Coralline algae, a first synthesis

250 Pages·2018·52.05 MB·English

by  Johansen

Coralline Algae,
A First Synthesis
Author
H.W. Johansen, Ph.D.
Associate Professor of Botany
Department of Biology
Clark University
Worcester, Massachusetts
Boca Raton London New York
CRC Press is an imprint of the
Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
First published 1981 by CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
Reissued 2018 by CRC Press
© 1981 by CRC Press, Inc.
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government works
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish
reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the
consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this
publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has
not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form
by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording,
or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://www.copyright.
com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-
for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy
license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged.
Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and
explanation without intent to infringe.
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Johansen, H William.
Coralline algae, a first synthesis
Bibliography: p.
Includes index.
1. Corallinaceae. I . Title.
QK569.C8J64 589.4’1 80-14028
ISBN 0-8493-5261-4
A Library of Congress record exists under LC control number: 80014028
Publisher’s Note
The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original copies
may be apparent.
Disclaimer
The publisher has made every effort to trace copyright holders and welcomes correspondence from those they have been unable to
contact.
ISBN 13: 978-1-315-89182-8 (hbk)
ISBN 13: 978-1-351-07092-8 (ebk)
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the
CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com
PREFACE
As the title implies, this book is a first step at pulling together the voluminous but
scattered information on coralline algae. Much can be said about these omnipresent
plants of the sea, and the purpose here is to provide a coherent framework of data
and discussion. This si the time to make this step, because research on coralline algae
si now resulting in a surge of papers. What was once a rather neglected group of
seaweeds si now becoming relatively well-known. Marine biologists are rapidly recog-
nizing the important role that coralline algae play in the sea. And, the old idea that
coralline algae are an extraordinarily difficult group to work with si also being dis-
pelled.
More than most other seaweed groups, the Corallinaceae are well-defined. Hence,
it si easy to scan papers and quickly pick out information on this group. There are
two types of papers: those in which the research is focused on corallinea lgae and those
in which data on these algae are part of a larger whole. A great deal of important
literature was published from 1700 to the early 1900s. I have incorporated some of
this, that which seems pertinent, especially in the chapter on taxonomy, but many
others have been excluded. Rather, the aim of this book is to give a state-of-the-art
presentation and to emphasize recent publications. Therefore, 1 have included asm uch
information as possible upt oa nd including 1979.
Another facet that reflects the well-defined status of the coralline family si the spec-
ialized vocabulary that has crept into use. 1 hope the glossary will help in this regard.
This book is aimed at marine biologists in general, and I have tried to keep the
writing such that nonphycologists will not have undue difficulty with it. It is true,
however, thats ome chapters, for example those on interal structures and reproduction,
will bem ostu nderstandable by phycologists.
In selecting chapter topics I kept in mind coralline algae- the plants. tA the same
time I recognize that of the wider interest to marine biologists si the role that these
plants play in the seas. Hence, the 12 chapters form 3 groups: (1) plant structure and
organization, (2) ecology, and (3) taxonomy and phylogeny. Hopefully, there is an
approximately even distribution in these three areas. Coverage in the area of physiol-
ogy si lacking, however. The closest this book comes to physiology si in Chapter 6,
on calcification - a must with corallinael gae.
Many people have helped with this book, both in reading for content and grammar,
and in logistics, such as typing, drawing, and procuring publications. 1 thank the fol-
lowing people for reading parts of the manuscript or for exchanging ideas about cor-
alline algae with me: W. H. Adey, V. Ahmadjian, H. Akioka, W. Andrake, L. F.
Austin, E. A. Boger, M. A. Borowitzka, J. J. Brink, J. Cabioch, Y. M. Chamberlain,
M. Chihara, B. J. Colthart, G. F. Elliot, D. J. Garbary, B. T. Gittins, M. H. Hom-
mersand, S. E. Johnson, L. Irvine, P. A. Lebednik, M. Lemoine, M. M. Littler, T.
Masaki, P. J. Matty, R. E. Meslin, J. D. Milliman, J. N. Norris, R. F. Nunnemacher,
R. B. Searles, P. C. Silva, R. A. Townsend and W. J. Woelkerling. And there are
surely others that I have inadvertently omitted. In spite of their help, it is possible that
there are errors in the text, and for these I am fully responsible.
Many thanks go to Elizabeth M. Rogers and Inis C. Cook, as well as Terry Rey-
nolds, Rene Baril, Teri McCall, and Roxanne Rawson of the Secretarial Pool, Clark
University, for hours of tedious typing. Thanks also go to R. B. Parker, R. E. Leven-
baum, Irene W. Walch, and Marion Henderson for help with illustrations and refer-
ences. The Cooperation of CRC Press is much appreciated: Lisa Levine Eggenberger,
Benita Budd Segraves, and B. J. Starkoff. The initial days of work on this book in a
lovely Montana cabin were possible because of Sylvia and Neil R. Schroeder, and S.
S. Cook, Jr. (Bud).
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to G. F. Papenfuss for starting me off
on my study of coralline algae and for his continued interest. Much credit also goes
to my family, Eric J., Brian F., Edith L., and Fredrik Johansen, as well as to Frances
L. Pedusey, Carolee A. Virgilio, and Barbara J. Johansen for their understanding and
support duringt he years when I was devoted to studying plants of the sea.
H. W. nesnahoJ
THAEU THOR
H. William Johansen, Ph. D., is Associate Professor of Botany, Clark University,
Worcester, MA. He obtained a B. A. degree from San Jose State University, an M.A.
Degree from San Franciso State University ni 1961, and a Ph.D. degree from the Uni-
versity of California in Berkeley in 1966. From 6691 to 8691 he had an N.I.H. post-
doctoral fellowship, part of which was spent in South Africa and Europe, and part ni
Berkeley. From 8691 to the present, he has held a position at Clark University in the
Department of Biology.
Dr. Johansen has been actively involved in teaching plant and marine-oriented
courses. His research deals with coralline algae, particularly systematics and ecology.
Recently he has traveled to the Gulf of California, Japan, and Canada to study these
algae.
He si a member of the American Association for the Advancement fo Science, the
International Phycological Society, the American Phycological Society, the British
Phycological Society, SigmXai , and the Western Society of Naturalists.
Since his career ni research began, Dr. Johansen has published more than 03 papers
and abstracts, mostly on coralline algae. Coralline Algae, A First Synthesis si his first
book.
Thibso ok si dedicated to
my parents, Edith and Fredrik and
my sons, Eric and thel ate Brian.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1
ScopeandDiversity ........................................................ 1
Introduction .............................................................. 1
Basicstructure ............................................................ 1
Roleintheoceans ......................................................... 8
Classification ............................................................ I0
Sunimary ................................................................ 10
Chapter 2
evitategeV Cytology ....................................................... 13
Introduction ............................................................. 13
Cellwalls ............................................................... 13
Primary Pit.Connections ................................................... 16
