Communication works

563 Pages·2013·73.261 MB·English

by  Gamble, Michael, Gamble, Teri Kwal

COMMUNICATION WORKS takes a practical approach to communication GAMBLE
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with a focus on the ways culture, technology, social media, and ethical concerns
both enrich and complicate our world. This edition applies a new critical thinking
framework to help students understand, retain and apply communication
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concepts in their lives today, in the classroom, and in the working world.
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DIGITAL LEARNING SOLUTIONS THAT ASSESS AND IMPROVE STUDENTS’ KNOWLEDGE. 15
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Connect Communication integrates an interactive eBook with groundbreaking online activities 1
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and assignments that help students study more eff ectively and effi ciently. This fl exible platform 5
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ISBN 978-0-07-803681-1 L
MHID 0-07-803681-X K
www.shopmcgrawhill.com
www.mhhe.com
TERI KWAL GAMBLE | MICHAEL GAMBLE
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Communication Works
ELEVENTH EDITION
Teri Kwal Gamble
College of New Rochelle
Michael Gamble
New York Institute of Technology
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This book is printed on acid-free paper.
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ISBN: 978-0-07-803681-1
MHID: 0-07-803681-X
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Gamble, Teri Kwal.
Communication works/Teri Kwal Gamble, Michael Gamble.—11th ed.
p. cm.
ISBN 978-0-07-803681-1 (acid-free paper) 1. Communication. I. Gamble, Michael. II. Title.
P90.G299 2012
302.2—dc23 2011044647
The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication. The inclusion of a website does not
indicate an endorsement by the authors or McGraw-Hill, and McGraw-Hill does not guarantee the accuracy of the
information presented at these sites.
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D E D I C A T I O N
F or our children, Matthew Jon (now a research scientist) and Lindsay Michele (now
a law student), who grew up with this book. Every edition marked a stepping-stone in
their lives and ours. Matt and Linz understand how to make communication work
in their private lives and careers. Wonderful students of life and always there when
it matters, they embody communication at its best. Together they have exerted
more infl uence on this book than they can imagine.
F or Martha and Marcel Kwal and Nan and Wesley Gamble, our parents, who live on
in our memories.
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B R I E F C O N T E N T S
ABOUT THE AUTHORS(cid:2)xvii / PREFACE (cid:2)xviii / ACKNOWLEDGMENTS (cid:2)xxvi
PART 1(cid:2) THE ESSENTIALS OF COMMUNICATION
1 Communication: Begin Right Here!(cid:2)3
2 Communicating in a Multicultural Society and World (cid:2) 23
3 The “I” Behind the Eye: Perception and the Self(cid:2)43
4 Language and Meaning: Helping Minds Meet(cid:2)79
5 Nonverbal Communication: Silent Language Speaks(cid:2)105
6 Listening, Feedback, and Critical Thinking(cid:2)139
PART 2 (cid:2)INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
7 Understanding Relationships(cid:2)171
8 Person-to-Person: Relationships in Context(cid:2)201
PART 3 (cid:2)COMMUNICATING IN THE SMALL GROUP
9 Groups and Teams: Strategies for Decision Making and Problem Solving(cid:2)235
10 Leading Others and Resolving Confl ict(cid:2)267
PART 4(cid:2) C OMMUNICATING TO THE PUBLIC
11 The Speaker and the Audience: The Occasion and the Subject(cid:2)291
12 Researching, Supporting, and Outlining Your Speech(cid:2)323
13 Preparing Presentation Aids and Delivering Your Speech(cid:2)361
14 Informative Speaking(cid:2)387
15 Persuasive Speaking(cid:2)407
