Table Of Content

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2005 by Holt, Rinehart and Winston All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Requests for permission to make copies of any part of the work should be mailed to the following address: Permissions Department, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 10801 N. MoPac Expressway, Building 3, Austin, Texas 78759. CNN is a registered trademark and CNN STUDENT NEWS is a trademark of Cable News Network LP, LLLP, an AOL Time Warner Company. Current Science is a registered trademark of Weekly Reader Corporation. The SciLinks trademark and service are owned and provided by the National Science Teachers Association. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America ISBN 0-03-021282-0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 048 08 07 06 05 04 Contributing Authors Katy Z. Allen Science Writer Wayland, Massachusetts Linda Ruth Berg, Ph.D. Adjunct Professor Natural Sciences St. Petersburg College St. Petersburg, Florida Kathleen Meehan Berry Science Chairman Canon-McMillan School District Canonsburg, Pennsylvania Leila Dumas Former Physics Teacher Austin, Texas Robert H. Fronk, Ph.D. Professor Science and Mathematics Education Department Florida Institute of Technology Melbourne, Florida Mary Kay Hemenway, Ph.D. Research Associate and Senior Lecturer Department of Astronomy The University of Texas at Austin Austin, Texas Kathleen Kaska Former Life and Earth Science Teacher and Science Department Chair William G. Lamb, Ph.D. Winningstad Chair in the Physical Sciences Oregon Episcopal School Portland, Oregon Peter E. Malin, Ph.D. Professor of Geology Division of Earth and Ocean Sciences Duke University Durham, North Carolina Karen J. Meech, Ph.D. Astronomer Institute for Astronomy University of Hawaii Honolulu, Hawaii Robert J. Sager, M.S., J.D., L.G. Coordinator and Professor of Earth Science Pierce College Lakewood, Washington North Carolina Teacher Consultants Pamela B. Heath Director of Middle Grades Education Lenoir County Public Schools Kinston, North Carolina James Thomas Heldreth III Science Teacher Eastern Guilford Middle School Gibsonville, North Carolina Brian Herndon Instructional Specialist Gaston County Schools Gastonia, North Carolina Dorothea Holley Teacher Southwest Middle School Charlotte, North Carolina Larry Hollis Earth and Environmental Science Teacher Southwest Middle School Charlotte, North Carolina Beverly Lyons Science Teacher and Department Chair Hanes Middle School Winston-Salem, North Carolina Donna Roberts Science Teacher Concord Middle School Concord, North Carolina Patricia Sherron- Underwood K–8 Math and Science Curriculum Specialist Curriculum and Instruction Department Randolph County School District Asheboro, North Carolina Carolyn Woolsey Science Teacher Southwest Middle School Charlotte, North Carolina Inclusion Specialists Karen Clay Inclusion Specialist Consultant Boston, Massachusetts Ellen McPeek Glisan Special Needs Consultant San Antonio, Texas Safety Reviewer Jack Gerlovich, Ph.D. Associate Professor School of Education Drake University Des Moines, Iowa Academic Reviewers Glenn Adelson Instructor Biology Undergraduate Program Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts David M. Armstrong, Ph.D. Professor Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado Kenneth H. Brink, Ph.D. Senior Scientist and Physical Oceanography Director Coastal Ocean Institute and Rinehart Coastal Research Center Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Woods Hole, Massachusetts Acknowledgments Acknowledgments continued on page 747 ii Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. UNIT 1 UNIT 2 UNIT 3 UNIT 4 UNIT 5 UNIT 6 Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. iii Chapter 1 Science in Our World ....................................................... 2 The Earth in Transition........................................ 36 Chapter 2 Minerals of the Earth’s Crust ........................................ 38 Chapter 3 Rocks: Mineral Mixtures ................................................ 62 Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics ................................................................. 94 Chapter 5 Earthquakes.................................................................... 128 Chapter 6 Volcanoes........................................................................ 154 Reshaping the Earth........................................... 180 Chapter 7 Weathering and Soil Formation................................. 182 Chapter 8 Agents of Erosion and Deposition............................. 216 Our Solar System ................................................ 246 Chapter 9 Earth, Sun, and Moon.................................................. 248 Chapter 10 Formation of the Solar System ................................... 274 Chapter 11 A Family of Planets ....................................................... 306 Chapter 12 Exploring Space ............................................................. 342 Energy on the Move............................................ 376 Chapter 13 Energy and Energy Resources ..................................... 378 Chapter 14 Temperature and Heat.................................................. 412 Waves, Sound, and Light................................ 438 Chapter 15 The Energy of Waves ................................................... 440 Chapter 16 The Nature of Sound .................................................... 466 Chapter 17 The Nature of Light ...................................................... 498 Populations and the Environment ............ 530 Chapter 18 Interactions of Living Things ..................................... 