Conservation of Leather and Related Materials

368 Pages·2005·11.47 MB·English

by  Marion Kite

Cover Page Page: xi
Half Title Page Page: xi
Title Page Page: xi
Copyright Page Page: xi
Contents Page: xi
Foreword Page: xi
Dedication Page: xiii
Acknowledgements Page: xv
List of Contributors Page: xv
1 The nature and properties of leather Page: 1
References Page: 3
2 Collagen: the leathermaking protein Page: 4
2.1 The collagen molecule Page: 4
2.2 Bonding within the molecule Page: 6
2.3 Bonding between molecules Page: 6
2.3.1 Salt links Page: 6
2.3.2 Covalent intermolecular bonding Page: 7
2.4 Fibril structure Page: 8
2.5 Shrinkage temperature Page: 9
References Page: 10
3 The fibre structure of leather Page: 11
3.1 The structure of mammalian skins Page: 12
3.2 Variation of structure between animal types Page: 12
3.2.1 Mature cattle skins Page: 12
3.2.2 Calfskins Page: 13
3.2.3 Goatskins Page: 14
3.2.4 Sheepskins Page: 14
3.2.5 Deerskins Page: 16
3.2.6 Pigskins Page: 16
3.3 Grain surface patterns Page: 16
3.4 Suede surfaces Page: 19
3.5 Variation in structure with location in the skin Page: 19
3.6 Directional run of the fibres Page: 19
3.7 The influence of fibre structure on leather properties, structure and tear strength Page: 19
3.8 Structure and leather handle Page: 20
3.9 Fibre weave and movement Page: 20
References Page: 21
4 The chemistry of tanning materials Page: 22
4.1 Introduction Page: 22
4.2 Vegetable tanning Page: 23
4.3 Mineral tanning Page: 26
4.3.1 Chromium(III) salts Page: 27
4.3.2 Aluminium(III) salts Page: 29
4.3.3 Titanium(IV) salts Page: 29
4.3.4 Zirconium(IV) salts Page: 30
4.4 Oil tanning Page: 30
4.5 Aldehyde tanning Page: 31
4.5.1 Formaldehyde tanning Page: 31
4.5.2 Glutaraldehyde tanning Page: 31
4.5.3 Oxazolidine tanning Page: 32
4.6 Syntans Page: 32
4.6.1 Auxiliary syntans Page: 32
4.6.2 Combination or retanning syntans Page: 33
4.6.3 Replacement syntans Page: 34
4.7 Overview Page: 34
References Page: 34
5 The mechanisms of deterioration in leather Page: 36
5.1 Introduction Page: 36
5.2 Agents of deterioration Page: 37
5.2.1 Introduction Page: 37
5.2.2 Acid hydrolysis Page: 38
5.2.3 Oxidation Page: 38
5.2.3.1 Introduction Page: 38
5.2.3.2 Free radicals Page: 38
5.2.3.2.1 Introduction Page: 38
5.2.3.2.2 Light – photolysis, photoxidation Page: 39
5.2.3.2.3 Autoxidation of lipids Page: 39
5.2.3.2.4 Atmospheric pollutants – ozone, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and carbon dioxide Page: 40
5.2.4 Metals and salts Page: 40
5.2.5 Heat Page: 41
5.2.6 Water Page: 41
5.2.6.1 Types of water in leather Page: 41
5.2.6.2 Water activity Page: 42
5.2.6.3 Hysteresis Page: 42
5.2.6.4 Colloidal nature of collagen Page: 42
5.2.6.5 Relative humidity changes Page: 42
5.3 Collagen Page: 43
5.3.1 Bonds in collagen: sites of deterioration mechanisms Page: 43
5.3.2 Peptides Page: 43
5.3.2.1 Introduction, polypeptides to peptides Page: 43
5.3.2.2 Peptide formation in deteriorated leather Page: 43
5.3.3 Amino acids in collagen Page: 44
5.3.3.1 General characteristics of amino acids Page: 44
5.3.3.2 Side chains of amino acids (Mills and White, 1986) Page: 45
5.3.3.3 Amino acid changes Page: 45