APPENDIX: Interviewing and Developing Professional Relationships (cid:2) 439
ONLINE UNIT: Mass Communication and Media Literacy
This section is found on the book’s Online Learning Center Web site at www.mhhe.com/
gamble11e
ANSWER KEY 461 (cid:2)/(cid:2)GLOSSARY 463(cid:2)/(cid:2) NOTES 471 (cid:2)/(cid:2)CREDITS 497 (cid:2)/(cid:2)INDEX 499
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C O N T E N T S
ABOUT THE AUTHORS(cid:2) xvii / PREFACE(cid:2)xviii / ACKNOWLEDGMENTS(cid:2)xxvi
PART 1 (cid:2) THE ESSENTIALS OF COMMUNICATION
■ E XPLORING DIVERSITY: “I Hate Him”(cid:2)18
For Career Development(cid:2)18
■ C OMMUNICATION SKILLS: Practice Eff ective
Communication(cid:2)18
THE WRAP-UP
Summary(cid:2)19
Key Chapter Terminology(cid:2)21
CHAPTER 1
Communication: Begin Right Here! 3
What Is Communication? 4
■ SKILL BUILDER: Rate Yourself as a Communicator(cid:2)6
Elements of Communication: Picturing the
Communication Model 6
People(cid:2)6
Messages(cid:2)6
Channels(cid:2)7
Noise(cid:2)7
CHAPTER 2
Context(cid:2)8
Communicating in a Multicultural
Feedback(cid:2)8
Society and World 23
Eff ect(cid:2)8
Models of Communication 9 Culture’s Many Faces: Speaking of Diff erence 24
How Good a Communicator Are You? Understanding What Happened to the Melting Pot? 25
Core Communication Principles 11 Culture and Communication 26
Communication Is Dynamic(cid:2)11 What You Understand About Diff erence Matters(cid:2)27
Communication Is Unrepeatable and Irreversible(cid:2)11 How You Feel About Diff erence Matters(cid:2)28
Communication Has No Opposite(cid:2)11
Cultures Within Cultures 29
Communication Is Aff ected by Culture(cid:2)12
Infl uences on Cultural Identity(cid:2)29
Communication Is Infl uenced by Ethics(cid:2)12
■ E THICS AND COMMUNICATION:
Communication Is Competence-Based(cid:2)12
Through Others’ Eyes(cid:2)30
Media and Technology Are Transforming Communication (cid:2) 12
■ M EDIA WISE: The Cultural Storyteller(cid:2)31
Why We Communicate 16
Cultures and Co-Cultures(cid:2)31
To Gain Self-Understanding and Insight into Others(cid:2)16
To Form Meaningful Relationships(cid:2)16 ■ S KILL BUILDER: Ethnocentrism versus
Cultural Relativism(cid:2)33
■ M EDIA WISE: Does Reality TV Refl ect Reality?(cid:2)17
To Infl uence Others(cid:2)17 Dimensions of Culture in Action 33
vii
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■ E XPLORING DIVERSITY: Understanding Are You Wearing Blinders?(cid:2)64
Other Cultures(cid:2)34 Do You Confuse Facts and Inferences?(cid:2)65
Individualism versus Collectivism(cid:2)34 ■ SKILL BUILDER: The Detective(cid:2)66
High Context versus Low Context(cid:2)34
Do You Lack Empathy?(cid:2)66
High Power Distance versus Low Power Distance(cid:2)35
Gender, Self-Concept, and Perception 67
Monochromic versus Polychromic Culture(cid:2)35
Masculine versus Feminine Culture(cid:2)35 Culture, Self-Concept, and Perception 69
Interpreting Cultural Diff erences(cid:2)36 ■ EXPLORING DIVERSITY: Idiocentric versus
Technology and Community 36 Allocentric(cid:2)71
■ C OMMUNICATION SKILLS : Practice Intercultural Self-Concept, Perception, and Media and
Communication 38 Technology 71
THE WRAP-UP ■ COMMUNICATION SKILLS : Practice Improving
Perception of the Self and Others(cid:2)75
Summary(cid:2)39
Key Chapter Terminology(cid:2)41 THE WRAP-UP
Summary(cid:2)76
Key Chapter Terminology(cid:2)77
CHAPTER 3
The “I” Behind the Eye: Perception and
the Self 43
CHAPTER 4
What Is Perception? 44
Language and Meaning: Helping
Picturing Perception in Action(cid:2)44
Minds Meet 79
How We Perceive(cid:2)45
How We Organize Our Perceptions(cid:2)47 Language: Words, Things, and Thoughts 80
Perceiving the Self: Who Are You? 49 The Communication of Meaning 80
Looking at the Self(cid:2)49 ■ ETHICS AND COMMUNICATION:
The Self-Concept/Behavior Connection(cid:2)50 Looking at Language(cid:2)81
How Self-Concept Develops(cid:2)51 Word Barriers(cid:2)81
■ ETHICS AND COMMUNICATION: Age, Physical Meanings Are Both Denotative and Connotative(cid:2)81