532 Chapter 19 Cycling of Matter .......................................................... 560 Chapter 20 Environmental Problems and Solutions................... 588 Chapter 21 The Evolution of Living Things ................................. 612 Contents in Brief Contents Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. UNIT 1 1 2 The Earth in Transition TIMELINE............................................................36 Contents Safety First! ................................................................................... xxvi iv Contents CHAPTER Science in Our World ............................. 2 SECTION 1 Science and Scientists ................................................ 4 SECTION 2 Scientifi c Methods ................................................... 10 SECTION 3 Scientifi c Models ...................................................... 18 SECTION 4 Tools, Measurement, and Safety .......................... 22 Chapter Lab Model Making Using Scientifi c Methods ........................ 28 Chapter Review .................................................................................. 30 Standardized Test Preparation ...................................................... 32 Science in Action ................................................................................ 34 Science, Technology, and Society A “Ship” That Flips? Weird Science It’s Raining Fish and Frogs Careers Sue Hendrickson: Paleontologist CHAPTER Minerals of the Earth’s Crust .......... 38 SECTION 1 What Is a Mineral? ................................................... 40 SECTION 2 Identifying Minerals ................................................ 44 SECTION 3 The Formation, Mining, and Use of Minerals ................................................. 48 Chapter Lab Skills Practice Is It Fool’s Gold? A Dense Situation ....... 54 Chapter Review .................................................................................. 56 Standardized Test Preparation ...................................................... 58 Science in Action ................................................................................ 60 Science Fiction “The Metal Man” Weird Science Wieliczka Salt Mine People in Science Jamie Hill: The Emerald Man Skills Practice Mysterious Minerals ........................ 642 Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 3 4 v CHAPTER Rocks: Mineral Mixtures .................... 62 SECTION 1 The Rock Cycle ......................................................... 64 SECTION 2 Igneous Rock ............................................................. 72 SECTION 3 Sedimentary Rock .................................................... 76 SECTION 4 Metamorphic Rock .................................................. 80 Chapter Lab Skills Practice Let’s Get Sedimental .............................. 86 Chapter Review .................................................................................. 88 Standardized Test Preparation ...................................................... 90 Science in Action ................................................................................ 92 Science, Technology, and Society The Moai of Easter Island Scientifi c Discoveries Shock Metamorphism Careers Robert L. Folk: Petrologist Skills Practice Crystal Growth ............................... 644 Model Making Metamorphic Mash ........................ 647 CHAPTER Plate Tectonics ......................................... 94 SECTION 1 Inside the Earth ........................................................ 96 SECTION 2 Restless Continents ............................................... 104 SECTION 3 The Theory of Plate Tectonics ............................ 108 SECTION 4 Deforming the Earth’s Crust ............................... 112 Chapter Lab Model Making Convection Connection ........................ 120 Chapter Review ................................................................................ 122 Standardized Test Preparation .................................................... 124 Science in Action .............................................................................. 126 Science, Technology, and Society Using Satellites to Track Plate Motion Scientifi c Discoveries Megaplumes People in Science Alfred Wegener: Continental Drift Model Making Oh, the Pressure! ......................... 648 Contents Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 5 6 vi CHAPTER Earthquakes ............................................ 128 SECTION 1 What Are Earthquakes? ........................................ 130 SECTION 2 Earthquake Measurement .................................... 136 SECTION 3 Earthquakes and Society ...................................... 140 Chapter Lab Inquiry Quake Challenge ............................................. 146 Chapter Review ................................................................................ 148 Standardized Test Preparation .................................................... 150 Science in Action .............................................................................. 152 Weird Science Can Animals Predict Earthquakes? Science, Technology, and Society San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD) Careers Hiroo Kanamori: Seismologist Skills Practice Earthquake Waves ......................... 651 CHAPTER Volcanoes ................................................. 154 SECTION 1 Volcanic Eruptions ................................................ 156 SECTION 2 Effects of Volcanic Eruptions .............................. 162 SECTION 3 Causes of Volcanic Eruptions ............................. 166 Chapter Lab Skills Practice Volcano Verdict .................................... 