5.3.3.3.1 Deterioration mechanisms Page: 45
5.3.3.3.2 Amino acid changes in deteriorated leather Page: 46
5.4 Vegetable tannins Page: 47
5.4.1 Introduction Page: 47
5.4.2 Antioxidant ability of tannins (Jurd and Geissman, 1956; Lentan, 1966) Page: 47
5.4.3 Analysis of tannins in aged leather – deterioration mechanisms Page: 47
5.5 Other chemicals present due to fabrication and use Page: 50
5.5.1 Introduction Page: 50
5.5.2 Fats, oils and waxes Page: 50
5.5.3 Sulphur compounds and their acids Page: 51
5.5.3.1 Introduction Page: 51
5.5.3.2 Changes in sulphates and pH in deteriorated leather Page: 51
5.5.4 Acids in leather due to fabrication or use Page: 52
5.5.5 Perspiration Page: 52
5.6 Denaturation and shrinkage temperatures as a method of assessment for all tannages Page: 52
5.7 Summary Page: 53
Acknowledgements Page: 54
References Page: 54
6 Testing leathers and related materials Page: 58
6.1 Introduction Page: 58
6.2 Determination of raw material Page: 58
6.3 Determination of tannage type Page: 58
6.3.1 Ashing test Page: 58
6.3.2 Spot test Page: 59
6.3.2.1 Detection of vegetable tannins Page: 59
6.3.2.2 Detection of aluminium Page: 59
6.3.2.3 Detection of condensed tannins Page: 59
6.3.2.4 Detection of hydrolysable tannins Page: 59
6.3.3 Conclusion Page: 59
6.4 Determination of degree of deterioration Page: 59
6.4.1 Organoleptic examination Page: 59
6.4.2 Chemical tests Page: 60
6.4.2.1 Shrinkage temperature Page: 60
6.4.2.2 pH Page: 61
6.4.2.3 pH difference Page: 62
6.4.2.4 Sulphate content Page: 63
6.4.2.5 Fat content Page: 63
6.4.2.6 Moisture content Page: 64
6.5 Conclusions Page: 64
References Page: 64
7 The manufacture of leather Page: 66
7.1 Tanning in prehistoric and classical times Page: 66
7.2 Tanning in the medieval an post-medieval periods Page: 68
7.3 Tanning in the nineteenth century Page: 73
7.4 Tanning in modern times Page: 77
7.4.1 Pretanning Page: 79
7.4.2 Tanning Page: 80
7.4.3 Post-tanning Page: 81
References Page: 81
8 The social position of leatherworkers Page: 82
References Page: 87
9 Gilt leather Page: 88
9.1 Production and art historical aspects Page: 90
9.2 Conservation and restoration Page: 91
10 Cuir bouilli Page: 94
10.1 The cuir bouilli technique Page: 94
10.2 Leather moulding techniques Page: 94
10.3 The origins of the cuir bouilli technique Page: 94
10.4 Changes undergone by the leather in the cuir bouilli process Page: 97
10.5 Conservation of cuir bouilli Page: 97
10.5.1 Stability Page: 97
10.5.2 Damage caused by old treatments Page: 98
10.5.3 Original treatments of cuir bouilli leather Page: 98
10.6 Case study of the conservation of cuir bouilli leather Page: 98
10.6.1 Analysis and use of non-invasive xeroradiographic imaging Page: 99
10.6.2 Removal of inappropriate surface coatings Page: 100
Endnotes Page: 101
References Page: 101
11 The tools and techniques of leatherworking: correct tools + skills = quality Page: 103
11.1 Leatherworking tools Page: 103
11.1.1 The awl Page: 103
11.1.2 The knife Page: 103
11.1.3 The strop Page: 104
11.1.4 The bone folder or crease (Figure 11.1) Page: 104
11.1.5 The steel rule Page: 104
11.1.6 The dividers (compass) Page: 104
