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Fascinating Life Sciences Vincent L. Bels Anthony P. Russell Editors Convergent Evolution Animal Form and Function Fascinating Life Sciences Thisinterdisciplinaryseriesbringstogetherthemostessentialandcaptivatingtopics in the life sciences. They range from the plant sciences to zoology, from the microbiome to macrobiome, and from basic biology to biotechnology. The series not only highlights fascinating research; it also discusses major challenges associ- ated with the life sciences and related disciplines and outlines future research directions. Individual volumes provide in-depth information, are richly illustrated withphotographs,illustrations,andmaps,andfeaturesuggestionsforfurtherreading orglossarieswhereappropriate. Interested researchers in all areas of the life sciences, as well as biology enthu- siasts, will find the series’ interdisciplinary focus and highly readable volumes especiallyappealing. (cid:129) Vincent L. Bels Anthony P. Russell Editors Convergent Evolution Animal Form and Function Editors VincentL.Bels AnthonyP.Russell InstituteofSystematics, DepartmentofBiologicalSciences Evolution,Biodiversity,ISYEB–UMR UniversityofCalgary 7205–CNRS/MNHN/EPHE/UA Calgary,AB,Canada NationalMuseumofNaturalHistory SorbonneUniversity Paris,France ISSN2509-6745 ISSN2509-6753 (electronic) FascinatingLifeSciences ISBN978-3-031-11440-3 ISBN978-3-031-11441-0 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11441-0 ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNatureSwitzerland AG2023 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whether thewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseof illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors, and the editorsare safeto assume that the adviceand informationin this bookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsor theeditorsgiveawarranty,expressedorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforany errorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictional claimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. Frontcoverphotos:Paraxeruscepapi©GrégoireBoulinguez-Ambroise,Loxodontaafricana©Grégoire Boulinguez-Ambroise,Atelesgeoffroyi©FlorenceKirchhoff,Ailurusfulgens©FlorenceKirchhoff. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Theeditorswishtodedicatethisvolumetothe memory of Professor David Wake (July 8, 1936–April 29, 2021) who was a source of inspiration in initiating this volume on convergent evolution. Preface Convergence is a concept of paramount importance for explaining similarities, across all length scales (from macroscopic to the nanometer level) between organ- ismswhosesimilaritiescannotbeattributedtothesharingoffeaturesduetocommon ancestry.Theinvestigationofevolutionaryconvergenceisconductedinavarietyof waysandemploysvariousmethodological,technical,andconceptualapproaches. Theideaforthisbook,whichfocusesonconvergenceoffunctionalapproachesto environmental challenges, was spurred by the plethora of studies that explore this phenomenon from the perspective of pattern, process, or both. Our aim is not to provideacatalogueofthethousandsofexamples ofbiological convergencebutto provide thoroughly considered examples at several levels within the taxonomic hierarchy of animals, both extant and extinct. Since the 1980s, functional conver- gencehasbeenamajorfocusofinvestigatorsseekingtounderstandhoworganisms respond to their invasion of new habitats or to changing environmental conditions overevolutionarilylongspansoftime. We are extremely grateful to the many authors who have contributed to this volume. They have provided fascinating insights into the extent of convergence between distantly related organisms and the role that phylogenetic history plays in the structural responses to major challenges imposed by the environment. We are also greatly appreciative of the selfless contributions made by reviewers of each chapter who devoted their time and energy to improving the chapters. We are particularly grateful to P. Aerts, A. Bauer, Ch. Boehmer, C. D’Août, Ph. Cox, P. Flammang, P. Gignac, S. Gorb, E. Heiss, O. Lambert, D. Schmitt, M. Segal, R.Tague,C.Turcotte,S.VanWassenberg,andA.Werth. Paris,France VincentL.Bels Calgary,AB,Cananda AnthonyP.Russell vii Contents 1 TheConceptofConvergentEvolutionandItsRelationship totheUnderstandingofFormandFunction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 VincentL.BelsandAnthonyP.Russell 2 OdonatopteranApproachestotheChallengesofFlight: ConvergenceofResponsesSubjecttoaCommonSet ofMorphologicalConstraints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 AndréNelandBertrandPiney 3 DiggingUpConvergenceinFossorialRodents:Insights intoBurrowingActivityandMorpho-Functional SpecializationsoftheMasticatoryApparatus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 HelderGomesRodrigues,RadimŠumbera,LionelHautier, andAnthonyHerrel 4 TestingforConvergentEvolutioninBaleenWhaleCochleae. . . . . 