172 Chapter Review ................................................................................ 174 Standardized Test Preparation .................................................... 176 Science in Action .............................................................................. 178 Science, Technology, and Society Fighting Lava with Fire Hoses Weird Science Pele’s Hair Careers Tina Neal: Volcanologist Skills Practice Some Go “Pop,” Some Do Not ....... 653 Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. UNIT 2 7 8 Contents vii Reshaping the Earth TIMELINE....................................................... 180 CHAPTER Weathering and Soil Formation 182 SECTION 1 Weathering .............................................................. 184 SECTION 2 Rates of Weathering .............................................. 190 SECTION 3 From Bedrock to Soil ............................................. 194 SECTION 4 Soil Conservation ................................................... 202 Chapter Lab Model Making Rockin’ Through Time .......................... 208 Chapter Review ................................................................................ 210 Standardized Test Preparation .................................................... 212 Science in Action .............................................................................. 214 Science, Technology, and Society Flying Fertilizer Scientifi c Discoveries Strange Soil People in Science J. David Bamberger: Habitat Restoration Skills Practice Great Ice Escape..............................655 CHAPTER Agents of Erosion and Deposition ....................................... 216 SECTION 1 Shoreline Erosion and Deposition .................... 218 SECTION 2 Wind Erosion and Deposition ............................ 224 SECTION 3 Erosion and Deposition by Ice ........................... 228 SECTION 4 The Effect of Gravity on Erosion and Deposition ....................................................... 234 Chapter Lab Model Making Gliding Glaciers .................................... 238 Chapter Review ................................................................................ 240 Standardized Test Preparation .................................................... 242 Science in Action .............................................................................. 244 Weird Science Long-Runout Landslides Scientifi c Discoveries The Lost Squadron Careers Johan Reinhard: High-Altitude Anthropologist Model Making Dune Movement ............................ 656 Skills Practice Creating a Kettle ............................. 657 Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. UNIT 3 9 10 viii Contents Our Solar System TIMELINE....................................................... 246 CHAPTER Earth, Sun, and Moon........................ 248 SECTION 1 Planetary Motion .................................................... 250 SECTION 2 Days and Seasons on Earth .................................. 254 SECTION 3 Lunar Cycles............................................................. 258 SECTION 4 Tides, the Sun, and the Moon ............................. 262 Chapter Lab Skills Practice Through the Looking Glass ................... 266 Chapter Review ................................................................................ 268 Standardized Test Preparation .................................................... 270 Science in Action .............................................................................. 272 Science, Technology, and Society Light Pollution Science Fiction “Why I Left Harry’s All-Night Hamburgers” People in Science Janis Davis-Street: NASA Nutritionist Model Making Eclipses ........................................... 658 Skills Practice Phases of the Moon........................ 659 CHAPTER Formation of the Solar System .. 274 SECTION 1 Galaxies .................................................................... 276 SECTION 2 A Solar System Is Born .......................................... 282 SECTION 3 The Sun: Our Very Own Star ............................... 286 SECTION 4 The Earth Takes Shape .......................................... 292 Chapter Lab Skills Practice How Far Is the Sun? ............................. 298 Chapter Review ............................................................................... 300 Standardized Test Preparation .................................................... 302 Science in Action .............................................................................. 304 Science, Technology, and Society Don’t Look at the Sun! Scientifi c Discoveries The Oort Cloud People in Science Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar: From White Dwarfs to Black Holes Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 11 12 ix Contents CHAPTER A Family of Planets .......................... 306 SECTION 1 The Nine Planets .................................................... 308 SECTION 2 The Inner Planets ................................................... 312 SECTION 3 The Outer Planets .................................................. 318 SECTION 4 Moons ....................................................................... 324 SECTION 5 Small Bodies in the Solar System ....................... 328 Chapter Lab Inquiry Create a Calendar ............................................ 334 Chapter Review ................................................................................ 336 Standardized Test Preparation .................................................... 338 Science in Action .............................................................................. 340 Science Fiction “The Mad Moon” Scientifi c Debate Is Pluto a Planet? Careers Adriana C. Ocampo: Planetary Geologist Model Making Why Do They Wander? ................. 