11.1.7 The revolving hole punch Page: 105
11.1.8 The hammer Page: 105
11.1.9 The race Page: 105
11.1.10 The clam Page: 105
11.1.11 The edge shave Page: 105
11.1.12 The crease iron (Figure 11.2) Page: 106
11.1.13 The stitch marker (Figure 11.3) Page: 106
11.1.14 The pricking iron Page: 107
11.1.15 The needle Page: 107
11.1.16 Thread Page: 108
11.2 Adhesives Page: 108
11.3 Reinforcements Page: 108
11.4 Techniques Page: 109
11.4.1 Skiving Page: 109
11.4.2 Preparation Page: 109
11.4.3 Sewing – stitch formation Page: 109
11.4.4 Decorative stitching Page: 110
11.4.5 Machine stitching Page: 110
11.4.6 Decorative machine stitching Page: 110
11.4.7 Seams and construction Page: 111
Bibliography Page: 112
12 General principles of care, storage and display Page: 113
12.1 Introduction Page: 113
12.2 Objects in use Page: 113
12.3 Display or storage? Page: 114
12.4 Levels of treatment Page: 114
12.5 Handling by the public Page: 114
12.6 The ‘finish' Page: 115
12.7 Preventive conservation Page: 115
12.7.1 Environment Page: 115
12.7.2 Pests Page: 116
12.7.3 Storage and display Page: 116
12.8 Shoes Page: 116
12.9 Gloves Page: 117
12.10 Leather garments Page: 117
12.11 Luggage Page: 117
12.12 Saddles Page: 117
12.13 Harness Page: 118
12.14 Screens, wall hangings and sedan chairs Page: 119
12.15 Carriages and cars Page: 120
12.16 Conclusion Page: 120
Reference Page: 120
13 Materials and techniques: past and present Page: 121
13.1 Past conservation treatments Page: 121
13.1.1 Introduction Page: 121
13.1.2 1982 Jamieson survey Page: 121
13.1.3 1995 survey Page: 122
13.1.4 2000 list Page: 123
13.1.5 2003 Canadian Conservation Institute (CCI) survey Page: 124
13.2 Notes on treatments in use in 2004 – additional information Page: 124
13.2.1 Introduction Page: 124
13.2.2 Dry cleaning Page: 124
13.2.3 Wet cleaning and solvent cleaning Page: 124
13.2.4 Proprietary leather cleaners Page: 125
13.2.5 Humidification Page: 125
13.3 Repair materials Page: 126
13.4 Adhesives Page: 126
13.5 Surface infilling materials and replacement techniques Page: 127
13.6 Moulding and casting materials and techniques Page: 128
13.7 Consolidation techniques Page: 128
13.8 Dressings and finishes Page: 128
References Page: 129
14 Taxidermy Page: 130
14.1 A brief history Page: 130
14.2 Taxidermy terms Page: 131
14.3 Birds Page: 131
14.3.1 Methods Page: 131
14.3.2 Problems Page: 132
14.4 Mammals Page: 132
14.4.1 Methods Page: 132
14.4.2 Problems Page: 133
14.5 Fish Page: 135
14.5.1 Methods Page: 135
14.5.2 Problems Page: 136
14.6 Care Page: 137
14.6.1 Light Page: 137
14.6.2 Temperature Page: 137
14.6.3 Relative humidity Page: 137
14.6.4 Storage Page: 137
14.7 Preservatives Page: 139
References Page: 140
15 Furs and furriery: history, techniques and conservation Page: 141
15.1 History of fur use Page: 141
15.1.1 Introduction Page: 141
15.1.2 Background and history Page: 142
15.1.3 Husbandry and harvesting Page: 145
15.1.4 Some fashionable furs and dates Page: 146
15.1.4.1 Later middle ages and into sixteenth century Page: 146
15.1.4.2 Sixteenth and seventeenth centuries Page: 146
15.1.4.3 Nineteenth century Page: 146
15.1.4.4 Twentieth century Page: 146