Secondary Pit.Connections ................................................. 16
CellFusions .............................................................. 19
Nuclei ................................................................... 20
Organellesand Inclusions .................................................. 20
SporeGermination ........................................................ 23
Sporeling Growth and Development ......................................... 25
Meristems ............................................................... 27
Epithallia ................................................................ 29
TrichocytesandMegacells .................................................. 33
Summary ................................................................ 36
Chapter 3
erutcurtS of enillaroC detalucitranoN Algae ................................... 39
Introduction ............................................................. 39
Lithophylloideae .......................................................... 41
Lithophyllum Series ....................................................... 42
Dermatolithon Series ...................................................... 42
Mastophoroideae and Melobesioideae ........................................ 44
Thincrusts .............................................................. 44
Ribbon Corallines ......................................................... 46
Thickcrusts ............................................................. 47
Unattached CorallineA lgae ................................................ 48
Epiphytic CorallineA lgae .................................................. 48
Parasitic CorallineA lgae ................................................... 52
Summary ................................................................ 55
Chapter 4
erutcurtS of enillaroC detalucitrA Algae ...................................... 57
Introduction ............................................................. 57
Corallinoideae ............................................................ 57
Intergenicula ............................................................. 57
Genicula ................................................................. 60
Branching ............................................................... 63
FrondInitiation .......................................................... 65
Amphiroideae ............................................................ 66
Amphiroa ............................................................... 67
Genicula ................................................................. 68
Lithothrix ............................................................... 72
......................................................
Metagoniolithoideae 74
Summary ................................................................ 76
Chapter 5
Reproduction ............................................................ 79
Introduction ............................................................. 79
Vegetative Reproduction ................................................... 79
Conceptacles ............................................................. 79
TetrasporangialC onceptacles ............................................... 84
Tetrasporangia and Bisporangia ............................................. 19
MaleConceptacles ........................................................ 92
Spermatangia ............................................................ 97
Carpogonia .............................................................. 98
Carposporophytes ................................................... 101
LifeHistories ........................................................... 106
Summary ............................................................... 108
Chapter 6
Calcification ............................................................ 111
lntroduction ............................................................ 111
Cell Wall composition ................................................... 111
The Calcification Process ................................................. 112
Summary ............................................................... 117
Chapter 7
Phytogeography ......................................................... 119
Introduction ............................................................ 119
Cold Northwestern Atlantic ............................................... 119
Cold Northeastern Atlantic ............................................... 124
Cold Northwestern Pacific ................................................ 127
Cold Northeastern Pacific ................................................ 129
TropicalRegions ........................................................ 129
Below 30" South Latitude ................................................. 133
Summary ............................................................... 133
Chapter 8
Growth and Environment ................................................. 135
Introduction ............................................................ 135
Sporeasn d Substrates .................................................... 135
Seasonality ............................................................. 136
Temperature ............................................................ 137
Light .................................................................. 138
Desiccation ............................................................. 139
WaterMotion ........................................................... 140
Seawater Ingredients ..................................................... 142
BioticInteractions ....................................................... 143
Summary ............................................................... 147
Chapter 9
Production ............................................................. 149
Introduction ............................................................ 14 9
Growth Rates ........................................................... 149
Colonization and Succession .............................................. 150
OrganicProduction ...................................................... 151
InorganicProduction .................................................... 152
Unattached Coralline Algae ............................................... 153
FateoftheCalcite ....................................................... 154
Summary ............................................................... 157
Chapter 10
feeR Building ........................................................... 159
Introduction ............................................................ 159
Basic Reef Structure ..................................................... 159
Grazing and Coralline Development ........................................ 161
Indo-Pacific Reefs ....................................................... 162
Porolithon in the Pacific .................................................. 163
CaribbeanReefs ......................................................... 164
Coralline Ridge-Formers in theC aribbean ................................... 168
Summary ............................................................... 170
Chapter 1 1
Coralline Fossil Algae .................................................... 173
Introduction ............................................................ 173
Solenoporaceae ......................................................... 173
Ancestral Coralline Algae ................................................. 175
Appearance of theC orallinaceae ........................................... 176
Summary ............................................................... 177
Chapter 12
Taxonomy .............................................................. 179
Introduction ............................................................ 179
History ................................................................ 179
Recognizing the Genera ................................................... 183
Current Schemes of Classification .......................................... 187
Adaptations in Coralline Algae ............................................ 188
Summary ............................................................... 191
References .............................................................. 193
Glossary ............................................................... 209
Appendix1 ............................................................. 215
Appendix2 ............................................................. 225
Index .................................................................. 227