Challenges, Self-Esteem, and Perception(cid:2)53 ■ SKILL BUILDER: A Time Capsule for Words(cid:2)83
■ SKILL BUILDER: Me, You, and Media(cid:2)54 Whether Language Is Concrete or Abstract Infl uences
Meaning(cid:2)84
Developing Self- Awareness 56
Problems with Meanings: Patterns of
Identifying Our Life Scripts(cid:2)56
Miscommunication 85
Viewing Ourselves and Others: The Johari Window(cid:2)57
Bypassing: Confusing Meanings(cid:2)85
■ SKILL BUILDER: Symbolizing the Self(cid:2)59
Labeling: Confusing Words and Things(cid:2)86
Managing Impressions(cid:2)59
Polarization: The Missing Middle(cid:2)86
Barriers to Perceiving Yourself and Others 60 Evasive and Emotive Language(cid:2)87
Is Your Past Following You?(cid:2)60 Politically Correct Language(cid:2)87
■ EXPLORING DIVERSITY: What Do You See? Culture and Language 88
What Do You Think?(cid:2)61 Culture Infl uences the Words Used(cid:2)88
Are Your Eyes and Mind Closed?(cid:2)61 Cultural Diff erences Can Lead to Confused
Do You Freeze Your Perceptions?(cid:2)62 Translations(cid:2)90
Are You a Lazy Perceiver?(cid:2)63 Culture Infl uences Communication Style(cid:2)90
Do You Think That You Know It All?(cid:2)64 Prejudiced Talk(cid:2)91
viii CONTENTS
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■ EXPLORING DIVERSITY: Walk in My ■ ETHICS AND COMMUNICATION: Guarded Territory
Moccasins(cid:2)92 and the New Need for Security(cid:2)122
Globalization Infl uences Language Use(cid:2)92 Appearance(cid:2)122
Hip-Hop and Rap Talk(cid:2)93 ■ MEDIA WISE: Body Talk, Clothes Talk(cid:2)123
Gender and Language 94 Clothing and Artifacts(cid:2)124
Sexism in Language(cid:2)94 Colors: Meanings and Associations(cid:2)124
Gender and Speech Style(cid:2)94 Time: Communicative Value of C hronemics(cid:2)126
Touch: Haptics(cid:2)127
■ MEDIA WISE: What Words Do We Remember?
Smell: Olfactics(cid:2)128
What Words Do We Use?(cid:2)95
Gender- Lects(cid:2)96 Truth, Deception, and Nonverbal Communication 129
Language and Power 97 Gender and Nonverbal Behavior: Masculine and
Feminine Styles 130
Profanity and Obscenity: Incivility and the Coarsening
of Language 98 Culture and Nonverbal Behavior 131
Technology and Language Use 100 ■ EXPLORING DIVERSITY: Etiquette(cid:2)133
■ COMMUNICATION SKILLS : Practice Thinking Technology and Nonverbal Communication 133
Critically about Language Use(cid:2)101 ■ COMMUNICATION SKILLS : Practice Using and
THE WRAP-UP Observing Nonverbal Cues(cid:2)135
Summary(cid:2)102 THE WRAP-UP
Key Chapter Terminology(cid:2)103 Summary(cid:2)136
Key Chapter Terminology(cid:2)137
CHAPTER 5 CHAPTER 6
Nonverbal Communication: Silent Listening, Feedback, and Critical
Language Speaks 105 Thinking 139
Communicating Without Words 106 Listening and Communication 140
■ SKILL BUILDER: Facecrime(cid:2)107 ■ SKILL BUILDER: Are You Listening?(cid:2)141
Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication: Listening Is More Than Hearing(cid:2)141
Cues and Contexts 107 Listening Takes Eff ort(cid:2)142
Functions of Nonverbal Communication 108 Are You a Receptive Listener?(cid:2)146
Message Reinforcement or Complementation(cid:2)108 Are You Ready to Listen Beyond Words?(cid:2)146
Message Negation(cid:2)109 Types of Listening 147
Message Substitution(cid:2)109 Appreciative Listening(cid:2)147
Message Accentuation or Intensifi cation(cid:2)110 Comprehensive Listening(cid:2)147
Message Regulation(cid:2)110 Critical Listening(cid:2)147
Types of Nonverbal Messages 110 Empathic Listening(cid:2)147
Body Language: Kinesics(cid:2)110 The Stages of Listening: More Than Meets the Ear 148
■ ETHICS AND COMMUNICATION: Nonverbal The Hearing Stage(cid:2)149
Cues and Status(cid:2)115 The Understanding Stage(cid:2)149
Voice: Paralanguage(cid:2)115 The Remembering Stage(cid:2)149
Space and Distance: Proxemic and Environmental The Interpreting Stage(cid:2)150
Factors(cid:2)118 The Evaluating Stage(cid:2)150
CONTENTS ix