15.1.4.5 Late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries Page: 147
15.2 Structure, morphology, dressing and making Page: 147
15.2.1 Definitions and terminology Page: 148
15.2.2 Brief history of fur-skin processing and dyeing Page: 148
15.2.3 Hair and fur fibres Page: 149
15.2.4 Keratin Page: 149
15.2.5 Morphology of hair Page: 150
15.2.5.1 Cuticle Page: 150
15.2.5.2 Cortex Page: 151
15.2.5.3 Medulla Page: 151
15.2.6 Fur-skin dressing Page: 151
15.2.6.1 Introduction Page: 151
15.2.6.2 Dressing Page: 151
15.2.6.3 Soaking Page: 152
15.2.6.4 Fleshing Page: 152
15.2.6.5 Unhairing Page: 152
15.2.6.6 Pickling Page: 152
15.2.6.7 Chrome tanning Page: 152
15.2.6.8 Oiling Page: 153
15.2.6.9 Beating Page: 153
15.2.7 Dyeing Page: 153
15.2.7.1 Killing Page: 154
15.2.7.2 Mordanting Page: 154
15.2.7.3 Dyeing or colouring Page: 154
15.2.8 Finishing Page: 154
15.2.9 Pointing Page: 154
15.2.10 Making up into garments or accessories Page: 155
15.2.10.1 Skin on skin Page: 155
15.2.10.2 Dropping or stranding Page: 155
15.2.10.3 Sewing Page: 156
15.2.11 Plates and crosses Page: 157
15.3 Conservation and care Page: 158
15.3.1 Introduction Page: 158
15.3.2 Species identification Page: 158
15.3.3 Damage Page: 159
15.3.4 Conservation methods Page: 159
15.3.4.1 Cleaning Page: 159
15.3.4.2 Repair methods Page: 160
15.3.5 Two case histories illustrating methods Page: 161
15.3.5.1 The conservation of an ermine lining to a blue felt Paquin cape. French, c.1936 (T123-1980) (Figure 15.9) Page: 161
15.3.5.2 The conservation of a Chinese woman's dragon robe lined with arctic fox fur, c.1800 –1850 (T766-1950) (Figure 15.12) Page: 163
15.3.6 Freezing tests of adhesives Page: 166
15.3.7 Care of furs Page: 166
15.3.7.1 General storage and display Page: 166
15.3.7.2 Pests and freezing – cold storage Page: 167
Endnotes Page: 167
References Page: 168
16 The tanning, dressing and conservation of exotic, aquatic and feathered skins Page: 170
16.1 Exotic skins Page: 170
16.1.1 Introduction Page: 170
16.1.2 Origins and history of exotic leathers Page: 170
16.1.3 Uses of exotic leathers Page: 170
16.1.4 Preparing the raw skins Page: 171
16.1.5 Tanning and dressing Page: 171
16.1.5.1 Light fastness Page: 172
16.1.5.2 Water resistance Page: 172
16.1.6 Conservation Page: 172
16.1.7 Conclusion Page: 172
16.2 Aquatic skins Page: 173
16.2.1 Fish skin preparation Page: 174
16.2.2 Structure and identification Page: 174
16.2.3 Fish skin in ethnographic objects Page: 176
16.2.4 Conservation Page: 178
16.3 Feathered skins in fashionable dress Page: 178
16.3.1 Processing Page: 179
16.3.2 Conservation problems with bird skins Page: 181
Endnotes Page: 182
References Page: 182
17 Ethnographic leather and skin products Page: 184
17.1 Introduction Page: 184
17.2 Ethics Page: 184
17.3 Uses Page: 184
17.4 Tanning methods Page: 185
17.5 Construction techniques Page: 185
17.6 Decoration Page: 185
17.7 Conservation Page: 186
17.7.1 Pre-treatment examination Page: 186
17.7.2 Poisons – health and safety issues Page: 186
17.7.3 Condition Page: 187
17.7.4 Cleaning Page: 187
17.7.5 Solvent cleaning Page: 188
17.7.6 Reshaping Page: 188
