CON1 ENT~
5 Delinquent Subcultures, Subcultures of Delinquency,
CHAPTER
and the Labeling Perspective
103
Preview 103
KeyTerms 104
5.1 The Chicago School of Criminology: Social Disorganization
and Delinquency 104
Shaw and McKay's Juvenile De/inquem;y tmd Urbfln ArellS ( 1942) 106
Evaluation of the Chicago School 111
5.2 Delinquent Subcultures 113
A. K. Cohen's Delinquent Boys (1955) 113
Delinquency and Lower-Class Culture 11 6
Delinquency and Opportunity 118
Evaluation of Subcultural Theory 12 O
5.3 Matza's Deli11que11cy and Drift (1964) 121
The Positive Delinquent 121
The Subculture of Delinquency 12 2
Oe/i1u1uency and Drift 123
Evaluation of Delinque11o1:y and Drift 1 25
5.4 The Labeling Perspective 127
The Social Meaning of Deviance 1 2 8
Societal Reaction 129
Primary and Secondary Deviance 12 9
Deviance Amplification 13 O
Stigmatization 131
EvaJuation of Labeling Theo1y 13 4
Review 135
Questions for Class Discussion 13 7
For Further Study 13 8
CHAPTER 6 Social Learning Theory and Social Conlrol Theory 141
Preview 141
Key Terms 141
6.1 Differential Association 142
Eva.luation of Differential Association 14 4
6.2 Social Learning Theory I 4 4
Differential Reinforcement 14 5
Evaluation of Social Learnjng Theory 14 9
6.3 Social Control Theory 150
Evaluation of Social Control Theory 153
Co111ents Ix
6.4 Self-Control Theory 153
Cottfredson and 1-1 irsch i's Theory of Self-Control 1 53
Evaluation of Self-Control Theory J 54
6.5 Control Balance Theory 15 6
Evaluation of Conrrol B,aJance Theo1y 15 8
Review 159
Questions for Class Discussion 160
For Further Study I 61
CHAPTER 7 The Conflict Tradition 163
Preview 163
KeyTerms 163
7.1 Marxism, Law, and Crime 164
Key Concepts of Marxism 164
State and Law 166
Criminalization as a Violation of Rights 167
Crime and Demoralization 167
Evaluation of Mantism 169
7 .2 Conflict Theory 1 6 9
Crime and Criminalization 1 70
Criminal Law and Crime 173
Toward an Integrated Connict Theory 175
Evaluation of Conflict Theory 1 7 6
7.3 Radical Criminology 1 77
Left Realism 180
Evaluation of Radical Criminology 180
Review 181
Questions for Class Discussion 182
For Further Study 183
CHAPTER 8 Feminist and Critical Cri1ninologies 185
Preview 185
Key Terms 18 5
8.1 Feminist Criminologies 186
The First Phase 186
The Second Phase 191
Evaluation of Feminist Criminologies 194
8.2 Critical Criminologies 1 95
Constitutive Criminology 195