660 CHAPTER Exploring Space ................................... 342 SECTION 1 Rocket Science ......................................................... 344 SECTION 2 Artifi cial Satellites .................................................. 348 SECTION 3 Space Probes ............................................................ 354 SECTION 4 People in Space ....................................................... 360 Chapter Lab Inquiry Water Rockets Save the Day! .......................... 368 Chapter Review ................................................................................ 370 Standardized Test Preparation .................................................... 372 Science in Action .............................................................................. 374 Science, Technology, and Society Mission to Mars Weird Science Flashline Mars Arctic Research Station Careers Franklin Chang-Diaz: Astronaut Model Making Reach for the Stars ........................ 662 Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. UNIT 4 13 14 Contents x Contents Energy on the Move TIMELINE....................................................... 376 CHAPTER Energy and Energy Resources ... 378 SECTION 1 What Is Energy? ...................................................... 380 SECTION 2 Energy Conversions ............................................... 388 SECTION 3 Conservation of Energy ........................................ 394 SECTION 4 Energy Resources .................................................... 398 Chapter Lab Skills Practice Finding Energy .................................... 404 Chapter Review ............................................................................... 406 Standardized Test Preparation .................................................... 408 Science in Action .............................................................................. 410 Science, Technology, and Society Underwater Jet Engines Scientifi c Discoveries E = mc 2 Careers Cheryl Mele: Power-Plant Manager Skills Practice Energy of a Pendulum .................. 664 CHAPTER Temperature and Heat .................... 412 SECTION 1 Temperature ............................................................. 414 SECTION 2 What Is Heat? .......................................................... 422 Chapter Lab Skills Practice Feel the Heat ....................................... 430 Chapter Review ................................................................................ 432 Standardized Test Preparation .................................................... 434 Science in Action .............................................................................. 436 Scientifi c Discoveries The Deep Freeze Science, Technology, and Society DiAPLEX®: The Intelligent Fabric Careers Michael Reynolds: Earthship Architect Inquiry Save the Cube! .......................................... 665 Model Making Counting Calories .......................... 666 Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. UNIT 5 15 16 Contents xi Waves, Sound, and Light TIMELINE....................................................... 438 CHAPTER The Energy of Waves ....................... 440 SECTION 1 The Nature of Waves ............................................. 442 SECTION 2 Properties of Waves ............................................... 448 SECTION 3 Wave Interactions .................................................. 452 Chapter Lab Skills Practice Wave Energy and Speed ...................... 458 Chapter Review ................................................................................ 460 Standardized Test Preparation .................................................... 462 Science in Action ............................................................................. 464 Science, Technology, and Society The Ultimate Telescope Scientifi c Discoveries The Wave Nature of Light Careers Estela Zavala: Ultrasonographer Skills Practice Wave Speed, Frequency, and Wavelength .................................................... 667 CHAPTER The Nature of Sound ........................ 466 SECTION 1 What Is Sound? ...................................................... 468 SECTION 2 Properties of Sound ............................................... 474 SECTION 3 Interactions of Sound Waves .............................. 480 SECTION 4 Sound Quality ......................................................... 486 Chapter Lab Skills Practice Easy Listening ...................................... 490 Chapter Review ................................................................................ 492 Standardized Test Preparation .................................................... 494 Science in Action .............................................................................. 496 Scientifi c Discoveries Jurassic Bark Science Fiction “Ear” Careers Adam Dudley: Sound Engineer Inquiry The Speed of Sound .................................. 669 Skills Practice Tuneful Tube .................................. 670 Skills Practice The Energy of Sound ..................... 671 Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 17 UNIT 6 18 CHAPTER The Nature of Light .......................... 498 SECTION 1 What Is Light? ......................................................... 500 SECTION 2 Interactions of Light Waves ................................ 504 SECTION 3 Light and Color ...................................................... 512 SECTION 4 Light and Sight ....................................................... 518 Chapter Lab Skills Practice Mixing Colors ....................................... 522 Chapter Review ................................................................................ 