17.7.7 Mounts/internal supports Page: 188
17.7.8 Mending Page: 189
17.7.9 Repair supports Page: 189
17.7.10 Sewing Page: 189
17.7.11 Adhesives Page: 189
17.7.12 Cosmetic repairs and infills Page: 189
17.7.13 Storage Page: 190
17.7.14 Display Page: 190
References Page: 190
Bibliography Page: 191
18 Collagen products: glues, gelatine, gut membrane and sausage casings Page: 192
18.1 Animal glues and fish glues Page: 192
18.2 Skin glues and hide glues Page: 192
18.3 Parchment glue and parchment size Page: 193
18.4 Rabbit skin glue Page: 193
18.5 Bone glue Page: 193
18.6 Gelatine Page: 193
18.7 Fish glue Page: 194
18.8 Gut membrane Page: 194
18.9 Sausage casings Page: 196
References Page: 197
19 The manufacture of parchment Page: 198
19.1 Temporary preservation Page: 198
19.2 Soaking Page: 198
19.3 Liming Page: 198
19.4 Unhairing and fleshing Page: 198
19.5 Drying Page: 198
Bibliography Page: 199
20 The conservation of parchment Page: 200
20.1 Introduction Page: 200
20.2 Parchment production and use Page: 201
20.3 Chemical, physical and deterioration characteristics Page: 203
20.4 Display and storage Page: 209
20.5 Conservation treatments Page: 209
20.5.1 Mould and fumigation Page: 210
20.5.2 Cleaning methods Page: 210
20.5.3 Humidification and softening Page: 211
20.5.4 Consolidation of weak parchment Page: 215
20.5.5 Consolidation of inks and pigments Page: 216
20.5.6 Repairs and supports Page: 217
20.6 Conclusion Page: 220
Acknowledgements Page: 220
Endnotes Page: 220
References Page: 221
21 Conservation of leather bookbindings: a mosaic of contemporary techniques Page: 225
21.1 Introduction Page: 225
21.2 Binding solutions to old problems Page: 225
21.2.1 Introduction Page: 225
21.2.2 Klucel G Page: 226
21.2.3 Application of Klucel G Page: 227
21.2.4 Facing degraded leather Page: 227
21.2.5 Technique Page: 227
21.2.6 Treatment of the boards Page: 228
21.2.7 Adhesives Page: 228
21.2.8 Offsetting Page: 228
21.2.9 Board attachment Page: 228
21.2.10 Helical oversewing Page: 228
21.2.11 The joint tacket Page: 229
21.2.12 Drills Page: 229
21.2.13 Making the needle drill bit Page: 229
21.3 Leather Conservation – bookbinding leather consolidants Page: 230
21.3.1 Introduction Page: 230
21.3.2 ENVIRONMENT Leather Project Page: 230
21.3.3 Consolidants Page: 231
21.4 Solvent-set book repair tissue Page: 232
21.4.1 Preparation of the repair tissue Page: 233
21.4.2 Leather consolidation Page: 233
21.4.3 Repair technique Page: 233
21.4.4 Reversing solvent-set tissue repairs Page: 233
21.4.5 Conclusion Page: 233
21.5 Split joints on leather bindings Page: 234
21.6 A variation on the Japanese paper hinge – adding a cloth inner hinge Page: 235
21.7 Split-hinge board reattachment Page: 235
21.8 Board slotting – a machine-supported book conservation method Page: 236
21.8.1 Introduction Page: 236
21.8.2 The method Page: 237
21.8.3 Treatment of the text block Page: 237
21.8.4 Treatment of boards Page: 237
21.8.5 Reattachment of text block and boards Page: 237
21.8.6 The board slotting machine Page: 238
21.8.7 Scientific analyses Page: 239
21.8.7.1 Fold endurance test Page: 239
21.8.7.1.1 Results Page: 239
21.8.7.2 Tensile strength test Page: 239