65 TravisPark,EricG.Ekdale,RachelA.Racicot,andFelixG.Marx 5 TheSacro-IliacJointoftheFelidaeandCanidaeandTheir LargeUngulatePrey:AnExampleofDivergenceand Convergence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Jean-PierrePallandre,FranckLavenne,EricPellé,KatiaOrtiz, andVincentL.Bels 6 AquaticFeedinginLissamphibia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 EgonHeissandPatrickLemell 7 ConvergenceofAquaticFeedingModesintheSauropsida (Crocodiles,Birds,Lizards,Snakesand,Turtles). . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 EgonHeiss,PaulM.Gignac,LauraB.Porro,andPatrickLemell ix x Contents 8 ConvergentEvolutionofSecondarilyAquaticFeeding inMammals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 AlexanderJ.WerthandChristopherD.Marshall 9 SolutionstoaStickyProblem:ConvergenceoftheAdhesive SystemsofGeckosandAnoles(Reptilia:Squamata). . . . . . . . . . . . 221 AnthonyP.RussellandAustinM.Garner 10 ConvergentEvolutionofAnimalAdhesivePads. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 ThiesH.BüscherandStanislavN.Gorb 11 ConvergenceofArborealLocomotorSpecialization: MorphologicalandBehavioralSolutionsforMovement onNarrowandCompliantSupports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 JesseW.Young 12 ConvergentEvolutionofManualandPedalGrasping CapabilitiesinTetrapods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 EmmanuellePouydebat,GrégoireBoulinguez-Ambroise, AdrianaManzano,VirginiaAbdala,andDiegoSustaita 13 ConvergenceinGlidingAnimals:Morphology, Behavior,andMechanics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391 PranavC.Khandelwal,ShaneD.Ross,HaiboDong, andJohnJ.Socha 14 ConvergenceofBipedalLocomotion:WhyWalkorRun onOnlyTwoLegs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431 FrançoisDruelle,AnickAbourachid, MeneliaVasilopoulou-Kampitsi,andPeterAerts 15 AquaticLocomotion:EnvironmentalConstraintsThatDrive ConvergentEvolution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477 FrankE.Fish 16 ConvergentEvolutionofAttachmentMechanismsinAquatic Animals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523 JérômeDelroisse,VictorKang,AnaïdGouveneaux, RomanaSantos,andPatrickFlammang 17 ConvergentEvolution:TheoryandPracticeforBioinspiration. . . . 559 ChrisBroeckhovenandAntonduPlessis 18 ConclusionandPerspectives:WhatConvergentEvolution ofAnimalFormsandFunctionsSaysAboutthePredictability ofEvolution. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. 581 PaulS.Katz Chapter 1 The Concept of Convergent Evolution and Its Relationship to the Understanding of Form and Function VincentL.BelsandAnthonyP.Russell Withinthefieldofevolutionarybiology,divergenceandconvergencearetwomajor phenomena that have helped shape the diversity and disparity of the Earth’s biota throughout the history of life. Exploration of them has contributed to the interpre- tation of dissimilarities (divergence) and similarities (convergence) in organismic form,functionandbehaviouratvarioushierarchicallevelsandhowtheyfavour,in some fashion, the emergence of optimal traits via natural and/or sexual selection acrossthefullspectrumofoccupiedenvironments. Convergent evolution is one of the most commonly invoked evolutionary pro- cessesinmacro-andmicro-evolutionarystudiesforexplainingtherepeatedappear- anceoforganismicformsandtraits.Agrawal(2017)emphasizesthat“Thesearchfor convergent evolution and its causes is one way to make sense of the wonderfully bewilderingbiologicaldiversityonourplanet”.Variousdefinitionsofconvergence have been advanced, but all attempt to explain the resemblance between traits resulting from the influence of proximal and ultimate factors impinging upon organismsintheirhabitats.Statedmostconcisely,convergenceis“theevolutionof the same or very similar traits independently in different lineages of organisms” (McGhee, 2011). At the organismal level this results in phenotypic similarity (Mahler et al., 2017) either in particular suites of features or in whole body form (Arbuckle&Speed,2016;Arbuckleetal.,2014;Almeidaetal.,2021).Historically this similarity, initially established with regard to the form of organisms, became furtherrefinedthroughthedescriptionofanatomicaltraitsthatrelatedmorphological V.L.Bels(*) InstituteofSystematics,Evolution,Biodiversity,ISYEB–UMR7205–CNRS/MNHN/EPHE/ UA,NationalMuseumofNaturalHistory,SorbonneUniversity,Paris,France e-mail:[email protected] A.P.Russell DepartmentofBiologicalSciences,UniversityofCalgary,Calgary,AB,Canada ©TheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2023 1 V.L.Bels,A.P.Russell(eds.),ConvergentEvolution,FascinatingLifeSciences, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11441-0_1