524 Standardized Test Preparation .................................................... 526 Science in Action .............................................................................. 528 Weird Science Firefl ies Light the Way Science, Technology, and Society It’s a Heat Wave People in Science Albert Einstein: A Light Pioneer Skills Practice What Color of Light Is Best for Green Plants? ......................................... 673 Skills Practice Which Color Is Hottest? ................. 674 Populations and the Environment TIMELINE....................................................... 530 CHAPTER Interactions of Living Things ..... 532 SECTION 1 Everything Is Connected .................................... 534 SECTION 2 Living Things Need Energy ................................. 538 SECTION 3 Types of Interactions ............................................ 544 Chapter Lab Skills Practice Capturing the Wild Bean ...................... 552 Chapter Review ................................................................................ 554 Standardized Test Preparation .................................................... 556 Science in Action .............................................................................. 558 Scientifi c Debate How Did Dogs Become Pets? Weird Science Follicle Mites Careers Dalton Dockery: Horticulture Specialist Model Making Adaptation: It’s a Way of Life ......... 675 Contents xii Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 19 20 xiii Contents CHAPTER Cycling of Matter ............................... 560 SECTION 1 The Water, Nitrogen, and Carbon Cycles ....... 562 SECTION 2 Ecological Succession ........................................... 566 SECTION 3 Photosynthesis ........................................................ 570 SECTION 4 Responding to the Environment ....................... 574 Chapter Lab Skills Practice Nitrogen Needs ..................................... 580 Chapter Review ................................................................................ 582 Standardized Test Preparation .................................................... 584 Science in Action .............................................................................. 586 Science, Technology, and Society Desalination Weird Science The Dead Zone Careers Michael Fan: Wastewater Manager Model Making A Passel o’ Pioneers ...................... 677 CHAPTER Environmental Problems and Solutions ..........................................588 SECTION 1 Environmental Problems .................................... 590 SECTION 2 Environmental Solutions ..................................... 596 Chapter Lab Inquiry Biodiversity—What a Disturbing Thought! ...... 604 Chapter Review ............................................................................... 606 Standardized Test Preparation ................................................... 608 Science in Action .............................................................................. 610 Scientifi c Debate Where Should the Wolves Roam? Science, Technology, and Society Hydrogen-Fueled Automobiles People in Science Phil McCrory: Hairy Oil Spills Skills Practice Deciding About Environmental Issues..............................................679 Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 21 xiv Contents CHAPTER The Evolution of Living Things ... 612 SECTION 1 Change over Time ................................................. 614 SECTION 2 How Does Evolution Happen? .......................... 622 SECTION 3 Natural Selection in Action ................................ 628 Chapter Lab Inquiry Survival of the Chocolates ............................... 632 Chapter Review ................................................................................ 634 Standardized Test Preparation .................................................... 636 Science in Action .............................................................................. 638 Science, Technology, and Society Seed Banks Science Fiction “The Anatomy Lesson” People in Science Raymond Pierotti: Canine Evolution Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. xv ................................................................................. 640 Appendix ..................................................................................... 681 Reading Check Answers .................................................................. 682 Study Skills ...................................................................................... 688 SI Measurement .............................................................................. 694 Temperature Scales ......................................................................... 695 Measuring Skills ............................................................................... 696 Scientifi c Methods ............................................................................ 697 Making Charts and Graphs .............................................................. 699 Math Refresher ................................................................................ 702 Physical Science Laws and Equations ............................................. 706 Properties of Common Minerals ...................................................... 708 Sky Maps .......................................................................................... 710 Glossary ....................................................................................... 712 Spanish Glossary .................................................................. 719 Index ............................................................................................... 727 Contents