21.8.7.2.1 Results Page: 239
21.8.8 Dyeing with reactive dyes Page: 239
21.8.9 Conclusions Page: 240
21.8.10 Acknowledgements Page: 241
21.9 A variation on the board slotting machine Page: 241
References Page: 242
22 The conservation of archaeological leather Page: 244
22.1 Introduction Page: 244
22.1.1 The archaeological context Page: 244
22.1.2 Leather technology and material culture Page: 244
22.1.2.1 Tannage Page: 244
22.1.2.2 Currying Page: 245
22.1.2.3 Leatherworking Page: 245
22.1.2.4 Leather dyes and pigments Page: 245
22.1.2.5 Environmental and social questions Page: 245
22.2 Wet leather Page: 245
22.2.1 Condition Page: 245
22.2.2 Preserving wet leather before treatment Page: 246
22.2.2.1 Storage Page: 246
22.2.2.2 Washing and recording Page: 246
22.2.2.3 Assessment Page: 246
22.2.2.4 Selection Page: 246
22.2.3 Past treatments Page: 247
22.2.3.1 Solvent dehydration techniques Page: 247
22.2.3.2 Freeze-drying from glycerol and Pegs Page: 248
22.2.4 Present-day conservation treatments Page: 248
22.2.4.1 Reshaping and reconstruction Page: 249
22.2.4.2 Marine leather Page: 250
22.2.4.3 Composites and special items Page: 250
22.2.4.4 Comparisons of techniques Page: 251
22.2.4.5 New approaches Page: 251
22.3 Dry leather Page: 251
22.3.1 Condition Page: 251
22.3.1.1 Deterioration Page: 253
22.3.2 On-site retrieval Page: 253
22.3.2.1 Planning for excavation Page: 253
22.3.2.2 Limitations on transport of solvents and materials Page: 254
22.3.2.3 On site; initial procedures Page: 254
22.3.2.4 Handling Page: 254
22.3.2.5 Packing and transport Page: 254
22.3.2.6 Storage Page: 254
22.3.3 Recording procedures Page: 254
22.3.3.1 Presence of tannage Page: 254
22.3.3.2 Vegetable tannage test Page: 254
22.3.3.3 Surface features and cross-section Page: 255
22.3.3.4 Seams, structural and decorative elements, impressions Page: 256
22.3.3.5 Colour Page: 256
22.3.3.6 Leatherworking tools Page: 256
22.3.4 Present-day treatments Page: 256
22.3.4.1 Considerations prior to conservation treatment Page: 256
22.3.4.2 Cleaning Page: 256
22.3.4.3 To flex or not to flex Page: 256
22.3.4.4 Dressings Page: 256
22.3.4.5 Consolidation as a first-aid measure on site Page: 256
22.3.4.6 Consolidation: a range of resins Page: 256
22.3.4.7 Consolidation in hot climates Page: 257
22.3.4.8 Reshaping Page: 257
22.3.4.9 Repair, backing and reconstruction Page: 257
22.4 Mineralized leather Page: 257
22.4.1 Condition Page: 257
22.4.2 On-site retrieval Page: 258
22.4.3 Recording Page: 259
22.4.4 Treatment Page: 259
22.5 Long-term storage of archaeological leather Page: 260
22.5.1 Storage requirements Page: 260
22.5.1.1 Storage of dried and desiccated leather Page: 260
22.5.1.2 General points on storage Page: 260
22.5.2 Condition assessments of treated leather Page: 260
22.5.3 Old collections/retreatments Page: 260
22.6 Purpose of treatment: a call for clarity Page: 260
22.7 Conclusion Page: 261
References Page: 261
23 Case histories of treatments Page: 264
23.1 The Gold State Coach. 1762 Page: 264
23.1.1 Description Page: 265
23.1.2 The problems and the options Page: 265
23.1.3 Treatment Page: 265
23.2 Dog Whip – believed to be eighteenth century Page: 267
