Constitutions in Authoritarian Regimes PDF
Preview Constitutions in Authoritarian Regimes
constitutions in authoritarian regimes Constitutionsinauthoritarianregimesareoftendenigratedasmeaninglessexercisesin political theater. Yet the burgeoning literature on authoritarian regimes more broadly hasproducedawealthofinsightsintoparticularinstitutionssuchaslegislatures,courts, and elections; into regime practices such as co-optation and repression; and into non- democratic sources of accountability. In this vein, this volume explores the form and functionofconstitutionsincountrieswithoutthefullyarticulatedinstitutionsoflimited government. The chapters utilize a wide range of methods and focus on a broad set ofcasesrepresentingmanydifferenttypesofauthoritarianregimes.Thebookoffersan explorationintotheconstitutionsofauthoritarianregimes,generatingbroaderinsights intothestudyofconstitutionsandtheirfunctionsmoregenerally. Tom Ginsburg is the Leo Spitz Professor of International Law at the University of Chicago,wherehealsoholdsanappointmentinthepoliticalsciencedepartment.Heis alsoamemberoftheAmericanAcademyofArtsandSciencesandaresearchprofessor attheAmericanBarFoundation.HeholdsB.A.,J.D.,andPh.D.degreesfromtheUni- versityofCaliforniaatBerkeley.HecurrentlycodirectstheComparativeConstitutions Project, an NSF-funded data set cataloging the world’s constitutions since 1789. His recentcoauthoredbook,TheEnduranceofNationalConstitutions(2009),wonthebest bookawardfromtheComparativeDemocratizationSectionoftheAmericanPolitical ScienceAssociation.HisotherbooksincludeJudicialReviewinNewDemocracies(2003), AdministrativeLawandGovernanceinAsia(2008),RulebyLaw:ThePoliticsofCourts inAuthoritarianRegimes(withTamirMoustafa,2008),andComparativeConstitutional Law (with Rosalind Dixon, 2011). Before entering law teaching, he served as a legal advisor at the Iran-U.S. Claims Tribunal, The Hague, The Netherlands, and he has consultedwithnumerousinternationaldevelopmentagenciesandgovernmentsonlegal andconstitutionalreform. AlbertoSimpserisAssistantProfessorofPoliticalScienceattheUniversityofChicago. Hisresearchfocusesonthetopicsofelectoralmanipulation,electionmonitoring,mecha- nismsofauthoritarianpoliticalcontrol,redistributivespending,subnationalgovernance, andcorruption.Hisbook,WhyPartiesandGovernmentsManipulateElections:Theory, Practice,andImplications(2013),isacomparativestudyoftheincentivesunderpinning electoralmanipulation,withbroadregionalfocus.ProfessorSimpserhasbeenResearch Fellow at the Center for Globalization and Governance at Princeton University and NationalFellowattheHooverInstitutionatStanfordUniversity.HeholdsaB.Sc.from Harvard College and a Ph.D. in political science and an M.A. in economics from StanfordUniversity.HeisanativeofMexicoCity. COMPARATIVECONSTITUTIONALLAWANDPOLICY SeriesEditors: TomGinsburg UniversityofChicago ZacharyElkins UniversityofTexasatAustin RanHirschl UniversityofToronto Comparative constitutional law is an intellectually vibrant field that encompasses an increasinglybroadarrayofapproachesandmethodologies.Thisseriescollectsanalyti- callyinnovativeandempiricallygroundedworkfromscholarsofcomparativeconstitu- tionalismacrossacademicdisciplines.Booksintheseriesincludetheoreticallyinformed studies of single constitutional jurisdictions, comparative studies of constitutional law and institutions, and edited collections of original essays that respond to challenging theoreticalandempiricalquestionsinthefield. VolumesintheSeries: ComparativeConstitutionalDesigneditedbyTomGinsburg(2012) ConsequentialCourts:JudicialRolesinGlobalPerspectiveeditedbyDianaKapiszewski, GordonSilverstein,andRobertA.Kagan(2013) Constitutions in Authoritarian Regimes edited by Tom Ginsburg and Alberto Simpser (2014) Constitutions in Authoritarian Regimes Editedby TOM GINSBURG UniversityofChicago ALBERTO SIMPSER UniversityofChicago 32AvenueoftheAmericas,NewYork,ny10013-2473,usa CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge. ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof education,learning,andresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence. www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781107663947 (cid:2)C CambridgeUniversityPress2014 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2014 PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica AcatalogrecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData Constitutionsinauthoritarianregimes/TomGinsburg,UniversityofChicago;AlbertoSimpser, UniversityofChicago. pagescm.–(Comparativeconstitutionallawandpolicy) Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. isbn978-1-107-04766-2(hardback) 1.Constitutionallaw. 2.Authoritarianism. I.Ginsburg,Tom,editorofcompilation. II.Simpser, Alberto,1971–editorofcompilation. k3165.c63 2013 342–dc23 2013030082 isbn978-1-107-04766-2Hardback isbn978-1-107-66394-7Paperback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyofurlsforexternalor third-partyInternetWebsitesreferredtointhispublicationanddoesnotguaranteethatanycontenton suchWebsitesis,orwillremain,accurateorappropriate. Contents ListofContributors pageix 1. Introduction:ConstitutionsinAuthoritarianRegimes 1 TomGinsburgandAlbertoSimpser part i. the category 2. RulingagainstRules 21 AdamPrzeworski 3. AuthoritarianConstitutionalism:SomeConceptualIssues 36 MarkTushnet part ii. constitutional design in authoritarian regimes 4. ThePoliticalEconomyofAutocraticConstitutions 53 MichaelAlbertusandVictorMenaldo 5. AuthoritarianConstitutionMaking:TheRoleofthe MilitaryinLatinAmerica 83 GabrielL.Negretto 6. ConstitutionsinAuthoritarianRegimes:TheEgyptian Constitutionof1971 111 KristenStilt viii Contents part iii. contents of authoritarian constitutions 7. TheContentofAuthoritarianConstitutions 141 ZacharyElkins,TomGinsburg,andJamesMelton 8. ConstitutionalVariationamongStrainsofAuthoritarianism 165 DavidS.LawandMilaVersteeg part iv. consequences of authoritarian constitutions 9. TheRoleofPresidentialPowerinAuthoritarianElections 199 JenniferGandhi 10. TheInformalPoliticsofFormalConstitutions:Rethinking theEffectsof“Presidentialism”and“Parliamentarism”in theCasesofKyrgyzstan,Moldova,andUkraine 218 HenryE.Hale 11. TheParty’sLeadershipasaLivingConstitutioninChina 245 XinHe Index 265 List of Contributors MichaelAlbertusisAssistantProfessorofPoliticalScience,UniversityofChicago. ZacharyElkinsisAssociateProfessorofGovernment,UniversityofTexasatAustin. JenniferGandhiisProfessorofPoliticalScience,EmoryUniversity. TomGinsburgistheLeoSpitzProfessorofInternationalLawandLudwigandHilda Wolf Research Scholar, University of Chicago Law School; Research Professor, the American Bar Foundation; and Professor of Political Science, University of Chicago. HenryE.HaleisProfessorofPoliticalScience,GeorgeWashingtonUniversity. DavidS.LawisProfessorofLaw,WashingtonUniversityinSt.Louis. JamesMeltonisPostdoctoralFellow,IMTInstituteforAdvancedStudies,Italy. VictorMenaldoisAssistantProfessorofPoliticalScience,UniversityofWashington, Seattle. GabrielL.NegrettoisAssociateProfessor,DivisionofPoliticalStudies,CIDE. Adam Przeworski is Carroll and Milton Petrie Professor of European Studies andProfessorofPoliticsandEconomics,NewYorkUniversity. AlbertoSimpserisAssistantProfessorofPoliticalScience,UniversityofChicago. KristenStiltisProfessorofLawandProfessorofHistory,NorthwesternUniversity. MarkTushnetisWilliamNelsonCromwellProfessorofLaw,HarvardLawSchool. MilaVersteegisAssistantProfessorofLaw,UniversityofVirginia. XinHeisProfessor,SchoolofLaw,CityUniversityofHongKong.
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