23.2.1 Description Page: 268
23.2.2 Treatment Page: 269
23.3 Fire Bucket Page: 270
23.3.1 Description Page: 271
23.3.2 Treatment Page: 271
23.4 Fireman's Helmet Page: 273
23.4.1 Description Page: 274
23.4.2 Treatment Page: 275
23.5 Leather Lion Page: 275
23.5.1 Description Page: 276
23.5.2 Treatment Page: 276
23.6 Sedan Chair Page: 278
23.6.1 Description Page: 279
23.6.2 Repairs Page: 279
23.6.3 Cleaning Page: 283
23.6.4 Gap filling and finishing Page: 283
23.7 Jewellery Box Page: 284
23.7.1 Description Page: 285
23.7.2 Treatment Page: 285
23.8 Dining Chairs Page: 286
23.8.1 Description Page: 287
23.8.2 The set of eight chairs for reupholstering Page: 287
23.8.2.1 Treatment Page: 287
23.8.3 The set of eight chairs repaired without removing the covers Page: 288
23.8.3.1 Treatment Page: 288
23.8.4 The four chairs where the covers were removed and conserved Page: 289
23.8.4.1 Treatment Page: 290
23.8.5 Overview Page: 292
23.9 Alum Tawed Gloves, having belonged to Oliver Cromwell Page: 292
23.9.1 Description Page: 293
23.9.2 Condition Page: 293
23.9.3 Treatment Page: 293
23.9.3.1 Removal of old repairs Page: 293
23.9.3.2 Reshaping Page: 293
23.9.3.3 Repairs Page: 293
23.9.3.4 Second reshaping Page: 294
23.9.3.5 Mounts Page: 294
23.9.4 Future care Page: 295
23.10 Court Gloves Page: 295
23.10.1 Description Page: 296
23.10.2 Treatment Page: 296
23.11 Mounting of a Collection of Flying Helmets Page: 296
23.11.1 Description Page: 297
23.11.2 Mount instructions Page: 297
23.12 Leather Components from Panhard et Levassor Automobile. 1899 Page: 301
23.12.1 Description Page: 302
23.12.1.1 Hood Page: 302
23.12.1.2 Rear seat Page: 303
23.12.1.3 Seat fall Page: 303
23.12.1.4 Front seat Page: 303
23.12.2 Condition Page: 303
23.12.2.1 Hood Page: 303
23.12.2.2 Rear seat Page: 303
23.12.2.3 Seat fall Page: 304
23.12.2.4 Front seat Page: 304
23.12.3 Treatment Page: 304
23.12.3.1 Hood Page: 304
23.12.3.2 Rear seat Page: 304
23.12.3.2.1 Back Page: 304
23.12.3.2.2 Leather edging Page: 305
23.12.3.2.3 Squab cushion (Figure 23.58) Page: 305
23.12.3.3 Seat fall Page: 305
23.12.3.4 Front seat Page: 305
23.12.4 Future care Page: 306
23.13 Altar Frontal. 1756 Page: 306
23.13.1 Description Page: 307
23.13.2 Treatment Page: 308
23.14 Gilt Leather Screen Page: 312
23.14.1 Description Page: 313
23.14.2 Treatment Page: 314
23.15 Gilt Leather Wall Hangings, Levens Hall Page: 314
23.15.1 Description Page: 315
23.15.2 Treatment Page: 316
23.16 Phillip Webb Settle. 1860–65 Page: 323
23.16.1 Description Page: 325
23.16.2 Treatment Page: 325
23.17 Gilt Leather Wall Hangings at Groote Schuur, Cape Town Page: 328
23.17.1 Description Page: 329
23.17.1.1 Seventeenth century gilt leather wall panels Page: 329
23.17.1.2 Nineteenth century gilt leather panel Page: 329
23.17.2 Condition Page: 329
23.17.2.1 Seventeenth century gilt leather wall panels Page: 329
23.17.2.2 Nineteenth century gilt leather panel Page: 330
23.17.3 Conservation treatment Page: 330
23.17.3.1 Seventeenth century gilt leather wall panels Page: 330
23.17.3.2 Nineteenth century gilt leather panel Page: 333
23.17.4 Future care Page: 333
Index Page: 335